05 RY OF THL UNIVLR.SITY Of ILLINOIS 580.5 FB no. I BIOLOGY 580.5 FE>, V. 2G ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA OAKES AMES AND DONOVAN STEWART CORRELL FIELDIANA: BOTANY ^VOLUME 26, NUMBER 1 Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM AUGUST 29, 1952 ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA Lycaste virginalis (L. Skinneri). 1, flowering plant (X M); 2, flower and peduncle (X /1>); 3, column, front-side view (X %). Drawn by D. E. Tibbitts. ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA OAKES AMES Director, Botanical Museum of Harvard University, 1935-1950 AND DONOVAN STEWART CORRELL United States Department of Agriculture Formerly Research Associate, Botanical Museum of Harvard University FIELDIANA: BOTANY VOLUME 26, NUMBER 1 Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM AUGUST 29, 1952 *"! UDHARY OF TH2 NOV101C32 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS mm nr,Y i IRRARY PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS PREFACE The present work brings together for the first time information concerning all the known orchids of Guatemala (and British Hon- duras), a total of 527 species and 25 varieties in 89 genera. This more than doubles the 238 species given by Hemsley, in 1886-88, as occurring in Guatemala. All of the genera are illustrated, as well as more than one hundred additional species. In view of the extreme richness of the flora of Guatemala, further botanical col- lecting will unquestionably result in the finding of additional genera and species now not known to occur there. Without the unselfish assistance of many individuals and institu- tions this work would have been impossible. To all those individuals, especially the botanical collectors and those concerned with the various herbaria, we wish to express our sincere appreciation for their valuable contributions and co-operation, and for the many courtesies extended us during the course of this work. The late Professor Oakes Ames was the guiding spirit and con- structive critic of this research. He also supported the work and made available most of the illustrations used herein. The junior author did the active research and is personally responsible for all specimen determinations and the text matter. This project was carried on in the excellent Oakes Ames Herbarium and Library in the Botanical Museum of Harvard University. Our profound appreciation is extended to the artists, Blanche Ames (Mrs. Oakes Ames) ; Gordon Winston Dillon, of the Botanical Museum of Harvard University and the American Orchid Society; Dorothy 0. Allen (Mrs. Paul H. Allen), United Fruit Company, Costa Rica; D. E. Tibbitts, Chicago Natural History Museum; Elsie H. Froeschner, and Eleonar B. Phillips, for the privilege of including their fine drawings. We are indebted to Margaret Ward Lewis (Mrs. B. B. Lewis), not only for her botanical collections but also for the use of her diagnostic photographs of many Guatemalan orchids. The courtesy of Dr. J. R. Johnston in placing at our disposal his botanical col- lections and watercolors of Guatemala orchids is also gratefully acknowledged. To our colleagues, Mr. Charles Schweinfurth, of the Botanical Museum of Harvard University, and Dr. Louis 0. Williams, now with the Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, we are especially indebted. Without Mr. Schweinfurth's valuable and never failing generous help throughout the course of this work and up to the last item of assembling materials for publication this task would have been nearly insurmountable. The stimulating discussions with Dr. Williams, who was simultaneously preparing his present publication on the orchids of Mexico (Ceiba, No. 1: 1-98. June 20, 1951, Part I), aided greatly in clarifying many controversial points of nomenclature. To the late Mr. Alfred C. Weatherby we are indebted for friendly advice and valuable assistance, especially in the application of rules of nomenclature. We wish to acknowledge the co-operation of Professor Paul C. Mangelsdorf, Director of the Botanical Museum of Harvard Uni- versity, who greatly facilitated the final assembling of material comprising this work, and Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Missouri Botanical Garden, for the loan of certain of the orchid cuts. To Mr. Louis C. Bierweiler, of the Botanical Museum of Harvard University, we are grateful for considerate and unselfish co-operation at all times, and to the junior author's wife, Dr. Helen Butts Correll, we are indebted for assistance in the preparation of the manuscript. Finally, we wish to thank Dr. Frans Verdoorn for his permission to adopt, in part, the Introduction used herein from the junior author's book, Native orchids of North America, north of Mexico, published by Chronica Botanica, 1950. The specimens that provide the basis for this work are those in the Oakes Ames Orchid Herbarium and Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, the Herbarium of Chicago Natural History Museum, the National Herbarium, Washington, and the University of Michigan Herbarium. In the text, the treatment of the genera follows the recent phylogenetic system of classification of the Orchidaceae proposed by Rudolf Schlechter in 1926 ( Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums Berlin-Dahlem, Bd. 9, no. 88, pp. 563-591). In this system the simple and primitive genera are followed by the more complex and advanced. The arrangement of the species, which have been treated rather broadly, is alphabetical within a genus. The keys are basically artificial; that is, they have been constructed primarily for utility and not for the purpose of showing relationship. vi The scientific names are in accord with the definite regulations prescribed by the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature (1935) for the publication and treatment of botanical names. We would be remiss if we did not give special mention to some of the collectors who have provided the bulk of the material upon which this work rests. Besides Mrs. Lewis and Dr. Johnston, mentioned above, more than 75 individuals have made collections of Guatemalan orchids that are cited in this work. Although it is not possible to enumerate here each of these it would seem to be worth while to mention those who have contributed most to this publication. Among the early collectors who visited Guatemala are George Ure Skinner, Theodor Hartweg, Osbert Salvin, Frederick DuCane Godman, Julius von Warscewicz, Hermann Wendland, and Gustav Bernoulli. Skinner first came to Guatemala in 1831 from England. Because of his keen interest in living orchid plants, which resulted in his introducing nearly 100 species into horticulture, he gave great impetus to the cultivation of orchids in England. Many of these introductions were new to science. It is of interest that he was the first to introduce a living plant of Odontoglossum into England. Many of Skinner's discoveries adorn Bateman's massive book on the orchids of Mexico and Guatemala. It is unfortunate that the Guatemala national flower, Ly caste virginalis (L. Skinneri), named in honor of Skinner, had to be renamed because of the rules of priority in botanical nomenclature. Hartweg, in 1839, explored mainly Volcan de Agua. Warscewicz first came to Guatemala in 1846. During his stay in Central America he discovered many new orchids, some of which were of outstanding ornamental value. Wendland collected primarily on Volcan de Fuego in 1857, and later, in 1873, Godman and Salvin explored both Volcan de Fuego and Volcan de Agua. Bernoulli was in Guatemala between 1864 and 1878, during which time he collected alone, or with Rich. Cario, primarily in the departments on the Pacific slope. Unquestionably, no department in Guatemala is so thoroughly known in regard to orchids as Alta Verapaz, primarily because of the large collections made by Hans von Tiirckheim, dating from 1877 to 1908, and later by Harry Johnson, in 1920. These two collectors found a rather large number of species new to science. vii Their work demonstrates what can be accomplished when collecting is concentrated and confined to a specific region. Between 1889 and 1892 E. T. Heyde and Ernesto Lux collected in several departments in central Guatemala and on the Pacific slope. It is largely through their efforts that we have a fairly good record of the orchids of Quich and Santa Rosa. During 1905-06 William A. Kellerman made some collections in several central and southern departments. In 1933-34, Alexander F. Skutch obtained a small but excellently prepared collection from several departments, mainly in Huehuetenango and Quiche". Simi- larly, in recent years, Francis W. Hunnewell has made a small but discriminating collection, primarily in five of the Pacific coast departments. Cyrus L. Lundell's collections from Pete"n, which, along with those of H. H. Bartlett, formed part of the basis for his work, The vegetation of Peten (1937), provided us with most of our knowl- edge of the orchids of that department. During the period from 1938 to 1942, Paul C. Standley and Julian A. Steyermark made large collections in Guatemala in their studies of the flora of that country. Between them they collected in every department in Guatemala. Because of their work we realize that any future intensive exploration for orchids in Guatemala should appreciably augment the species, if not the genera, now known to occur there, for, in this four-year period, during which time the orchids formed only a part of a large general collection, Standley and Steyermark collected specimens of 323 species and 19 varieties of orchids in 68 genera, of which 3 genera, 38 species, and 4 varieties were new to Guatemala and 8 species were new to science. DONOVAN S. CORRELL August, 1951 CONTENTS Genera Included in Volume 26, Number 1 Cypripedium 20 Phragmipedium 23 Habenaria 24 Triphora 46 Psilochilus 52 Vanilla 54 Elleanthus 60 Sobralia 64 Crybe 71 Wullschlaegelia 73 Prescottia 75 Cranichis 78 Ponthieva 87 Spiranthes 94 Goodyera 138 Erythrodes 141 Tropidia 151 Corymborchis 153 Stelis 155 Physosiphon 182 Masdevallia 185 Scaphosepalum 193 Lepanthes 194 Pleurothallis 205 Malaxis 262 Liparis 278 Hexisea 284 Nageliella 285 Epidendrum 290 ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Lycaste virginalis Frontispiece PAGE Diagram 11 TEXT FIGURES 1. Cypripedium irapeanum 21 2. Phragmipedium caudatum 25 3. Habenaria alata 27 4. Habenaria bractescens 29 5. Habenaria clypeata, H. crassicornis, H. eustachya, H. novemfida, H. strictissima var. odontopetala, H. repens and H. setifera .... 31 6. Habenaria distans 33 7. Habenaria limosa 37 8. Habenaria quinqueseta 41 9. Habenaria repens 43 10. Habenaria strictissima var. odontopetala 45 11. Triphora cubensis 47 12. Triphora trianthophora 49 13. Triphora trianthophora 51 14. Psilochilus macrophyllus 53 15. Vanilla Pfaviana 56 16. Vanilla planifolia 58 17. Elleanthus capitatus 61 18. Sobralia decora 65 19. Sobralia decora var. aerata 67 20. Crybe rosea 72 21. Wullschlaegelia aphylla 74 22. Cranichis muscosa and Prescottia oligantha 77 23. Cranichis hieroglyphica 83 24. Ponthieva racemosa 90 25. Ponthieva racemosa 91 26. Ponthieva Tuerckheimii 95 27. Spiranthes cinnabarina 104 28. Spiranthes costaricensis 105 29. Spiranthes cranichoides 107 xi PAGE 30. Spiranthes elata 109 31. Spiranthes orchioides 119 32. Spiranthes parasitica and Malaxis Ehrenbergii 121 33. Spiranthes polyantha 123 34. Spiranthes prasophylla 125 35. Spiranthes stolonifera 132 36. Spiranthes vernalis 137 37. Goodyera major 139 38. Erythrodes ovatilabia 143 39. Erythrodes querceticola 147 40. Erythrodes vesicifera 150 41. Tropidia polystachya 152 42. 43. Corymborchis forcipigera and C. flava 154 44. Stelis bidentata 157 45. Stelis chihobensis 158 46. Stelis ciliaris 159 47. 48. Stelis ciliaris 160 49. Stelis cleistogama 161 50. Stelis despectans 163 51. Stelis Endresii 164 52. Stelis gracilis 165 53. Stelis gracilis 166 54. Stelis guatemalensis 167 55. Stelis hymenantha 168 56. Stelis Johnsonii 170 57. Stelis leucopogon 171 58. Stelis microchila 172 59. Stelis ovatilabia 174 60. 61. Stelis ovatilabia 175 62. Stelis purpurascens 177 63. Stelis rubens 178 64. Stelis rubens var. oxypetala 181 65. Stelis tenuissima 182 66. Physosiphon tubatus 184 67. Masdevallia simula 190 68. Masdevallia tubuliflora 192 69. Scaphosepalum Standleyi 195 70. Lepanthes excedens and Pleurothallis angustisepala 199 71. Pleurothallis Blaisdellii, P. dentipetala and P. Johnsonii 215 72. Pleurothallis verecunda, P. brighamii and P. Grobyi 217 73. Pleurothallis comayaguensis 222 74. Pleurothallis crucilabia and P. triangulipetala 225 xii PAGE 75. Pleurothallis hastata, P. samacensis, P. divexa and P. abjecta .... 233 76. Pleurothallis Lewisae 239 77. Pleurothallis ruscifolia 249 78. Pleurothallis Broadwayi, P. stenostachya and P. hondurensis .... 255 79. Malaxis aurea and Epidendrum cobanense 266 80. Malaxis Soulei 274 81. Malaxis Steyermarkii 276 82. Malaxis unifolia 277 83. Liparis elata 281 84. Liparis fantastica 283 85. Hexisea bidentata 286 86. Nageliella (Hartwegia) purpurea, N. Bergeriana and N. gemma . . . 289 87. Epidendrum alticola 302 88. Epidendrum anceps 305 89. Epidendrum atropurpureum 308 90. Epidendrum Boothianum 310 91. Epidendrum ciliare 319 92. Epidendrum cochleatum var. triandrum 324 93. Epidendrum difforme 329 94. Epidendrum incomptum 337 95. Epidendrum Lindleyanum 342 96. Epidendrum nocturnum 347 97. Epidendrum oncidioides var. gravidum 351 98. Epidendrum pygmaeum 363 99. Epidendrum radiatum 365 100. Epidendrum rigidum 371 101. Epidendrum Schlechterianum 372 102. Epidendrum Schweinfurthianum 373 103. Epidendrum Skutchii 377 104. Epidendrum sobralioides 379 105. Epidendrum Stamfordianum 381 106. Epidendrum strobiliferum 383 107. Epidendrum trachycarpum and E. Lankesteri 387 xiii Orchids of Guatemala INTRODUCTION The Orchidaceae, a cosmopolitan family attaining its highest development in the tropics and warm temperate regions of both hemispheres, is one of the largest families of flowering plants in the world, consisting of several hundred genera and fifteen thousand or more species and varieties. It is probably exceeded in number of species only by the Compositae. In Guatemala, it may well prove to be the largest family of phanerogamic plants. The orchid family, which is considered to have originated from the Liliaceae, is perhaps the most advanced in the Monocotyledoneae. Some other closely allied families, besides the Liliaceae, are the Burmanniaceae, Iridaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Hypoxidaceae. Al- though the family is thought to be rather ancient in respect to geologic time, no fossil remains have been found. While there is enormous variation in the form and structure of the various genera and species, all orchids have a distinctive feature in common which, for our convenience, superficially separates them from other plants in our flora. This feature is the column, an elongation of the floral axis that bears the sexual organs. According to Pfitzer's observations (1889), the technical and only real difference that separates the orchids from all other plants is the absence of an embryonic root. Besides its wide distribution and its large number of species, the orchid family is unusual among the higher plants for several reasons, namely, the extreme variations of its complex and highly specialized flowers; its great variety of habit and diversity of habitat; the enormous number of seeds produced in a single capsule. Very few, if any, plant families possess the floral and vegetative variations found in the Orchidaceae. Because of this extreme variability and the consequent singularity of the flowers, orchids have acquired numerous descriptive common names. It is also quite possible that the physiological adaptations of the genera have no equal in any other family. Parasitism on higher plants and carnivorism are perhaps the only physiological functions not definitely known to occur in the Orchidaceae. 2 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 The number of seeds produced in an orchid capsule is in many cases phenomenal. The astronomers at the Greenwich Observatory, England, made an accurate count of the seeds in a capsule of Cycnoches chlorochilon and found that it contained 3,770,000 seeds. For a species of Maxillaria, Darwin (1877) accepted Fritz Mueller's computation that a single capsule yields 1,756,440 seeds, and Darwin himself estimated that the European Orchis maculata produces approximately 6,200 seeds in a single capsule. Many of our orchids produce large numbers of seeds, and it may be noted here that in many instances the seeds exhibit distinct features for a given species. In spite of this prolific seed production, however, orchids remain a comparatively inconspicuous feature of most floras. Although a number of theories have been advanced, no completely satisfactory explanation has ever been arrived at in regard to the general rarity of orchids. Perhaps a fundamental reason is the fact that for the most part they depend upon external aid for pollination, and chiefly because of faulty pollination and economy of vitality on the part of the plant very few seed-pods are formed. Also, the period of time elapsing between pollination and fecundation is often of long duration, sometimes as much as several weeks. In the meantime, the orchid is apt to lose its inflorescence through injury (with con- sequent loss of fruit production) or succumb to some one of its many natural enemies. Even so, considering the huge production of seeds in a single capsule, it stands to reason that only a few fruits are necessary for the survival of a particular species. Hence, this delicate biological balance in the Orchidaceae remains in the realm of speculation. The microscopic seeds apparently contain no endosperm or stored food and thus they are thought to be entirely dependent upon external aid for germination and the growth of the seedling. In nature, fungi are considered to furnish this assistance and, if the seed is not destroyed, a compatible relationship is established between the fungus and the orchid. The delicate balance between the orchid seedling and the fungus, which may easily be upset to the detriment of the seedling, is another reason for the rarity of orchids. Perhaps in nature most, if not all, species of orchids contain within their roots and rootstocks an endotrophic fungus that occupies the cellular structure and remains in harmony with the orchid. A most interesting natural phenomenon in the Orchidaceae is insect pollination. Although many plants are wind-pollinated, with few exceptions orchids are pollinated by insects. Each individual AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 3 species seems to have its own peculiar mechanism to insure its receiving pollen from another plant of the same species. In most species the column is so formed and placed in the flower that, in order to reach the nectary, the visiting insect must touch the stigmas and deposit there any pollen that it may be carrying. Upon leaving, the insect must first come in contact with the anther and thus become burdened with another load of pollen or an entire pollinium that it carries to the stigmas of the next flower visited. In this manner cross-pollination is effected and self-pollination of the species is prevented or made unnecessary. It is believed that many orchids can be pollinated only by a single specific insect, such as a bumble bee. The pollinating agents in the Orchidaceae include bees, wasps, various flies and ants as well as butterflies, moths, beetles, snails and humming birds. There is always the possibility that irregular flowers, such as those found in orchids, may revert to a regular structure, the ancestral and more primitive condition. This reversion of irregular to regular floral parts is known as "peloria." This condition may also result from an increase in the number of the modified segments. Peloria is often hereditary. Through the ages man has sought orchids, not only for their satisfying beauty, but also for their once fancied value in alleviating suffering and for their supposed restorative and procreative powers. At first their supposed medicinal properties were of primary concern; the Greeks, Theophrastus and Dioscorides, more than two thousand years ago advanced the belief that most plants, including a species of Orchis, could be used for curative purposes. Throughout Europe, especially during the Renaissance, these ancient Greek concepts were adhered to and consequently interest centered in those plants thought to be of medicinal value. Even today in some parts of the world primitive peoples use some orchids in their therapeutic practices. However, the singular beauty of the flowers and the bizarre forms that many of them assume are the primary reasons for most of the present-day interest in orchids. From an artistic and esthetic point of view orchids are universally accorded first place in nature. Their extraordinary beauty makes them the basis of a multimillion dollar floral industry in the United States and England. However, aside from their ornamental value, the family is otherwise of little economic importance. Vanilla, the extract from the cured unripened pods of various species of the genus Vanilla, especially V. planifolia in the western hemisphere, is the 4 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 most important commercial product of this large family. A few Asiatic species have tubers and tuberoids that contain a nutritive starch associated with a peculiar gum. These tubers are collected and dried and are placed on the market where they are sold as salep. This drug is extensively used in oriental countries as a demulcent nerve tonic, for paralysis, and as a food similar to tapioca. The leaves of Angraecum fragrans (Jumellea fragrans), of the Seychelles Islands, are used for making faham tea. Although for centuries some orchids were considered efficacious in the healing of the sick, they have fallen into disrepute, and not a single species has been retained in modern medicine as an indispensable source of any drug. A few species have miscellaneous household uses as a source of glue and resin. Surprisingly, in recent years orchids have received political recognition. Minnesota has adopted the queenly Cypripedium reginae as its state flower. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guate- mala and Honduras have all issued postage stamps commemorating outstanding species prevalent in their respective geographical regions. Guatemala has designated the white form of the exceptionally beautiful Ly caste virginalis (Frontispiece), commonly known as "Monja Blanca," as its national flower. Likewise, Costa Rica has adopted Cattleya Skinneri, commonly known as "Guaria morada" or "Flor de San Sebastian," as its national flower. DISTRIBUTION OF GUATEMALA ORCHIDS In 1945, Paul C. Standley and Julian A. Steyermark, whose collections are of inestimable value to floristic studies of Latin America and who have traveled and collected widely in Guatemala, published an informative account of the vegetation of that country ("The Vegetation of Guatemala, a Brief Review," in Plants and Plant Science in Latin America, edited by Frans Verdoorn, 1945). This section, devoted to the distribution of Guatemalan orchids, draws heavily upon their article for basic information, and the follow- ing quotations are taken direct from them. "The exceedingly varied types of soil and topography and diverse geological history of the country, ranging from ancient mountain masses connected with North America to relatively youthful volcanic areas, combined with marked altitudinal and climatic variations hot desert to cold alpine regions have given Guatemala the richest flora in all Central America with an estimated total of 8,000 species AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 5 of vascular plants. Of this number, many are endemics confined to particular canyons and volcanoes. Many genera and species of the United States and Mexico reach their southern limits of dis- tribution in Guatemala, while a large number of South American genera and species either reach their northern limits of dispersal here or are unknown elsewhere from other parts of Central America. Orchidaceae, Leguminosae, and Compositae are especially prominent, and include hundreds of species, many of which are not found out- side of Guatemala. "The great diversity of the country is responsible for the following large number of floristic regions: (1) the limestone plains of Pete"n; (2) the mangrove swamps along both coasts; (3) the rain forest of the Atlantic coast; (4) the low savannas of Izabal and Pete"n; (5) the mixed forest of the Pacific plains; (6) the arid desert plains-chaparral of the plateaus of the Oriente and valleys of the Rio Motagua and Rio Blanco (also called Rio Negro); (7) the wet mountain forest of Alta Verapaz; (8) the mixed mountain forest of the Pacific boca- costa; (9) the upland mixed forest of temperate and cold regions; (10) the coniferous forests; and (11) the alpine regions. . . ." Although orchids are found in every one of the phytogeographic regions noted above, several are especially rich in orchids while others have very few. Those regions where orchids occur most abundantly are discussed below. The greatest concentration of orchid genera and species is in Alta Verapaz, where 242 species, representing 60 genera, have been found. As Standley and Steyermark have pointed out, the wet forests of Alta Verapaz, with abundant rainfall the year round, possess an extremely large and diversified flora, the richest in all Guatemala. It is especially rich in its abundance and variety of Orchidaceae and Bromeliaceae. The low rain forests of the Atlantic coast, covering most of Izabal, have a luxuriant tropical flora, which, though largely derived from that of South America and Atlantic Central America, is dis- tinctive in having a number of endemic species. Izabal, which includes most of this vegetational area, has 111 species of orchids in 43 genera. Standley and Steyermark write of this country: "The entire area is included in the humid tropical zone. . . . Bromeliaceae, Orchidaceae, Peperomias, and many kinds of mosses and hepatics cover the branches of trees in dense masses. Many species of this region are not found elsewhere in Guatemala, although some are also found in the Pacific bocacosta." 6 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 According to Standley and Steyermark, "A large portion of Guatemala above 5,000 feet [1,525 meters] possesses upland mixed forests of broad-leaved species. It is a forest which comprises xerophytic as well as moisture-loving (including cloud forest) types of plants. Most of the cloud forests in Guatemala occur at an elevation between 4,500-7,000 feet [1,370-2,135 meters] and have a rich development of tree ferns, orchids, begonias, bromeliads, aroids, and bryophytes. Many endemic species are found in these cloud forests." The Departments of Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, Guatemala, and Zacapa lie, in part, in the upland mixed forests. Between 30 and 40 genera of orchids, comprising more than 75 species, are found in each of these four Departments, with 116 occurring in the Depart- ment of Guatemala. The Guatemalan highlands (at 1,525 to 3,810 meters [5,000- 12,500 feet]) consist primarily of coniferous forests of various types, each with a characteristic flora, and the alpine regions, usually con- fined to open places on tops of the volcanoes above 3,050 meters (10,000 feet). Huehuetenango, lying entirely in this region, has a surprisingly large orchid flora, there being 110 species in 41 genera. The orchids of this region are predominantly terrestrial. The species here show affinity with both the Andes of South America and the higher peaks of North and Central America, and endemism is pronounced. The vast limestone plains and low savannahs of Pete"n contain 57 species of orchids in 25 genera. Many of these also occur in adjacent British Honduras. This region, comprising about one- third of the total area of Guatemala and averaging about 185 meters (600 feet) elevation, has a wet and a dry season with both the humid and arid tropical flora developed. With the exception of several Departments lying athwart the Pacific bocacosta, the remaining Departments each have fewer than 25 genera comprising less than 40 species. Standley and Steyermark write, regarding the Pacific bocacosta: "The mixed forests of the lower and middle humid slopes (bocacosta) of the mountains (up to 3,000 feet) [915 meters] bordering the Pacific coast possess a rich diversified flora similar to that of the low rain forest of the north coast of the Atlantic. . . . Rain is plentiful much of the year and there is a great variety of palms, ferns, vines, and epiphytes." AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 7 The Departments lying partly in the Pacific bocacosta and the number of orchid genera and species in each are Quezaltenango, 32 genera and 72 species; San Marcos, 24 genera and 59 species; Santa Rosa, 27 genera and 58 species; Solola, 28 genera and 47 species; Suchitepequez, 27 genera and 53 species. It is of interest that many of the species of ornamental value, such as those of Cattleya and Ly caste, are found in this region. Since British Honduras is phytogeographically similar to Pete"n, an effort has been made to include in this work all the orchids that are known to occur in that country. There are 91 species of orchids in 40 genera in British Honduras, all but four of which have also been found in Guatemala. These four are Epidendrum Boothianum, Galeandra Baueri, Laelia Digbyana, and Spiranthes adnata. Of the approximately 1,800 species in about 175 genera of Orchidaceae found in North and Central America, Guatemala has 527 species and 25 varieties in 89 genera. This number is exceeded only by Costa Rica (half the size of Guatemala) with some 900 species in about 115 genera and Mexico (about seventeen times the size of Guatemala) with a little more than 600 species in about 80 genera. Although a surprisingly large number of species in Mexico (more than 200) have not been collected in Guatemala, there are only five small genera, comprising only six species, that are found in Mexico and not in Guatemala. These are Epipactis gigantea, Acineta Barkeri, Erycina diaphana, E. echinata, Papperitzia Leiboldii, and Hintonella mexicana. On the other hand, there are in Guate- mala 14 genera that are not represented in Mexico. Some of the largest genera in Guatemala are Epidendrum (87 species), Pleurothallis (55 species), Spiranthes (35 species), Oncidium (33 species), Maxillaria (21 species), and Cranichis and Stelis (each with 17 species). Since in tropical and warm temperate regions the greatest number of orchids occur as epiphytes, it is not surprising to find that of this number only Spiranthes and Cranichis are terres- trial genera. Besides being the largest genus, Epidendrum is the most widespread, for it is the only one represented in every Department. Although endemism is rather pronounced in some plant families in Guatemala, most of the genera and species in the Orchidaceae seem to be generally distributed. There are only 57 species of orchids, representing 23 genera, apparently confined to Guatemala. Of these, 9 species are in Epidendrum and 8 in Pleurothallis. Only 8 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 one monotypic orchid genus, Palumbina, is known to be endemic to Guatemala. A number of genera in Guatemala have species that are of ornamental interest and, in the past, were of great commercial value to the florist industry. Some of these are Brassia, Cattleya, Laelia, Lycaste, Odontoglossum, and Oncidium. Of these, the largest and most widespread is Oncidium. It is of interest that the above genera are more or less concentrated on the Pacific slopes of Guatemala, primarily in the bocacosta region. Although soil and topography have a definite influence upon terrestrial species, there is little doubt that temperature and moisture are the essential factors that control the distribution and sur- vival of orchids, both terrestrial and epiphytic. In tropical and warm temperate regions, such as Guatemala, the greatest number of orchids occur as epiphytes in rain forests on moderately cool mountain slopes mainly between 1,000 and 2,300 meters (3,000- 7,500 feet) elevation. Very few species are found in arid regions, and, of these, most are epiphytic or lithophytic with specially adapted tissues for storing water. As noted above, orchids are found in all regions in Guatemala, from near sea level up to at least 4,000 meters (13,100 feet) altitude. They thus approach the extreme altitudinal limits of phanerogamic plants in the country. Although many species have a wide altitudinal range, the species in some genera are usually found at very low elevations, such as those in Cattleya and Scaphy glottis. Some species in other genera, though also usually occurring at lower elevations, are found at high altitudes. There are 29 species in 16 genera that are found up to at least 3,050 meters (10,000 feet), while 26 species in 14 genera extend above 3,100 meters (10,100 feet), and one of these, Leochilus pygmaeus, occurs up to 4,000 meters (13,100 feet). Those species found at high elevations in Central America are often either endemic to the region or show affinity with the flora of the Andes of South America or that of the high mountains of North America. For this reason it is of interest to enumerate these high montane orchids of Guatemala. Those found as high as 3,100 to 3,300 meters (10,100-10,900 feet) are Arpophyllum alpinum, Corallorhiza macrantha, Cypripedium irapeanum, Epidendrum Chloe, E. polybulbon, Habenaria entomantha, Malaxis lepanthiflora, Odonto- glossum bictoniense, Spiranthes hyemalis, S. parasitica, and S. vernalis. Those occurring as high as 3,300 to 3,500 meters (10,900-11,500 feet) are Epidendrum Lindleyanum, E. ochraceum, Lepanthes oreo- AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 9 charis, Physosiphon tubatus, and Spiranthes stolonifera. Those species that occur at 3,500 meters (11,500 feet) or higher zreGovenia mutica var. Purpusii, Habenaria limosa, Isochilus linearis, I. major var. alatus, Leochilus pygmaeus, Malaxis Ehrenbergii, M. Soulei, Pon- thieva pulchella, Spiranthes minutiflora, and Stelis ovatilabia. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ORCHIDS Orchids are perennials and are either terrestrial, epiphytic, lithophytic, semiaquatic or, very rarely, subterranean. Most of the species found in the temperate zone are terrestrial, while the greater number of tropical and subtropical orchids are epiphytic or litho- phytic. The subterranean genera, of which there are two (Rhizan- thella and Cryptanthemis), are confined to Australia. Two distinctive types of vegetative growth are found in the Orchidaceae, sympodial and monopodial. All terrestrial and many epiphytic orchids have a sympodial main axis, in which growth of the original main axis ceases at the end of the flowering season, to be resumed the next year by the development of a different axis, resulting in a series of successive annual axes. In this type of growth the inflorescence may be either terminal on the shoot or borne on the side of the shoot on a short leafless branch. The other form of growth, monopodial, occurs when the main axis grows steadily onward year after year, producing new leaves at the apex (rarely leafless) and bearing flowers on lateral shoots that arise in the axils of the older leaves. In respect to the flowers, orchid plants may be hermaphroditic, dioecious or monoecious, depending upon the genus. In general, terrestrial orchids have an erect or ascending stout or slender stem bearing one or more radical or cauline leaves or both and terminated by one or more flowers. The leaves are either present at flowering time or appear separately at a different season. When present, the leaf is entire and varies from a bract-like sheathing leaf to a slender or broad lamina that is filiform to orbicular, mem- branaceous to coriaceous or fleshy and often plicate or duplicate. The roots are fibrous, fleshy or tuberous. Many species have promi- nent rhizomes upon which adventitious roots are borne; others produce corms or tubers. A few of the terrestrial species are saprophytic; that is, they grow in and derive their nourishment from humus. These plants are commonly small and inconspicuous. They usually develop a 10 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 coralloid rhizome, are more or less lacking or apparently lacking in chlorophyll, and have an essentially naked or bracteate greenish, yellowish or reddish purple stem terminated by a raceme of flowers. Epiphytic and most lithophytic orchids have no permanent main roots. Instead, there are adventitious roots that arise mainly from the nodes of the stem and sometimes form a mat over the sub- stratum, penetrating into the surrounding medium or hanging free from the substratum for a considerable length. The aerial roots of epiphytic orchids have a special development of the epidermis, called the velamen, which consists of several layers of cells that form a spongy tissue that rapidly absorbs moisture from the atmosphere. When these roots are moist they are usually green, but when dry they are whitish, brownish or ash-colored. When present, the leaves are similar to those of terrestrial orchids. Many epiphytic sympodial forms have pseudobulbs. These are thickened secondary stems, composed of one to several internodes, which serve as reservoirs of water and food. They are variously shaped, being mostly globose, pyriform or fusiform, and bear leaves either throughout their entire length or only at the apex. The leaves are one or more, simple and entire, and are often thick and fleshy, being usually well adapted for storing water because of a thick cuticle. The inflorescence of the Orchidaceae consists of one or more flowers and is a spike, simple raceme, or panicle. The zygomorphic flowers (diagram, p. 11) are either unisexual or bisexual and have an inferior 1- or 3-celled ovary. They may be small and inconspicuous or large and showy. Occasionally polymorphic, cleistogamous, peloric or teratologic flowers are produced. The three sepals as well as the petals are generally colored instead of being green, as in most flowers. They may be free from one another or more or less united, sometimes forming a tube. The symmetrical dorsal sepal usually differs somewhat in shape from the lateral sepals, which are more or less oblique. The lateral sepals are either free from each other or somewhat coherent and are often united at the base, occa- sionally forming a mentum, or chin, with the foot of the column. Of the inner segments, the petals, two are regular and identical, and the third, called the lip, or labellum, is more or less modified. The lip is properly the uppermost petal of the flower, but in most species it assumes the lower position in the perianth as a result of the twisting of the pedicel or pedicel and ovary. It usually differs markedly in shape, size and coloration from the other two petals The upper drawing represents a cross section of an orchid flower at a time in its age-long evolution when all of the organs were distinct. A1-A3, three stamens of outer whorl; a, a, a, stamens of inner whorl; S, S, position (indicated) of fertile stigmas; R, sterile stigma that has become the rostellum. The central figure shows the fruit in cross section, with its three rows of dust-like seeds. Below the upper drawing a typical column is shown. 1-3, stamens and stigmas and the central axis of the flower have combined to form the column, the diagnostic structure of the vast orchid family. The pollinia represent Al of the diagram. Drawn by Blanche Ames. 11 12 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 and is commonly by far the most conspicuous feature of the flower. The lip is either simple or variously lobed; flat or more or less saccate; entire, fringed or variously toothed and notched; and its disk, or upper surface, is frequently adorned with calli, papillae or lamellae. It may be only slightly or greatly extended at the base to form a spur, or nectary. The column (see diagram), which represents a union of carpels and is, in part, an elongation of the floral axis, bears at or near the summit, or laterally, one to rarely three mobile or rigidly attached anthers and in front on the ventral surface the more or less confluent stigmas or stigma. In many species a modified stigma, called the rostellum, projects out over the stigmatic surface and serves to affix the pollinia to insects. The anther, or anthers, situated behind the rostellum and often lying upon it, rest in a shallow cavity called the clinandrium. It is more or less distinctly 2-celled and contains a mass of pollen or two, four, six or eight distinct pollen masses, or pollinia, the number present sometimes being used in the differentiation of genera. The pollen is either powdery, granular- mealy (sometimes composed of groups of grains), waxy or carti- laginous. The columns of the various genera and species exhibit a wide range of variation and are of basic importance in classification. The column is often produced into a more or less distinct foot. A detailed discussion of the various parts of the column and their morphological origin would doubtless be of interest, especially in relation to their dramatic significance to insect-pollination. How- ever, in a primarily taxonomic work such as this, space will not permit too lengthy a discussion of this subject. If detailed information concerning this subject is desired, an excellent account may be found in Darwin's Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized by Insects (1877). Briefly, in many genera, asListera, Orchis, Oncidium, etc., part of the rostellum forms a disk to which the pollinia are attached by a caudicle or stalk. On its under surface this disk secretes, or there collects, a sticky fast-setting cement. When an insect enters the flower in search of nectar, the rostellum is ruptured. The viscid disk is exposed and is so situated that it comes in contact with the proboscis, head, thorax or abdomen of the insect and thus becomes attached to the little pollinator. The fruits of orchids, with few exceptions, are dry capsules and are variously shaped, being commonly ovoid, ellipsoid or cylindrical. They are frequently strongly 3-angled, and the angles may be winged. Vanilla, however, has a more or less cylindrical fleshy pod or "bean." AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 13 In many species the withered flower persists at the apex of the fruit. When ripe, the dry capsule dehisces along one, two, three or six longitudinal sutures, with the valves usually, but not always, remaining united above and below. The minute seeds, composed of undifferentiated cells, are produced in enormous quantities and are well adapted for dispersal by wind. ORCHIDACEAE Perennial herbs, vines or shrub-like plants of various habits and habitats, terrestrial, epiphytic, lithophytic, semiaquatic or (very rarely) subterranean, autophytic or saprophytic, hermaphroditic, dioecious or monoecious, produced from a short or elongated or (rarely) coralloid rhizome, corm or tuber. Roots subterranean or aerial, fibrous, fleshy or tuberous, solitary, fasciculate or adventiti- ous and scattered on the rhizome or stem. Stems terete to ancipitous, sometimes angular, much abbreviated to elongated, slender to very stout, often modified as thickened pseudobulbs, naked, bracteate or leafy. Pseudobulbs variously shaped, usually globose, pyriform or fusiform, one- or more-leaved, subtended by leaves, sheaths or cataphylls. Leaves simple, radical or cauline or both, per- sistent, deciduous or marcescent, occasionally altogether lacking, varying from foliaceous sheathing bracts to a broad or narrow lamina; lamina filiform to orbicular, membranaceous to fleshy or coriaceous, often duplicate or plicate. Inflorescence terminal or lateral, supported by an abbreviated to greatly elongated peduncle, consisting of one or more flowers, commonly a spike, simple raceme or panicle. Flowers small and inconspicuous to large and showy, zygomorphic, unisexual or bisexual, sometimes polymorphic; perianth composed of three outer segments (sepals) and three inner segments (petals), the segments free or more or less united, adnate to the 1- or 3-celled inferior ovary, one petal (the lip or labellum) usually complex in structure and differing only slightly to greatly in form, size and colora- tion from the other segments; lip often extended at the base and forming a spur or nectary. Stamens and pistils (including the filaments and styles) united to form, in part, an organ called the column in the center of the flower. Column various, formed by an elongation of the floral axis, bearing at or near its summit or laterally one, two or (very rarely) three mobile or rigidly attached anthers, producing in front on the ventral surface the somewhat confluent stigmas, with one stigma usually modified to form the rostellum, often produced below into a foot; anther situated behind the rostellum, resting in a bed or clinandrium, perfectly or imperfectly 2-celled, containing a mass of pollen or two to eight distinct pollen- masses or pollinia; pollen powdery, granular-mealy, waxy or cartilaginous. Fruit a dry capsule or fleshy pod, commonly ovoid, ellipsoid or cylindric, dehiscing along one, two, three or six longitudinal sutures; seeds numerous, scobicular (except in Vanilla and Selenipedium). 14 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 KEY TO SUBFAMILIES, TRIBES AND GENERA A. Stamens 2, a third one transformed into a large staminode; pollen granular, not united into masses or bodies Subfamily DIANDRAE. I. Tribe CYPRIPEDILOIDEAE A. Stamen 1, the two lateral ones abortive or forming small staminodes; pollen consolidated into masses or solid bodies (pollinia) . . . Subfamily MONANDRAE. B. Caudicle and viscid disk (gland) arising from the base of the pollinia; anther erect or more or less resupinate, the broad base very closely adnate to the column, never deciduous after flowering; pollinia always granular. Division BASITONAE. II. Tribe OPHRYDOIDEAE B. Caudicle and viscid disk (gland) arising from the apex of the pollinia; anther erect or incumbent, the filament short and slender, generally very narrowly joined to the column, usually deciduous but if persisting soon withering Division ACROTONAE. C. Pollinia granular, soft; anther commonly persistent but withering; inflorescence (normally) always terminal. III. Tribe POLYCHONDREAE C. Pollinia waxy or cartilaginous; anther commonly soon deciduous; inflores- cence terminal or lateral. IV. Tribe KEROSPHAEREAE I. Tribe CYPRIPEDILOIDEAE (Subtribe CYPRIPEDILEAE. Two genera in Guate- mala). 1. Petals oblong-elliptic, up to 6.5 cm. long; ovary 1-celled. . .1. Cypripedium. 1. Petals narrowly lanceolate, falcate, up to 75 cm. long; ovary 3-celled. 2. Phragmipedium. II. Tribe OPHRYDOIDEAE (Subtribe HABENARIEAE. One genus in Guatemala). 3. Habenaria. III. Tribe POLYCHONDREAE (Seven subtribes and fifteen genera in Guatemala). 1. Anther more or less prone, incumbent. 2. Stems not pseudobulbous, usually elongate. 3. Leaves not articulated, persistent; stems not cane-like (Subtribe VANILLEAE). 4. Low erect terrestrial herbs; flowers 2 cm. or less long. 5. Leaves clasping the stem; plant with stolons and bearing fleshy tuberoids 4. Triphora. 5. Leaves with lax vaginate petioles; plant with a creeping rhizome. 5. Psilochilus. 4. Tall scandent herbs, usually epiphytic or trailing in trees or shrubs, without tuberous roots; flowers rather large, more than 2 cm. long. 6. Vanilla. 3. Leaves articulated, early deciduous; stems cane-like (Subtribe SOBRA- LIEAE). AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 15 6. Base of the lip strongly gibbous or subsaccate, ornamented with two prominent calli; flowers relatively small 7. Elleanthus. 6. Base of the lip neither strongly gibbous nor subsaccate, without prominent calli; flowers relatively large 8. Sobralia. 2. Stems pseudobulbous (at least at the base), very short (Subtribe BLE- TILLEAE) 9. Crybe. 1. Anther more or less erect; rostellum erect or suberect. 7. Leaves not plicate-nerved, usually delicate; plant rarely not producing leaves. 8. Roots fasciculate. 9. Lip uppermost in the flower, i.e. non-resupinate (Subtribe CRANI- CHIDEAE). 10. Plant leafless, saprophytic, adorned with bifurcate hairs. 10. Wullschlaegelia. 10. Plant producing leaves, not saprophytic, hairs not bifurcate. 11. Petals and lip not inserted on the column. 12. Sepals connate at the base to form a cup 11. Prescottia. 12. Sepals free at the base, not forming a cup 12. Cranichis. 11. Petals and occasionally the lip inserted on the column. 13. Ponthieva. 9. Lip lowermost in the flower, i.e. resupinate (Subtribe SPIRANTHEAE). 14. Spiranthes. 8. Roots not fasciculate, arising singly from the nodes on the lower part of the stem or rhizome (Subtribe PHYSUREAE). 13. Lip flat or subsaccate, neither produced into a prominent free sac nor spur at the base 15. Goodyera. 13. Lip produced into a prominent free sac or spur at the base. 16. Erythrodes. 7. Leaves plicate-nerved, chartaceous or subcoriaceous (Subtribe TROPI- DIEAE). 14. Lip broad at the base, concave, saccate or short-spurred; lateral sepals forming a short mentum at the base; column short. 17. Tropidia. 14. Lip narrow at the base; sepals and petals narrow, more or less ad- herent to form a tube; column elongate 18. Corymborchis. IV. Tribe KEROSPHAEREAE (Twenty-six subtribes and seventy-one genera in Guatemala). A. Series a.. ACRANTHAE. Inflorescence normally terminal or by abortion of the terminal inflorescence axillary in the upper leaves, very rarely axillary. 1. Viscid disk (when present) arising from the apex of the pollinia, commonly irregular, sometimes rudimentary or none. 2. Ovary manifestly articulated with the pedicel; pedicel always persistent; stem slender, rigid, sometimes very abbreviated, usually unifoliate (Subtribe PLEUROTHALLIDEAE). 3. Sepals all distinctly connate. 4. Sepals more or less rotate, not forming a narrow tube; petals and lip commonly similar 19. Stelis. 4. Sepals forming a narrow tube at the base or campanulate; petals and lip very dissimilar. 5. Inflorescence a raceme (in Guatemalan species); sepals with relatively short free lobes 20. Physosiphon. 5. Inflorescence a single flower or rarely two flowers; sepals with long free continuations 21. Masdevallia. 16 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 3. Sepals not distinctly connate, at least the dorsal sepal free or nearly so. 6. Inflorescence lateral, originating about the middle of the secondary stem; lateral sepals with retrorse callosities above the middle. 22. Scaphosepalum. 6. Inflorescence terminal or rarely lateral at the base of the secondary stem; lateral sepals without conspicuous retrorse calli. 7. Blade of the petals transverse, i.e. strongly bilobed, rarely simple (or essentially so), from a very oblique base 23. Lepanthes. 7. Blade of the petals not transverse or strongly bilobed. 24. Pleurothallis. 2. Ovary not articulated with the pedicel; pedicel caducous with the flower; stems slender or fleshy-thickened, 1- to several-flowered. 8. Pollinia always without appendages, i.e. no viscid disk or caudicles present (Subtribe LIPARIDEAE). 9. Column very short; anther erect 25. Malaxis. 9. Column more or less elongate; anther incumbent 26. Liparis. 8. Pollinia appendaged, i.e. sometimes with a rudimentary viscid disk, sometimes with a caudicle having a viscid apex. 10. Column entirely without a foot, more or less adnate to the base of the lip (Subtribe LAELIEAE). 11. Pollinia two or four, with two in each cell of the anther when four are present. 12. Lip gibbous or saccate at the base; flowers with an evident mentum 28. Nageliella. 12. Lip neither gibbous nor saccate at the base. 13. Lip geniculate at its junction with the column . 27. Hexisea. 13. Lip not geniculate at its junction with the column. 14. Flowers usually not large and showy; stems either pseudobulbous or epseudobulbous. 15. Lip without hollow horn-like processes, commonly adnate to the column at base but not always so. 29. Epidendrum. 15. Lip with two large hollow horn-like processes, free or nearly so 30. Diacrium. 14. Flowers large and showy; stems always pseudobulbous. 31. Cattleya. 1 11. Pollinia eight, four in each cell of the anther. 16. Pollinia in four pairs, each pair joined by parallel caudicles; anther operculate. 17. Lip from base gradually passing into the lamina; pollinia nearly of one size, subequal 32. Laelia. 17. Lip abruptly broadened into the lamina; pollinia of two sizes, unequal. 18. Lip very different from the sepals 33. Brassavola. 18. Lip similar to the sepals 35. Homalopetalum. 16. Pollinia a fascicle of eight, not paired, in one series; anther not operculate 34. Meiracyllium. 10. Column produced into a distinct foot (though sometimes abbre- viated); lip not adnate to the column or at most with margins adnate to the base of the column-foot (Subtribe PONEREAE). 19. Pollinia four or six. 1 Cattleya and Epidendrum are technically indistinguishable and are scarcely more than genera of convenience. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 17 20. Leaves not distichous on an elongate stem, terminal and usually paired on pseudobulbs or short thickened stems; pollinia four or six 36. Scaphy glottis. 20. Leaves distichous and scattered along an elongate stem; pol- linia four. 21. Inflorescences 1-flowered, fasciculate. 22. Inflorescences lateral on the stem in the axils of leaves; leaves not fleshy 37. Ponera. 22. Inflorescences terminal on the stem; leaves more or less fleshy 38. Jacquiniella. 21. Inflorescences racemose. 23. Lip S-shaped at the base; inflorescence terminal only. 39. Isochilus. 23. Lip not S-shaped at the base; inflorescences terminal and sometimes also lateral 37. Ponera. 19. Pollinia eight. 24. Leaf solitary, from the apex of a stout stem; inflorescences subtended by a single large spat he 40. Arpophyllum. 24. Leaves two or more, from the apex of a pseudobulb; inflores- cences not subtended by a single large spathe. 25. Column-foot much shorter than the column proper, very inconspicuous; mentum obsolescent 41. Coelia. 25. Column-foot subequal in length to the column proper; mentum conspicuous 42. Bothriochilus. 1. Viscid disk distinct, regular, with the margins well defined, arising from the apex of the rostellum. 26. Column with a foot; plants with pseudobulbs or with swollen bases to the stems; pollinia four or four joined into two pairs (Subtribe POLY- STACHYEAE). 27. Lip without a spur 43. Polystachya. 27. Lip with a spur 44. Galeandra. 26. Column without a foot; plants without pseudobulbs; pollinia two (Subtribe EPIDANTHEAE) 45. Epidanthus. A. Series b. PLEURANTHAE. Inflorescence lateral, arising near the base of the pseudobulbs or in the axils of the leaves or of the sheaths of the lower stems. B. Subseries a. SYMPODIALES. Plants forming a sympodium, i.e. with the stems approximate or superimposed and manifestly terminated by com- monly smaller apical leaves. 28. Pollinia without a stipe; viscid disk (if present) commonly rudimentary or the apex of the caudicle glutinous. 29. Rhizome shortened or coralloid, bulbous, annulate, with short internodes; pseudobulbs usually none; leaves plicate or entirely lack- ing (in the saprophytic genera); plants terrestrial. 30. Plants saprophytic, without true leaves; rhizome coralloid; stems elongate (Subtribe CORALLORHIZEAE). 31. Lip with 5 to 7 longitudinal lamellae on the disk; pollinia eight 46. Hexalectris. 31. Lip with 2 lamellae at most; pollinia four. . . .47. Corallorrhiza. 30. Plants not saprophytic, with green leaves; roots not coralloid; stems shortened or pseudobulbous (Subtribe PHAJEAE). 32. Lip with a spur 48. Calanthe. 32. Lip without a spur 49. Bletia. 29. Rhizome more or less elongate; stems pseudobulbous, 1- or several- leaved; leaves flat or plicate; plants epiphytic. 18 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 33. Pseudobulbs homoblastic (i.e. of several nodes, only the terminal one of which bears well-developed leaves), fusiform, several- leaved; leaves plicate, rather thin; flowers relatively large (Sub- tribe CHYSIEAE) 50. Chysis. 33. Pseudobulbs heteroblastic (i.e. of a single node with one or two terminal leaves), usually small; leaves coriaceous or fleshy, not plicate; flowers relatively small (Subtribe BULBOPHYLLEAE). 51. Bulbophyllum. 28. Pollinia with a prominent stipe (though sometimes short); viscid disk distinct. 34. Pollinia of a waxy texture, easily compressed or crushed (Subtribe CYRTOPODIEAE). 35. Lip spurred or with a strongly saccate base 52. Eulophia. 35. Lip neither spurred nor with a saccate base. 36. Lip prominently 3-lobed 53. Cyrtopodium. 36. Lip simple or at most crenulate 54. Govenia. 34. Pollinia of a cartilaginous texture, i.e. neither easily compressed nor crushed. 37. Leaves convolutive in vernation. 38. Pseudobulbs large, fusiform, homoblastic, several-leaved (Sub- tribe CATASETEAE). 39. Column twisted; flowers perfect (monomorphic or poly- morphic) 55. Mormodes. 39. Column not twisted; flowers rarely perfect (dimorphic or trimorphic). 40. Column thick, straight, usually with two retrorse antennae in male flowers 56. Catasetum. 40. Column slender, curved or arcuate, without retrorse antennae 57. Cycnoches. 38. Pseudobulbs short, heteroblastic, 1- to few-leaved. 41. Lip continuous with the base of the column or solidly attached to the short column-foot, not articulated, more or less promi- nently divided into a hypochile and epichile (Subtribe GONGOREAE). 42. Petals conspicuously narrower than the sepals, usually inserted near or on the very base of the column. 43. Epichile not saccate 62. Gongora. 43. Epichile deeply saccate 63. Coryanthes. 42. Petals not conspicuously narrower than the sepals. 44. Epichile saccate 63. Coryanthes. 44. Epichile not saccate. 45. Lateral sepals strongly reflexed in anthesis. 61. Stanhopea. 45. Lateral sepals not strongly reflexed in anthesis. 46. Pseudobulb with a solitary leaf 59. Houlletia. 46. Pseudobulb with two or more leaves. 47. Lip with a slender claw; lateral lobes of lip oblong- falcate, acute 60. Paphinia. 47. Lip without a slender claw; lateral lobes of lip subquadrate, truncate 58. Lacaena. 41. Lip articulated with the apex of the column-foot. 48. Inflorescence basal, i.e. arising at the base of the pseudo- bulb; lip usually provided with a depressed longitudinal callus (Subtribe LYCASTEAE). AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 19 49. Inflorescence a few- to many-flowered raceme. 64. Xylobium. 49. Inflorescence consisting of a single flower. . .65. Lycaste. 48. Inflorescence suprabasal, i.e. in the axils of the lower (some- times leaf -bearing) sheaths; lip usually provided with a transverse callus or a transverse flabellate crest (Sub- tribe ZYGOPETALEAE) 66. Zygopetalum. 37. Leaves duplicative in vernation. 50. Column commonly produced into a foot and forming a mentum with the lateral sepals; rostellum not produced, emarginate. 51. Callus of the lip transverse, commonly flabellate; inflorescence suprabasal, i.e. in the axils of the lower (often leaf-bearing) sheaths; pseudobulbs reduced or rudimentary (Subtribe HUNTLEYEAE) 67. Chondrorhyncha. 51. Callus of the lip longitudinal, often depressed or rarely none; inflorescence borne at the base of the pseudobulb; pseudobulbs usually well developed and often with elongate stems (Sub- tribe MAXILLARIEAE). 52. Sepals forming a short tube at the base. .70. Trigonidium. 52. Sepals not forming a tube at the base. 53. Viscid disk lunate; column almost footless; peduncle commonly as long as or longer than the leaves. 69. Mormolyca. 53. Viscid disk rounded; column with a distinct foot; peduncle usually much shorter than the leaves. 68. Maxillaria. 50. Column always without a foot; rostellum produced, commonly bifid, sometimes subulate and acute. 54. Anther incumbent; rostellum porrect or deflexed, sometimes with the apex ascending. 55. Base of the lip deeply saccate or spurred, or the lateral sepals connate and saccate or spurred at the base. 56. Lateral sepals free; base of the lip deeply saccate or form- ing a single spur; inflorescence 1- or 2-flowered (Sub- tribe TRICHOCENTREAE) 71. Trichocentrum. 56. Lateral sepals connate, saccate or spurred at the base; base of the lip neither deeply saccate nor forming a single spur; inflorescence racemose or paniculate (Subtribe COMPARETTIEAE) . 57. Lip with a pair of flattened porrect lamellate calli near the apex 73. Scelochilus. 57. Lip without lamellate calli near the apex. 58. Lip with two filiform appendages at the base. 74. Comparettia. 58. Lip without filiform appendages at the base. 72. lonopsis. 55. Base of the lip neither saccate nor spurred; lateral sepals free or connate, if connate neither spurred nor saccate at the base (Subtribe ONCIDIEAE). 59. Pollinia two. 60. Leaves articulated, i.e. deciduous with age; plants with pseudobulbs; inflorescence from the base of the pseudo- bulb. 61. Base of the lip enfolding the column and shortly adnate to it at its base (Subtribe TRICHOPILIEAE). 75. Trichopilia. 20 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 61. Base of the lip not enfolding the column. 62. Sepals and petals long-caudate; column not winged at the apex 78. Brassia. 62. Sepals and petals not long-caudate (or if so the column is winged or auriculate); column winged or wingless at apex. 63. Lip inserted on the column near the middle. 77. Aspasia. 63. Lip not inserted on the column near the middle. 64. Lateral sepals entirely united. 79. Palumbina. 64. Lateral sepals not entirely united, at most only partly united. 65. Anther produced in front into a membra- naceous appendage longer than (rarely equaling) the locule 81. Leochilus. 65. Anther not produced in front into a mem- branaceous appendage longer than the locule. 66. Lip long-unguiculate. .82. Sigmatostalix. 66. Lip not long-unguiculate. 67. Basal part of lip erect and more or less parallel to the column; calli of the lip usually two, parallel and not joined; column usually not winged. 76. Odontoglossum. 67. Basal part of lip spreading (at almost a right angle) from the column; calli on the lip various; column usually winged at the apex 80. Oncidium. 60. Leaves not articulated, i.e. marcescent, equitant, closely approximate; stems elongate and pseudo- bulbose (Subtribe LOCKHARTIEAE) 83. Lockhartia. 59. Pollinia four (Subtribe ORNITHOCEPHALEAE). 84. Ornithocephalus. 54. Anther erect on the back of the column or on the apex of the column under the clinandrium; rostellum erect (Sub- tribe NOTYLIEAE). 68. Lip simple, not lobed 85. Notylia. 68. Lip 3- or 4-lobed. 69. Lip 4-lobed, the lateral lobes linear to narrowly lanceo- f late 86. Cryptarrhena. 69. Lip 3-lpbed, the lateral lobes suborbicular-ovate to semiorbicular 87. Macradenia. B. Subseries b. MONOPODIALES. Plants forming a monopodium, i.e. the stems with unlimited growth. 70. Inflorescence 1-flowered; lip without a spur; column often with an infrastigmatic ligule (Subtribe DICHAEEAE) 88. Dichaea. 70. Inflorescence racemose, several- to many-flowered; lip with a basal spur; column always without an infrastigmatic ligule (Subtribe SARCANTHEAE) 89. Campylocentrum. 1. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Terrestrial herbs with fibrous roots rising from a short rootstock. Leaves cauline, plicate. Flowers showy, subtended by foliaceous bracts. Sepals spread- FIG. 1. Cypripedium irapeanum. Flowering plant (X 2 A). Drawn by D. E. Tibbitts. 21 22 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 ing, free or with the lateral pair partially or wholly united. Petals spreading, free, usually smaller than the sepals. Lip sessile, strongly inflated, pouch-shaped. Column declined, with two laterally placed fertile stamens each bearing a 2-celled anther and a dorsally placed sterile petaloid thick staminode; pollen granular. Ovary 1-celled. This genus consists of about fifty species that are widespread in boreal, temperate and tropical regions of Europe, Asia and America. They are considered to be the most primitive orchids extant and represent what appears to be a section isolated from the rest of the family, without any intermediate or connecting genera surviving today. Cypripedium irapeanum Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr. (Orch. Opusc.) 2: 10. 1825. Figure!. On open grassy hillsides or in loamy soil in pine-oak forests on mountain slopes, up to 3,200 meters alt. Mexico and Guatemala. Often common locally. Plant stout, densely pilose throughout, 3.5-10.5 dm. tall; stem leafy. Leaves suborbicular-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, acute to acuminate, 3-13 cm. long, 2-8.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence a solitary flower or few-flowered raceme (as many as six flowers). Floral bracts similar to but somewhat smaller than the leaves. Flowers bright yellow, with strongly arcuate pedicellate ovaries that are 3-5 cm. long and densely covered with brownish glandular pubescence. Perianth parts more or less pubescent. Sepals often suffused or striped with pale green; dorsal sepal broadly elliptic, acute or submucronate, 3-6 cm. long, 1.8-3.5 cm. wide; lateral sepals connate; lamina oblong-elliptic, emarginate or subacute, 3-5 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide. Petals oblong-elliptic, antrorsely curved, 3-6.5 cm. long, 2.7-3 cm. wide. Lip obovoid, strongly saccate, interior surface at base densely tomentose and with bright red spots, exterior surface glabrous, 4-6 cm. long, 3-3.5 cm. wide at the widest point. Column about 2 cm. long; staminode ovate, acuminate, subtrilobed, about 1.2 cm. long. Although C. irapeanum is not common in collections, collectors' notes often state that it occurs abundantly where it grows naturally. It is a showy species and rivals in beauty the North American C. reginae Walt., which it resembles. It is one of the two species of diandrous orchids found in Guatemala, and here represents the southernmost extension of the genus in the western hemisphere. Guatemala: Near San Rafael, about 10 miles from Guatemala, Margaret Ward Lewis 151. Huehuetenango: Along Rio Selegua, opposite San Sebastian H., Steyermark 50491. Above La Libertad, on Cerro Pueblo Viejo, "common here by the thousands of plants," Steyermark 50973. Sacatepe*quez : Volcan de Agua, Hartweg (fide Hemsley). San Luis Pastores, Johnston 1645. Solola: Volcan San AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 23 Pedro, north-facing slopes toward Lago de Atitlan, above village of San Pedro, Steyermark 47181. "Guatemala," Skinner. 2. PHRAGMIPEDIUM Rolfe Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs with fibrous roots. Leaves coriaceous, ligulate, conduplicate, sulcate. Flowers large, showy in few- to many-flowered racemes or panicles. Sepals spreading, with the dorsal one free and the lateral ones entirely united. Petals free, spreading, similar to the sepals or long-caudate (in our species). Lip sessile, inflated, calceolate. Column short, stout, with two laterally placed fertile stamens each bearing a 2-celled anther and a dorsally placed sterile, petaloid staminode; pollen granular. Ovary 3-celled. There are in this genus in tropical America about a dozen species, which are mainly confined to South America. The elongated petals are characteristic. Phragmipedium caudatum (Lindl.) Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 4: 332. 1896. Cypripedium caudatum Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PI. 531. 1840. Figure 2. Epiphytic on trees or in humus on open or shaded rocks, up to 2,000 meters alt. Rare in Guatemala and Panama; widespread in northern South America. Plant rather stout, erect or ascending, 4-5 dm. tall. Stem scapose, densely and finely pilose, supporting 2-4 flowers, provided about the middle with a con- duplicate foliaceous bract that is about 8 cm. long and 3 cm. wide. Leaves radical, spreading, distichous, ligulate, obtuse to subacute, dorsally sulcate, leathery and glossy, glabrous, 10-35 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide. Floral bracts conduplicate, elliptic, obtuse to broadly rounded at the apex, 4-9.5 cm. long, 3-4.5 cm. wide when spread out. Flowers variously colored, usually yellow-green flushed with reddish brown or purple, with stout arcuate pedicellate ovaries that are 12-19 cm. long and finely pilose. Sepals pubescent on the outer surface, conspicuously nerved, undulate- wavy along the margins; dorsal sepal lanceolate, long-acuminate with an obtuse tip, arched over the lip, 9-16 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide near the base; lateral sepals united into a broadly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate lamina that is long-acuminate at the apex and concave below the middle, 8-13 cm. long, 3-4.5 cm. wide. Petals narrowly lanceolate and falcate at the base, extended into ex- tremely long pendent caudae which are up to 75 cm. long (rarely only a few cm. in length), about 1 cm. wide near the base, pubescent especially near the tip with brown articulated hairs, with a dense tuft of hairs on the inner surface at the base. Lip calceolate, inflated, ellipsoid, open above with the anterior margins of the orifice induplicate and pubescent within, puberulent on the outer surface, usually greenish with a reddish brown reticulation, purple-spotted on the interior surface, 5-6.5 cm. long. Staminode flat, transversely triangular with the angles obtuse, purplish, more or less pubescent along the margins, about 1 cm. long, 1.2-1.6 cm. wide. Capsule cylindrical, about 10 cm. long and 8 mm. in diameter. 24 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 This species is characterized by having extremely long petals. When the flower-buds first open the petals are about the length of the sepals. However, after the flower is completely opened, the petals continue growth until they attain a length of from 30 to 75 cm. Alta Verapaz: Rare on trees in Pansamala, May, 1887, Tiirckheim 1248. Xuchaneb (cultivated in garden of Don Mariano Pacheco H. in Guatemala City), Steyermark 46392. Huehuetenango : Vicinity of Maxbal, about 17 miles north of Barillas, Sierra de los Cuchuma- tanes, Steyermark 48522.- Guatemala: "The plant was purchased in Guatemala City by Mrs. [W. P.] Cockerell. ... It was presumably collected in the mts. of Guatemala by an Indian. T. D. A. Cockerell, June 1918." Somewhere between San Agustin A. and Salama, ' specimen purchased in Coban, Margaret Ward Lewis 127. 3. HABENARIA Willd. Terrestrial or semiaquatic herbs with fleshy or tuberous roots; tuberoids ovoid or fusiform-elongate. Plants erect, simple; stem with cauline or basal leaves or both, rarely with the leaves reduced to bracts. Flowers in showy or inconspicuous racemes, rarely solitary. Sepals free or somewhat coherent at the base, subequal; lateral sepals spreading or deflexed; dorsal sepal erect or forming a hood over the column. Petals free, usually connivent with the dorsal sepal, entire or bifid, polymorphic. Lip usually slightly adnate to the column, entire, toothed, or tripartite, at the base produced into a spur. Column short; stigmas with or with- out papillose processes; anther one, two-celled, persistent; pollen granular. This is a polymorphic genus of approximately five hundred species that are natives mainly of the warmer regions of the world. They are found chiefly in woodlands, savannas, meadows and swamps, where they usually occur in moderately to strongly acid soils. 1. Petals entire or merely toothed at the base; lip entire, toothed on each side at the base or three-lobed. 2. Lip deeply three-lobed; leaves basal H. distans var. jamaicensis. 2. Lip not deeply three-lobed; leaves cauline. 3. Stigmatic processes wanting; lip entire H. limosa. 3. Stigmatic processes well developed, conspicuous; lip entire, toothed or sharply angled on each side at the base. 4. Ovary conspicuously winged, with the wings minutely papillose on the edges H. alata. 4. Ovary not conspicuously winged. 5. Lip rounded or reduced to a narrow claw at the base; spur less than 1.5 cm. long H. eustachya. 5. Lip toothed or sharply angled on each side at the base; spur more than 1.5 cm. long. 6. Petals rotundate-quadrate to suborbicular, obtuse . . H. strictissima. 6. Petals subquadrate to oblong-quadrate, usually with the apex more or less trilobulate H. strictissima var. odontopetala. FIG. 2. Phragmipedium caudatum. Flowering plant (X M)- Drawn by D. E. Tibbitts. 25 26 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 1. Petals bifid; lip always three-lobed. 7. Flowers one to three H. pauciflora. 7. Flowers more than three. 8. Leaves basal H. distans. 8. Leaves not essentially basal. 9. Spur more than 3.5 cm. long. 10. Leaves mainly linear, coarse and thick when dry, more or less equitant; semiaquatic H. bractescens. 10. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, thin and papery when dry, not equitant; non-aquatic H. quinqueseta. 9. Spur less than 3.5 cm. long. 11. Leaf -sheaths maculate; leaf -margins undulate-scarious. H. monorrhiza. 11. Leaf -sheaths not maculate; leaf -margins not undulate-scarious. 12. Mid-nerve of the sepals, lobes of the lip, and anterior lobes of the petals papillose H. crassicornis. 12. Sepals, lip and petals smooth. 13. Flowers white; mid-lobe of lip conspicuously wider than the lateral lobes, subequal in length H. clypeata. 13. Flowers green or yellowish green; mid-lobe of lip not con- spicuously wider than the lateral lobes, subequal or unequal in length. 14. Lobes of the lip subequal, pendent; semiaquatic. . .H. repens. 14. Lobes of the lip unequal (rarely subequal) in length; lateral lobes mostly spreading and recurved; not aquatic. 15. Leaves small, scattered along the stem; spur less than 2 cm. long H. entomantha. 15. Leaves comparatively large, mostly near the middle of the stem; spur more than 2 cm. long H. novemfida. Habenaria alata Hook. Exot. Fl. 3: t. 169. 1826. Figure 3. Rather common on grassy hillsides and brushy slopes, in open meadows and pastures, and moist soil in open pine-oak forests, up to 1,900 meters alt. Widespread in the West Indies and Mexico, through Central America to South America. Plant slender, glabrous, 1.7-7 dm. tall; stem leafy. Leaves narrowly lanceo- late, acuminate, 6-14 cm. long, up to 2 cm. wide. Raceme 6-20 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3.5 cm. long, about 6 mm. wide near the base. Flowers pale green, with broadly winged pedicellate ovaries that are about 1.5 cm. long. Sepals connivent at first, then spreading, with minutely papillose margins. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate to suborbicular, concave, rarely apiculate, the median nerve dorsally carinate, 6-10 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide. Lateral sepals somewhat obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, apiculate and recurved at the apex, 7-10.5 mm. long, 3.5-4.5 mm. wide. Petals thick, opaque, lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, with a small lobe at the base on the anterior margin, 5.5-11 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide. Lip thick, linear-lanceo- late, with a tooth on each side near the base (occasionally with the basal triangular teeth inconspicuous or obsolete), directed forward, 5.5-8 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Spur recurved, clavate, 9-13 mm. long. Column about 2.5 mm. long. Capsule obliquely ellipsoid, prominently winged, about 1.5 cm. long. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 27 FIG. 3. Habenaria alata. 1, flower, side view (about X 2); 2, flower, with lateral sepals spread apart, front-side view (about X 2); 3, lip, spur, and column, front-side view (about X 4); 4, section from margin of sepal, showing papillose character (much enlarged); 5, petal (about X 4). Drawn by Blanche Ames. This is a polymorphic species. The lip commonly has a triangular protuberance on each side near the base. Sometimes these protuber- ances are so strongly developed that they give to the lip a three- lobed appearance, but frequently they are so much reduced that they become inconspicuous and obsolete. Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim II 1501. Chimaltenango: Be- tween Chimaltenango and San Martin Jilotepeque, Standley 80868. 28 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Near Finca La Alameda, near Chimaltenango, Standley 59143; 79764. Near Rio Pixcaya, between Chimaltenango and San Martin Jilotepeque, Standley 64482.- Guatemala: Guatemala, Jesus Morales 1137. Jutiapa: Between Agua Blanca and Amatillo, Steyermark 30388. Sacatepe*quez: Near Antigua, Standley 58547. Santa Rosa: San Juan Utopa, Heyde & Lux 6247. Cerro Redondo, Steyermark 52213. Zacapa: Lower slopes of Sierra de las Minas, above Rio Hondo, Steyermark 29538. Along Rio Lima, Sierra de las Minas, between Rio Hondo and summit of mountain at Finca Alejandria, Steyermark 29631. From Dona Edna Sarg de Rodriguez, Finca San Jose* Buena Vista, Margaret Ward Lewis 211. Habenaria bractescens Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PL 308. 1835. H. Pringlei Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 27: 184. 1892. Figure 4. Uncommon in bogs, marshes and on the border of lakes, semi- aquatic, up to 1,000 meters alt. Widespread and rather common, generally, from Mexico through Central and South America to Argentina. Plant large, stout, glabrous, 4.5-12 dm. tall; stem leafy. Roots long, slender, fibrous, with the central one tuberous. Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, conduplicate and keeled, 9-26 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide. Raceme laxly few-flowered, 8-23 cm. long, 6-9 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, 3.5-6 cm. long, up to 1.7 cm. wide near the base. Flowers large, white and pale green, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 4-6.5 cm. long. Dorsal sepal elliptic, acute or apiculate and recurved at the apex, scarcely concave, 1.3-2.1 cm. long, 8-14 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-elliptic, acute to acuminate, 1.4-2.4 cm. long, 6.5-10 mm. wide. Petals bipartite; posterior lobe linear-lanceolate, falcate, 1.2-2.2 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; anterior lobe filiform, 1.2-2.5 cm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. Lip tripartite to within 3-4 mm. of the base; mid-lobe narrowly linear, subacute, 1.5-2.2 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; lateral lobes filiform, 1.6-2 cm. long. Spur slender, 5-15 cm. long. Capsule obliquely cylindrical, prominently ribbed, about 2.5 cm. long. The extraordinarily large flowers, being white, make this species one of the most showy in the genus. It is easily distinguished from the closely related H. quinqueseta by its narrower leaves. Escuintla: 2 km. north of San Jose", Stork & Horton 8832. Izabal: Boca del Rio Polochic, Smith 1583. Pete*n: Lake Zotz, Lundell 3324. Solola: Around lake at Finca Moca, slopes of Volcan Atitlan, Steyermark 47881. Jocolo, marshy edge of lake, Johnson 1001. Habenaria clypeata Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PL 311. 1835. H. lactiflora A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. se"r. 3, 3: 28. 1845. H. FIG. 4. Habenaria bractescens (H. Pringlei). 1, flower, side view (X 1); 2, lip (about X 2); 3, petal (about X 2). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 29 30 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 spithamaea Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 195. 1918 (type: Guatemala, in pinetis inter Casillas et Laguna de Ayarza, July, 1870, Bernoulli & Cario 551). Figure 5. In dry rocky pine-oak scrub forests, also in boggy ground, on grassy slopes, pastures, loamy soil of ridges and sandy, limy soil, up to 2,500 meters alt. Rather rare in Mexico, Guatemala, Hon- duras, Costa Rica and Panama. Plant small, slender, glabrous, with a globose tuber attached to the base of the stem, 1.1-5.3 dm. tall; stem leafy. Leaves small, oblong-elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, acute, acuminate or cuspidate, equitant, mostly strongly conduplicate, ensiform, 3.5-7 cm. long, 0.8-3 cm. wide. Inflorescence a few- to many-flowered raceme, 4-10 cm. long, 3-4 cm. in diameter. Bracts large, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cucullate and clasping the pedicellate ovary, 1.5-3 cm. long. Flowers white, fragrant of hyacinth, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 1.5-2 cm. long. Dorsal sepal elliptic, strongly concave-galeate, 9-10 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-elliptic, obtuse or subacute, 8-9 mm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide. Petals bipartite; posterior lobe linear-oblong, falcate, connivent with the dorsal sepal, 6-10 mm. long, 1.8-3 mm. wide; anterior lobe filiform, recurved, 11-12.5 mm. long. Lip tripartite to the base or to within 2.5-3 mm. from the base; mid-lobe linear, obtuse, 6.5-12 mm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide; lateral lobes filiform, 8-15 mm. long. Spur stout, clavate, somewhat recurved, 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Column about 3 mm. long. The lateral segments of the lip are basal or sometimes, together with the mid-lobe, separated from the base of the lip by a well- developed claw and are either shorter than or about equal to the mid-lobe. Huehuetenango: Between Chanquejelve" and Ixcacao, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 51804. Jalapa: Between Miramundo and summit of Montana Miramundo, between Jalapa and Mata- quescuintla, Steyermark 32697. Santa Rosa: Cerro Gordo, 1,100 meters, Heyde & Lux 3858. Between Casillas and Laguna de Ayarza, Bernoulli 706 (fide W. B. Hemsley). Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, between Rio Hondo and summit of mountain at Finca Alexandria, Steyermark 29639. Habenaria crassicornis Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PI. 311. 1835. Figure 5. FIG. 5. Habenaria clypeata: Flower (about X 2). H. crassicornis: Flowering plant (XI); individual flower (about X 2). H. eustachya: Flower (about X 2). H. novemfida: Flower (about X 2). H. strictissima var. odontopetala (H. odontopetala) : Flower (about X 2). H. repens: Two flowers (front and side views; about X 2). H. setifera: Plant (X 1); individual flower (about X IJlj); not found in Guatemala. Drawn by Blanche Ames. HABENARIA. 31 32 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Uncommon in pine-oak woods, moist ravines, open grassy fields, and mountain woods, up to 2,700 meters alt. Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. Plant slender, glandular-puberulent above, with a small globose tuber attached to the base of the stem, 1.2-3.8 dm. tall; stem leafy. Leaves small, ovate to lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, equitant, keeled, 2-5 cm. long, 0.7-2.2 cm. wide. In- florescence a very loose few-flowered raceme, 5-11 cm. long, 3-4.5 cm. in diameter. Bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, clasping, 1.2-2.2 cm. long. Flowers yellowish green and white, with slender, pedicellate ovaries that are 2-2.5 cm. long. Sepals carinate along the mid-vein. Dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic, apiculate, concave, 7-8.5 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate (often apiculate, recurved at the apex), 8-11 mm. long, 4-4.5 mm. wide. Petals bipartite; posterior lobe narrowly linear, falcate, 8.5-10 mm. long; anterior lobe filiform, setaceous, divergent and recurved, 13-17 mm. long. Lip tripartite to within 2-3 mm. of the base; mid-lobe filiform, 10-13.5 mm. long; lateral lobes filiform, setaceous, 13-16 mm. long. Spur thick, semi-oblong at the apex, ascending from a very slender basal portion, 1.5-2.1 (rarely as much as 2.8) cm. long. Column 2.5-3.5 mm. long. Capsule obliquely cylindrical, ribbed, about 1.5 cm. long. This species is distinguished from a nearly related species, namely H. entomantha, by the minutely glandular puberulence of the various parts of the flower and often of the entire inflorescence. The ovary is also glandular along the ribs. Chimaltenango: Finca Alameda, J. R. Johnston 155. Huehue- tenango: Terrestrial in dry scrubby woods of oak, pine and arbutus, Skutch 1635. Jalapa: Cerro Alcoba, just east of Jalapa, Steyermark 32510. Santa Rosa: Cerro Gordo, Heyde & Lux 3858b. Habenaria distans Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 270. 1866. H. Tuerck- heimii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 2: 129. 1906 (type: Guatemala, in Felsspalten bei Cubilgiiitz, August, 1903, H. von Turckheim 766). Figure 6. Uncommon in shady damp forests, on moist grassy slopes, up to 1,800 meters alt. Ranging widely from Florida and Mexico to Guatemala and Costa Rica, and throughout the West Indies. Plant slender, glabrous, 1.4-3.3 dm. tall; stem clothed with bracteal leaves. Leaves 2-6, essentially basal, oblong-elliptic (rarely ovate or obovate), acute, abruptly diminishing into bracts above, 6-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide. Inflorescence a loose raceme composed of 5-21 scattered flowers, 4-13 cm. long. Floral bracts FIG. 6. Habenaria distans. 1, plant (X 1); 2, flower, front view (X 3, petal (X 3); 4, pollen mass (highly magnified). Original drawing by Blanche Ames; redrawn by G. W. Dillon. 33 34 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 1-2 cm. long. Flowers greenish, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 1-1.5 cm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, concave, 5-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals somewhat deflexed, curved upward toward the apex, obliquely oval to ovate-oblong, acute, 5-8 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Petals bipartite, the two lobes about equal in length, 6-8 mm. long; posterior lobe suberect, narrowly linear, falcate, about 1 mm. wide; anterior lobe filiform, usually slightly longer than the posterior lobe. Lip tripartite; mid-lobe narrowly linear, pendent, 7-10 mm. long; lateral lobes filiform, spreading, curved upward, 8-11 mm. long. Spur gradually clavate at the apex, 1.2-1.5 cm. long. Capsule ellipsoid, strongly ribbed, about 1.2 cm. long. Habenaria distans is distinctive in that its leaves are essentially basal or in a basal rosette. This species is the only Guatemalan Habenaria that has this character. Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Tilrckheim 8308; 8588 (isotype of H. Tuerckheimii Schltr.). Chiquimula: Along Rio Taco, between Chiquimula and Montana Barriol, 3-15 miles northwest of Chiqui- mula, Steyermark 30633 (probably). Huehuetenango: Trail between Santa Ana Huista and Nenton, via hamaca over Rio Azul and "La Laguna," Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 51379. Habenaria distans Griseb. var. jamaicensis (Fawc. & Rendle) Cogn. in Urban Symb. Antill. 6: 300. 1909. Habenaria jamaicensis Fawc. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. 47: 126. 1909. Among mosses on rocky or clayey banks in shade, in cloud forests, up to 1,800 meters alt. Widespread but rare in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Haiti and Santo Domingo. Variety jamaicensis is identical in habit with the typical form. However, the flowers are usually fewer and smaller and the petals are entire or develop only a short anterior lobe. As originally described, the petals of H. jamaicensis possessed short, inconspicuous anterior lobes. However, in the Guatemalan and Mexican material seen the petals are entire. It seems best, nevertheless, to treat all of these plants as var. jamaicensis. Chiquimula: Upper slopes of Montana Tajuran, in vicinity of El Barriol, Steyermark 30799. Habenaria entomantha (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PI. 311. 1835. Orchis entomantha Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr. (Orch. Opusc.) 2: 8. 1825. Habenaria tetranema Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 373. 1918 (type: Guatemala, Camino de Sapote, locis herbidis, July, 1866, G. Bernoulli 325). Rather common in moist soil of mixed pine-hardwood forests, damp soil of grassy hillsides, fields, in earth pockets of lava flow, edges of lakes and sedge bogs, up to 3,300 meters alt. Widespread AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 35 in Mexico, Guatemala, British Honduras, and Honduras; reported from Venezuela. Plant slender, with a small ovoid tuber attached to the base of the stem, 1.3-4.5 dm. tall; stem leafy. Leaves small, ovate, linear-oblong to ovate-lanceo- late, subacute to acuminate, equitant, often reduced to tubular-clasping bracteal leaves, silvery beneath, 1.5-5 cm. long, 0.8-2.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence a loose or dense cylindrical raceme of many or few flowers, 3.5-16 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. in diameter. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 1.3-2.5 cm. long. Flowers green or greenish yellow, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 0.8-1.7 cm. long. Sepals carinate along the mid-vein. Dorsal sepal suborbicular-ovate to broadly elliptic, obtuse to acute, occasionally apiculate and recurved at the apex, 6-7 mm. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute and strongly recurved at the apex, 6-7 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Petals bipartite; posterior lobe narrowly linear, falcate, 5.5-6 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide; anterior lobe filiform, recurved, 7-10.5 mm. long. Lip tripartite to the base; mid-lobe linear-filiform, 5.5-12 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide; lateral lobes filiform, 9-13 mm. long. Spur fusiform-clavate, recurved, 0.9-1.7 cm. long. Column about 2 mm. long. Capsule obliquely ellipsoid, about 1.3 cm. long. Habenaria entomantha is a highly variable and polymorphic species. The small flowers and diminished equitant leaves of this plant are more delicate and graceful than the robust appearance and spreading leaves of H. novemfida, with which it is sometimes confused. This orchid is commonly called "jasmin de monte." Alta Verapaz: Santa Cruz, Turckheim 1393. Chimaltenango: Finca Alameda, J. R. Johnston 920. Near Tecpam, Skutch 519. El Progreso: Between Calera and summit of Volcan Siglo, Steyermark 43054 (?). Huehuetenango: Cerro Pixpix, above San Ildefonso Ixta- huacan, Steyermark 50619a. Cerro Negro, 2 miles east of Las Palmas, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 51727. Above Democracia on trail towards Jutal, Steyermark 51059. About Laguna de Ocubila, east of Huehuetenango, Standley 82624. Cerro Victoria, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, near Barillas, Steyermark 49759. Between San Mateo Ixtatan and Santa Eulalia, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 49901. Quiche": Jose Ignacio Aguilar 1534. Solola: Volcan Santa Clara, Steyermark 46985. Habenaria eustachya Reichb. f. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 3: 274. 1885. Figure 5. Uncommon in rich hillside woods, soggy or wet ground in dense forests and open woods, up to 800 meters alt. West Indies, Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. Plant rather stout, 2-10.5 dm. tall; stem leafy. Leaves narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, obtuse, acute to acuminate, 5-20 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide. Inflorescence a loosely or densely flowered, cylindrical raceme, 6-42 cm. long, 3-3.5 cm. in diam- 36 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 eter. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 1.3-2.5 cm. long. Flowers green or yellowish green, with stout pedicellate ovaries that are 1.1-1.8 cm. long. Dorsal sepal suborbicular, deeply concave-galeate, 4-5 mm. long, about 4 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-elliptic, obtuse to broadly rounded, strongly deflexed, spreading, 6-7 mm. long, about 3.5 mm. wide. Petals somewhat obliquely oblong- quadrate, with obtuse angles, rounded or sinuately 2-3 toothed at the apex, with a protuberance at the base on the anterior margin, 4-5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Lip entire, linear-oblong, subacute, deflexed, rounded or reduced to a narrow claw at the base, 5-8 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Spur slender, slightly thickened toward the apex, 10-12 mm. long. Capsule obliquely cylindrical-fusiform, 11-13 mm. long, about 4.5 mm. in diameter. This species approaches H. strictissima very closely. It differs from H. strictissima in that the lip is not lobed or toothed at the base and the spur is much shorter, being constantly between 10 and 12 mm. in length. Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 8298. Habenaria limosa (Lindl.) Hemsl. in Godm. & Salvin, Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 305. 1884. Platanthera limosa Lindl. Ann. Nat. Hist. 4: 381. 1840. P. guatemalensis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 193. 1918 (type: Guatemala, locis graminosis, Volcan de Sta. Maria, September, 1876, Bernoulli & Cario). Figure 7. Rather frequent in mossy ground in open woods, along cold brooks and in open sedge marshes at high elevations, up to 3,700 meters alt. Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico, south through Mexico to Guatemala. Plant slender or stout, glabrous throughout, 3-16.5 dm. tall; stem leafy, provided at the base with tubular sheaths. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, silvery green, suberect, 9-28 cm. long, 1.2-3.5 cm. wide. Raceme cylindrical, laxly or densely flowered, with the flowers approximate or sometimes compact or distant, elongated, 6-45 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts narrowly lanceolate, the lowermost up to 4 cm. long and greatly exceeding the flowers. Flowers small, green, fragrant. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong to elliptic, obtuse, concave, connivent with the petals to form a hood over the column, 3-nerved, 3-6 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide below the middle. Lateral sepals strongly deflexed, ovate-lanceolate to linear-elliptic, oblique, obtuse to subacute, 3-nerved, 4-8 mm. long, 1.8-2.5 mm. wide. Petals ovate-oblong to lanceolate, more or less falcate, obtuse to subacute, obliquely dilated at the base, connivent with the dorsal sepal, 3.2-6.5 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide at the base. Lip linear-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, taper- ing or rounded at the base, strongly arcuate-decurved in natural position, with a thick cushion or tubercle on the median face near the base, often with lightly FIG. 7. Habenaria limosa. 1, plant (X K); 2, flower, side view (X 4); 3, dorsal sepal (X 4); 4, petal (X 4); 5, lateral sepal (X 4); 6, lip (X 4). Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 37 38 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 revolute margins, 4-8.5 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide below the middle. Spur cylindrical, filiform, tapering at the apex, usually about twice as long as the lip, 1-2.5 cm. long, rarely shorter. Column stout, short, 1-2 mm. long. Chimaltenango: Sierra Santa Elena, near Tecpam, Caec. & Ed. Seler 2294. Near Tecpam, Skutch 492. Huehuetenango : 2^ miles east of San Mateo Ixtatan, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 49879. Between Tojquia and Caxin bluff, summit of Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 50168. Alpine areas in vicinity of Tunima, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48342. Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Skutch 1093. Quezaltenango : Volcan Santo Tomas, Steyermark 34818. Habenaria monorrhiza (Sw.) Reichb. f. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 3: 274. 1885. Orchis monorrhiza Sw. Prodr. 118. 1788, in part. Habenaria maculosa Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PI. 308. 1835. Rather common in low weedy ground, wet meadows and thickets, on wooded hillsides and open slopes, rarely on the base of trees, up to 1,500 meters alt. Widespread throughout the West Indies, Jamaica, Guatemala and northern South America. Plant rather stout, glabrous, 1.8-12 dm. tall; stem leafy. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, with the margins undulate-scarious, 4-12 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide; leaf-sheaths maculate. Raceme 5-22 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. in diameter. Bracts ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with the margins scarious, 1.2-2 cm. long. Flowers white, with stout pedicellate ovaries that are about 2 cm. long. Dorsal sepal oval to suborbicular, concave, the median nerve carinate, 6.5-7.5 mm. long, 4.5-5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate or elliptic, somewhat carinate along the median nerve, 6-8 mm. long, 3.5-4 mm. wide. Petals bipartite; posterior lobe narrowly oblong or elliptic, obtuse, 6-8 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; an- terior lobe filiform, 5-7 mm. long. Lip tripartite to the base; mid-lobe narrowly Un- gulate, rising from a broad base, 6.5-10 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide; lateral lobes filiform, 7.5-11.5 mm. long. Spur slender, 1.8-2.3 cm. long. Column 2.5 cm. long. Habenaria monorrhiza is distinguished by its undulate-scarious leaf -margins and maculate leaf-sheaths. Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 8299. Coban, Turckheim 8459; II 1507. Finca Mocca, Johnson 58. Senahie, Goll 172. Be- tween Coban and Finca Chimote", near Rubeltein, Steyermark 44165. Quezaltenango: Finca Helvetia, Skutch 1377. Finca San Jos Buenavista, near Coatepeque, Margaret Ward Lewis 211. Retalhuleu: Near Chivolandia (Dept. Quezaltenango), along road to San Felipe, Standley 87210. Habenaria novemfida Lindl. in Benth. PL Hartw. 94. 1842. H. diffusa A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 3: 28. 1845. H. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OP GUATEMALA 39 dipleura Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 194. 1918 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Quiche", inter Joyabaj et Chichicastenango, September, 1870, Bernoulli & Cario 560). H. quinquefila Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 195. 1918 (type: Guatemala, locis graminosis inter Coban et Gualan, August, 1870, Bernoulli & Cario). Figure 5. Rather common on grassy slopes of open woods and shrub forests, along streams and in meadows and on open rocky hills, up to 2,800 meters alt. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador and Costa Rica. Plant rather slender, glabrous, 2.5-7.5 dm. tall; stem leafy at or above the middle. Leaves oblong-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, spreading, 3-14 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide. Raceme loose or compact with few to many flowers, 6-20 cm. long, 3.5-5.5 cm. in diameter. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 8-23 mm. long. Flowers pale green or yellowish green, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Sepals carinate along the three central veins. Dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic to suborbicular, subacute, concave, 4.5-7 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-elliptic to oblong, obtuse to subacute, 7-10 mm. long, 3-3.5 mm. wide. Petals bipartite; posterior lobe linear, falcate, 4.2-6 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide; anterior lobe filiform, 7-10.5 mm. long. Lip tripartite to the base; mid-lobe narrowly linear, 6-11 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide; lateral lobes filiform or narrowly linear, spreading at right angles to the mid-lobe, strongly curved upwards (in some specimens irregularly denticulate on the concave margin), 11-15 mm. long. Spur slender, recurved, somewhat thickened at the apex, 2-3.2 cm. long. Column 2.5-3 cm. long. Habenaria novemfida is an extremely variable species. The flowers resemble those of H. entomantha but are much larger. The plants of H. novemfida are larger and more robust than those of H. entomantha and the leaves are mostly near the middle of the stem and spreading, whereas the leaves of H. entomantha are scattered along the stem and are equitant. Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim II 1991. Guatemala: Road to Lake Amatitlan, about 3 miles from Guatemala, Margaret Ward Lewis 147. Huehuetenango: Cerro Pixpix, above San Ildefonso Ixtahuacan, Steyermark 50619. Quiche*: Between Joyabaj and Chi- chicastenango, Bernoulli & Cario 1134. Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, between Rio Hondo and summit of mountain at Finca Alejandria, Steyermark 29686. Habenaria pauciflora (Lindl.) Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 10. 1854. Bonatia pauciflora Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PI. 329. 1835. Rare in boggy or upland grasslands, savannas, thickets, and open forests, on rocky grassy slopes, up to 1,350 meters alt. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama and South America. 40 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Plant rigidly erect, slender, from a small solitary tuber, 2.5-6 dm. tall. Stem nearly concealed by the leaves, provided at the base with several reddish brown sheaths. Leaves small, spathaceous, acuminate, suberect to erect-spreading, clasping the stem, 5-20 cm. long. Inflorescence composed of one to three flowers. Floral bracts similar to the leaves but smaller. Flowers white to light green or cream-colored, with long conspicuously arcuate pedicellate ovaries that are up to 12 cm. long. Dorsal sepal erect, cymbiform, oval in outline, obtuse and mucro- nate at the apex, 9-15 mm. long, 6-9 mm. wide. Lateral sepals strongly deflexed, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, oblique, acute and with a slender recurved mucro at the apex, deeply concave, 1.2-1.6 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide below the middle. Petals bipartite, erect; posterior lobe fleshy, linear-oblong to elliptic- oblong, subacute, falcate, somewhat contorted, 9-13 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide; anterior lobe fleshy-coriaceous, linear, falcate, subacute, 8-10 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lip tripartite to near the base, fleshy-coriaceous, pendent, with the lateral lobes somewhat spreading, 1.3-1.7 cm. long, about 4 mm. wide below the divisions; lobes subequal, linear, obtuse to acute, 9-14 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Spur elongated, arcuate, slender below, somewhat clavate above, 4-8 cm. long. Column short, stout. The one- to three-flowered inflorescence distinguishes this species from all other Habenarias found in Guatemala. It is known as "cho- chol" in Guatemala. Huehuetenango: Between Democracia and Santa Ana Huista, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 51291. Between Nenton and Las Palmas, via Yalisjao, Rincon, Chiquite, Chiaquial, Guaxa- cana, in Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 51589. Pete"n: La Libertad and vicinity, M. Aguilar H. 208. Habenaria quinqueseta (Michx.) Sw. Adnot. Bot. 46. 1829. Orchis quinqueseta Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. 2: 155. 1803. Habenaria macroceratitis Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 44. 1805. H. macroceratitis var. brevicakarata Ames, Orch., Fasc. IV: 224. 1910 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Solola, San Lucas Toliman, alt. 1,800 meters, February, 1894, Heyde & Lux 6383). Figure 8. Uncommon in sandy pine woods, along wooded streams, and in open or shady places on dry hills, up to 2,000 meters alt. Wide- spread from South Carolina and Florida through Alabama to Louisiana and Texas, Mexico and Central America to northern South America, and the West Indies. Plant slender or stout, glabrous, 2-9 dm. tall; stem leafy. Leaves oblong- lanceolate to oblong-obovate, broadly rounded to acuminate at the apex, 6-25 cm. FIG. 8. Habenaria quinqueseta. 1, plant (X %); 2, lip and column, front view (X 2); 3, petal (X 2); 4, lateral sepal (X 2); 5, dorsal sepal (X 2). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 41 42 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 long, 2.5-6 cm. wide. Raceme few- to many-flowered, lax, 7-25 cm. long, 5-6 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5-2.8 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide. Flowers greenish white, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 2-3 cm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic to suborbicular, obtuse, concave, 6-13 mm. long, 5-10 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, 8-16 mm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. Petals bipartite; posterior lobe oblong-linear, falcate, obtuse to acute, 6-15 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; anterior lobe filiform, recurved, 13-25 mm. long. Lip tripartite; mid-lobe linear, with revolute margins, 8-20 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; lateral lobes filiform, recurved at the apex, 15-30 mm. long. Spur varying from slender to strongly clavate, re- curved, 4-18 cm. long. The flowers of H. quinqueseta are very variable, particularly in respect to the spur. A number of segregates have been made, based mainly upon the relative length of the spur and the various shapes of the leaves. Guatemala: Aguilar 39. Guatemala market, Johnston 1564. Huehuetenango : Along Rio Cuilco, between Cuilco and aldea of San Juan, 2^ miles west of Cuilco, Steyermark 50857. Retalhuleu: Near Rio Xabe, Finca San Jose" Nil, W. R. Hatch & C. L. Wilson 391B. San Sebastian near Retalhuleu, Bernoulli & Cario 679. Habenaria repens Nutt. Gen. N. Am. PI. 2: 190. 1818. Figures 5, 9. In ditches, streams, swamps, ponds, and along lake shores, often on floating mats, also in wet soil of meadows, fresh-water marshes and bogs; usually in the lowlands, rarely above 1,800 meters alt. This is one of the most common and widely ranging species of Habenaria. It occurs in the United States from North Carolina to Florida, along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas, from Guatemala through Central and South America, and throughout the West Indies. Plant semi-aquatic, stout or slender, glabrous, 1-9 dm. tall; stem leafy. Leaves linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, chartaceous, 5-24 cm. long, 3.5-20 mm. wide. Raceme densely flowered (rarely consisting of a few scattered flowers), 6-28 cm. long, 2.5-3 cm. in diameter. Bracts lanceolate, acute, 1.5-9 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide at the base. Flowers small, greenish, with slender pedicel- late ovaries that are 9-14 mm. long. Dorsal sepal oval to orbicular-ovate, mucro- nate, concave, 3-7 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals ovate to ovate- oblong, mucronate, 4-7 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Petals bipartite; posterior lobe lanceolate, falcate, acute, 3-7 mm. long; anterior lobe filiform, falcate, 4-7.5 mm. long. Lip tripartite to within 2 mm. of the base; mid-lobe linear, 4-7 mm. long; lateral lobes filiform, 5-11 mm. long. Spur slender, 9-14 mm. long. A striking peculiarity of this species is its adaptation to life in wet places. Again and again it is reported as being associated with FIG. 9. Habenaria re-pens. 1, plant (X 1); 2, flower, front view (X 2); 3, petal (X 3). Original drawing by Blanche Ames; redrawn by G. W. Dillon. 43 44 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 aquatic plants. It is occasionally found floating on deep lakes and quiet waters with water hyacinth and other floating plants. Alta Verapaz: Near Coban, Turckheim II2189. East of Tactic, Standley 92377. Near San Juan Chamelco, Standley 92448; 92242. East of Tactic, Steyermark 43982. Chimaltenango : Lago de los Pinos, J. R. Johnston 1400. Duefias, Salvin 183 (fide Hemsley). Guate- mala: Near Finca La Aurora, Ignacio Aguilar 311. Izabal: Shores of Lago Izabal, on side opposite San Felipe, between Punta Dos Reales and Punta de Lechuga, Steyermark 39594. Jalapa: Los Amates, Kellerman 8091. South and east of Jalapa, Steyermark 32064. Chichoy, Johnston 1576. Jutiapa: Lago Retana, between Ovejero and Progreso, Steyermark 32020. Sacatepe"quez: Along Rio Guacalate, northwest of Antigua, Standley 64700. Santa Rosa: Pueblo Viejo, Heyde &Lux 6244. Lago de los Pinos, near Sabanetas, Standley 60434. Solola: Finca Moca, J. Bequaert 50. Jocola, Johnson 1006. Habenaria strictissima Reichb. f. Linnaea 18: 407. 1844. H. latipetala Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 194. 1918 (type: Guate- mala, Dept. Pete*n, Sacluc, in dumetis apricis, September, 1877, Bernoulli & Cario). Rather rare in rich soil of woods, on rocky brushy hills and grassy plains, up to 2,000 meters alt. Apparently restricted to Mexico, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. Plant slender, glabrous, 2-9 dm. tall; stem leafy. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, acute to subacuminate, occasionally much reduced, 4-14 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide. Raceme lax, with approximate flowers, 8-30 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. in diameter. Bracts ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long. Flowers yellowish green, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are about 1.5 cm. long. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate, obtuse, cucullate, 5-7.5 mm. long, 4-5.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate or elliptic, semilunate, 5-9 mm. long, 3.5-4.5 mm. wide. Petals rotundate-square to suborbicular, obtuse or broadly rounded at the apex, often auriculate at the base on the anterior margin, 2.5-4 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide. Lip linear-oblong, obtuse, with an angular tooth on each side at the base, 6.5-10 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide. Spur slender, slightly thickened at the apex, 1.8-2.8 cm. long. Chiquimula: Above El Rincon, Standley 74731.- Escuintla: 4 km. north of San Jose", Worth 8627. Jutiapa: Vicinity of Jutiapa, FIG. 10. Habenaria strictissima var. odontopetala. Plant (X %$);!, lateral sepal (X 5) ; 2, lip and column, front view (X 5) ; 3 and 4, two types of petals ( X 5). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 45 46 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Standley 74899. Pete"n: La Libertad and vicinity, Mercedes Aguilar H. 156. Habenaria strictissima var. odontopetala (Reichb. f.) L. 0. Wms. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 7: 184. 1939. H. odontopetala Reichb. f. Linnaea 18: 407. 1844. H. Selerorum Schltr. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7: 539. 1899 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, ad mar- gines silvarum prope Coban, December, Seler 2492). Figures 5, 10. Rather common in moist rich soil of woods and swamps, up to 1,500 meters alt. Widespread in Florida, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama and the West Indies. Variety odontopetala is very similar to H. strictissima. It is on the average a much larger plant than the species. Although the shape of the lip is the same in both, that of var. odontopetala is usually much slenderer and longer than that of H. strictissima. The petals are the most dissimilar character of the two segregates. The petals of var. odontopetala are essentially oblong-quadrate, 3-lobulate at the blunt apex and have a protuberant anterior basal angle; whereas, the petals of the species are essentially suborbicular, obtuse or broadly rounded at the apex and usually lack the basal protuberance. Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim II 1425. Chiquimula: Cerro Tixixi (Tishishi), 3-5 miles north of Jocotan, Steyermark 31571. Izabal: Between Puerto Barrios and Santo Tomas, Steyermark 42031. DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES Habenaria laatiana Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 21: 330. 1925 (type: Guatemala, Praderas de Guatemala, 1,400 meters, July, 1921, A. Tonduz 741). Possibly referable to H. entomantha. Habenaria maxillaris Lindl. Duefias, Wendland (fide Hemsley). Habenaria sparsiflora Wats. Chimaltenango: Near Tecpam in Sierra S. Elena, Seler 2294 (fide Schlechter). Quezaltenango : Moun- tain woods between Totonicapan and Los Encuentros, Seler 2295 (fide Schlechter). Apparently misidentified, because it is too far out of the range of this species. 4. TRIPHORA Nutt. Inconspicuous terrestrial herbs, stoloniferous and bearing fleshy tuberoids; stem slender, with several small clasping alternate leaves. Inflorescence composed FIG. 11. Triphora cubensis. 1, plant (X 1); 2, flower, side view (X 4); 3, column, side view (X 4); 4, petal (X 4); 5, dorsal sepal (X 4); 6, lateral sepal (X 4); 7, lip, front view, spread open (X 4). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 47 48 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 of small nodding flowers borne in the axils of the upper leaves, racemose or corym- bose. Perianth parts distinct. Lip three-crested, obscurely or deeply three-lobed. Column free, slender, straight, entire or simply lobed at the apex; anther erect or subincumbent, rigidly attached to the top of the column. Pollen granular, extine pitted or reticulate. Capsule nodding, ellipsoid. This is a small genus of about ten species, which are widely distributed in temperate and tropical America. 1. Lip obscurely or shallowly 3-lobed, crested with 2 parallel keels. . .T. debilis. 1. Lip prominently and deeply 3-lobed, crested with 3 longitudinal keels. 2. Column 9 mm. or more long; lip 5 mm. or more wide across the lateral lobes T. trianthophora. 2. Column about 7 mm. long; lip 4 mm. or less wide across the lateral lobes. T. cubensis. Triphora cubensis (Reichb. f.) Ames in Sched. Orch. 7: 35. 1924. Pogonia cubensis Reichb. f. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 4: 322. 1858 (by typographical error as rubensis). Figure 11. In pinelands and clearings, up to 1,500 meters alt. Rare in southern Florida, Mexico, Guatemala, Panama and the West Indies. Plant glabrous, slender or stout, 6-26 cm. tall, produced from an elongated cylindrical tuber that is up to 6 cm. long. Leaves abbreviated, ovate, spathaceous, acute or apiculate, sheathing or appressed to the stem, scattered alternately along the stem, 7-15 mm. long. Inflorescence corymbose, rarely one or two flowers, composed of as many as ten (rarely more) flowers that are borne in the axils of the upper leaves on slender pedicels (the pedicels of the lower flowers are elongated to form a corymb). Flowers magenta, somewhat arcuate, small, with the segments connivent. Sepals subequal, linear-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, 6-11 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; lateral sepals oblique. Petals linear to filiform, 6-10 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lip obovate-oblanceolate to subspatulate, 3-lobed, 7-10 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes obliquely triangular, obtuse, incurved, projecting 1-1.5 mm.; mid- lobe suborbicular to suborbicular-rhombic, acute to apiculate, 2-3 mm. long and wide. Column about 7 mm. long, slender. Capsule ellipsoid-ovoid, usually erect, 1.2-1.5 cm. long. This species is distinguished by its typically corymbose inflores- cence and abbreviated leaves. Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, along trail between Rio Hondo and summit of mountain at Finca Alejandria, Steyermark 29653. FIG. 12. Triphora trianthophora. 1, plant, in bud (X 1); 2, flower, side view (X 2); 3, flowers (X 1); 4, upper part of column, with pollinia removed (X 5, upper part of column, side view (X 8^); 6, column, side-front view (X 7, lip, spread out (X 3); 8, longitudinal section through center of lip (X 5); 9, pollinia (X 14); 10, pollen tetrad, median section to show pitted extine (highly magnified); 11, capsule (X 1); 12, seed (highly magnified). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 49 50 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Triphora debilis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 196. 1918 (type: Guatemala, Chilion, shady places, August, 1867, Bernoulli & Carlo 520). Found only in Guatemala. Plant erect or ascending, glabrous, about 10 cm. tall; stem weak, about 1.5 mm. in diameter. Leaves usually 4, spreading, broadly ovate or suborbicular, subacute or shortly acuminate, clasping the stem at the base, 1-1.7 cm. long, 8-14 mm. wide below the middle. Inflorescence a solitary, suberect flower terminating the stem, subtended by a foliaceous bract, with a subclavate pedicellate ovary that is about 9 mm. long. Bract ovate, acuminate, about 4.5 mm. long. Sepals lanceo- late or liguliform, subacute, becoming narrow at the base, about 1.8 cm. long; lateral sepals oblique. Petals obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, somewhat narrowed at the base, about 1.6 cm. long, wider than the sepals. Lip rhomboid- spatulate, obscurely or shallowly 3-lobed, 1.6 cm. long, about 6 mm. wide above the middle, crested with two parallel obtuse keels from the base to about the middle of the lip; apical lobe quadrate and adorned with small subulate tubercles that are scattered over the disk. Column slender, 1.3 cm. long. This species is closely related to T. trianthophora. It is very probable that when more collections are available for study from Central America this segregate will be relegated to T. trianthophora or considered as a variety of that species. Represented from Guate- mala only by the type collection. Triphora trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. in Britton, Man. Fl. Northern States and Canada, ed. 1: 298. 1901. Arethusa tri- anthophoros Sw. Kongl. Sven. Vet. Acad. Nya Handl. 21: 230. 1800. Triphora mexicana (S. Wats.) Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 139. 1921. Figures 12, 13. In leaf mold of pine and oak forests, occasionally on rotten limbs of trees, up to 3,000 meters alt. Widespread but not common in the eastern and middle United States; uncommon in Mexico, Guate- mala and Panama. Plant slender, weak, glabrous, 6.5-27 cm. tall, somewhat stoloniferous; stem 1-3 mm. in diameter, tinged with maroon, translucent in drying. Leaves small, sessile, ovate-elliptic to cordate-ovate or cordate-reniform, obtuse to acute, usually FIG. 13. Triphora trianthophora. 1 and 2, fruiting plants (X 1); 3, tuber and stolons (X 1); 4, young tubers, showing original point of attachment to stolon, at basal end (lower right), and illustrating development of stolon and minute tuber (lower left), and formation of bud from which a stem is about to arise (upper center) ( X 2) ; 5, tubers (later stage of development than shown in figure 4) with stolon elongated and tuber enlarged (X 2); 6, longitudinal section through middle uppermost tuber shown in figure 5 (semidiagrammatic). Drawn by Blanche Ames. LIBRARY 52 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 tinged with purple, clasping the stem, 8-25 mm. long, 5-25 mm. wide. Inflores- cence composed of 1-3 (rarely more) flowers borne in the axils of the upper leaves. Flowers pale pink, rose-magenta or almost white, marked with white, green and purple, nodding, ringent, with pedicellate ovaries that are 1-1.3 cm. long. Dorsal sepal linear to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, somewhat concave, 10-17 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals lanceolate, somewhat falcate, subacute or acute, 10-17 mm. long, about 2.5 mm. wide. Petals linear-oblong to linear- spatulate, falcate, obtuse or acute, 9.5-18 mm. long, about 2.5 mm. wide. Lip prominently 3-lobed, obovate or cuneate in outline, narrowed to a short slender claw, 10-16 mm. long, 5-9 mm. wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes ovate- triangular, obtuse; mid-lobe suborbicular to subdeltoid, with undulate-crenate margins; disk with 3 green keels on the median line which disintegrate at the free ends and vanish toward the lower part of the mid-lobe into tiny teeth that are traceable as minute papillae nearly to the apex of the mid-lobe. Column semi- terete at the base, laterally dilated near the middle, 9-12 mm. long. Capsule pendent, 1.5-2 cm. long. Because of its color and small size this species is easily over- looked in its native habitat.- Chimaltenango: Chichavac, Skutch 494. Huehuetenango : Be- tween Santa Ana Huista and Nenton, via hamaca over Rio Azul and "La Laguna," Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 51397. Paso del Boqueron, along Rio Trapichillo, below La Libertad, Steyermark 51198. 5. PSILOCHILUS Barb. Rodr. Terrestrial herbs with creeping rhizomes. Roots adventitious, fleshy. Leaves membranaceous with lax vaginate petioles. Flowers few, in a short, terminal, spicate raceme. Sepals free, dorsally carinate along the mid-vein. Petals free, not carinate. Lip free, three-lobed, crested with three longitudinal calli on the central face of the disk, spurless. Column elongate, clavate, marginate, entire or simply lobed at the apex. Anther terminal, stipitate, mobile, 2-celled. Pollinia 4; pollen grains compound with the extine pitted or reticulate. This is a monotypic genus of tropical America. Psilochilus macrophyllus (Lindl.) Ames, Orch., Fasc. VII: 45. 1922. Pogonia macrophylla Lindl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, 1: 335. 1858. Figure 14. Rare in rich moist humus in mountain forests, up to 1,600 meters alt. Throughout the West Indies, Guatemala and northern South America. Plant coarse, glabrous, purplish, from a creeping rhizome, 1-3.6 dm. tall; stem leafy. Leaves ovate-cordate to ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, 2-11 cm. long, 1.2-4 cm. wide; petiole arising from a lax vaginate base. Raceme short, occasionally branching, composed of 2 to 8 flowers, 2.5-7 cm. long. Bracts am- PSIL-OCHIL^US inijiii FIG. 14. Psilochilus macrophyllus. Plant (X 1); 1, flower, side view (X 2); 2, column, front view (note supplementary anthers; X 4); 3, lip, spread out (X 4); 4, supplementary anthers ( X 7) ; 5, pollen tetrad, showing pitted extine. Drawn by Blanche Ames. 53 54 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 plexicaul, broadly ovate, acute, 1-2 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide at the base. Flowers ringent, on slender pedicels that are 4-7 mm. long. Sepals dark greenish purple, carinate along the mid-vein, with the margins involute; dorsal sepal linear to narrowly oblanceolate, acute, incurved, 1.8-2 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide; lateral sepals linear, acute, somewhat falcate, 1.7-1.8 cm. long, 3-3.5 mm. wide. Petals greenish white, narrowly linear, obtuse or subacute, 1.5-1.7 cm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide. Lip broadly spatulate, with a narrow channeled claw, 3-lobed, with three inconspicuous longitudinal calli on the median face of the disk, greenish yellow or white, with a purple tip, 1.2-1.5 cm. long; mid-lobe subrotund, recurved, with the margin crisped, extending 5-6 mm. beyond the lateral lobes; lateral lobes short, obtuse, about 2 mm. long. Column incurved, subclavate, slightly winged, 1.2-1.4 cm. long. Alta Verapaz: Near Coban, Turckheim II 1998. Between Tactic and the divide on road to Tamahu, Standley 91359. Huehuetenango : Vicinity of Maxbal, about seventeen miles north of Barillas, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48897. Cerro Victoria, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, near Barillas, Steyermark 49721. San Marcos: Above Finca El Porvenir, up Loma Bandera Shac, lower south- facing slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 37344. 6. VANILLA Swartz Stout scandent terrestrial herbs, branching; stems with leaves or sometimes aphyllous, emitting adventitious roots. Leaves leathery, chartaceous or mem- branous. Raceme or spikes lateral or subterminal, short. Flowers large. Sepals subequal, free, spreading. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip adnate to the column and often enclosing the base of the column, simple or three-lobed. Column long, without a foot. Anther one, attached to the margin of the clinandrium, incumbent. Pollen powdery or granular. Capsule long, fleshy. This is a complex genus of fifty or more species found in the tropics throughout the world. Several of the species are cultivated for their aromatic properties. Unfortunately our knowledge of the genus is still very imperfect. The flowers are ephemeral and very difficult to press, so that the specimens brought in by collectors are usually sterile or so poorly preserved that the floral characters are difficult to interpret. Throughout the literature devoted to the genus, this situation has been emphasized. With the increasing interest now being taken in the vegetation of the American tropics, it is hoped that efforts will be made to preserve flowers of vanilla in alcohol, so that the difficulties of identification of old species and the proper characterization of new ones will be simplified. 1. Floral bracts foliaceous, similar to the leaves but usually much smaller; lip without a retrorse tuft of scales or hairs on the disk; capsule not fragrant. 2. Lip 3-keeled, more than 3.5 cm. long V. inodora. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 55 2. Lip with a large fleshy callus on the mid-lobe, less than 3.5 cm. long. V. Pfaviana. 1. Floral bracts not foliaceous, dissimilar to the leaves; lip with a retrorse tuft of scales or hairs on the disk; capsule fragrant. 3. Lip less than 7 cm. long, conspicuously verrucose along the center near the apex V. planifolia. 3. Lip more than 7.5 cm. long, not conspicuously verrucose along the center. V. pompona. Vanilla inodora Schiede, Linnaea 4: 574. 1829. On trees in rocky woodlands and in coffee plantations, up to about 1,200 meters alt. Widespread from Mexico through Central America to northern South America and the West Indies. Stem thick, somewhat flexuose, leafy, about 8 mm. thick. Leaves subsessile, ovate-elliptic to oblong-elliptic, shortly acuminate, much longer than the inter- nodes, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, nervose, up to 28 cm. long and 11 cm. wide. Raceme axillary or subterminal, flexuose, with about six flowers, up to 15 cm. long. Floral bracts in two ranks, foliaceous, membranaceous, similar to the leaves but much smaller and variable in size, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, subacute, up to 3 cm. long, occasionally much longer. Flowers greenish, with the lip white and yellowish at the base, with pedicellate ovaries that are about 3.8 cm. long. Sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse, 4.5-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide. Petals oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse, 4.5-5 cm. long, 1-1.4 cm. wide. Lip deeply 3-lobed, about equal to the sepals and petals but broader, shortly adnate to the base of the column, 3.8-4.5 cm. long, about 3 cm. wide when spread out; lateral lobes oblong, obtuse; mid-lobe spreading and then erect, broadly ovate-oblong, subacute; disk 3-keeled, without a tuft of hairs. Column clavate, 2-3 cm. long. Capsule linear-elongate, slightly tapering at the apex, slender, up to 25 cm. long, not fragrant. No specimens from Guatemala have been seen. The description has been drawn from the original description and supplemented by that in Fawcett and Rendle in their Flora of Jamaica. It is suspi- ciously similar to V. Pfaviana and with further research that species may prove to be referable to V. inodora. The following collections are sterile, but vegetatively match the above description. They are cited here with some reservation as to their true identity. Izabal: Near Entre Rios, Standley 72709. Huehuetenango : Cerro Chiblac, between Finca San Rafael and Ixcan, Sierra de los Cuchu- matanes, Steyermark 49171. Suchitepequez : Southern lower slopes of Volcan Zunil, vicinity of Finca Las Nubes, along Quebrada Chita, east of Pueblo Nuevo, Steyermark 35412. Vanilla Pfaviana Reichb. f. Gard. Chron. n. s. 20: 230. 1883. Vanilla Preussii Kranzl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin 7: 320. 1919 (type: Guatemala, in shrub-forest near El Baul plantation, torrid zone, Preuss 1445). Figure 15. FIG. 15. Vanilla Pfaviana. Plant, flowering portion (X 1); 1, lip, front view, spread out (X 1M); 2, column, front view (X 13^). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 56 AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 57 Climbing on trees in oak-pine forest, up to 1,500 meters alt. Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala and Costa Rica. Stem slender, flexuose, leafy, about 3 mm. thick. Leaves suborbicular-ovate to oblong-elliptic, abruptly acute or acuminate, longer than the internodes, fleshy- coriaceous, up to 21 cm. long and 8 cm. wide. Raceme terminal or lateral. Floral bracts foliaceous, similar to the leaves but usually smaller, occasionally as large as the leaves. Flowers rather close or distant, green with a white lip and orange- yellow in the throat. Sepals and petals conspicuously contorted throughout and revolute at the apex. Sepals elliptic-lanceolate, broadly obtuse to acute, about 4 cm. long and 1.1-1.3 cm. wide. Petals elliptic-lanceolate, narrowly obtuse to acute, about 4.2 cm. long and 8 mm. wide. Lip deeply 3-lobed, adnate to the column for about 5 mm., arcuate in natural position with the sides involute and the apex reflexed, about 3 cm. long and 2.7 cm. wide across the lateral lobes when spread out; lateral lobes semiobcordate, broadly rounded above; mid-lobe obcordate to subquadrate, emarginate, with the margins crenate, 1.5-2 cm. wide; disk with a pair of short keels just in front of the column and with a large elliptic thickened callus extending along the center to the sinus of the mid-lobe, without a tuft of hairs. Column slender, arcuate, thickened at the apex, about 2 cm. long. Capsule very slender, curved, tapering at the apex, not fragrant, up to 18 cm. long and about 1 cm. in diameter. Except for some differences in the size of the floral segments, the concept V. Preussii agrees very well with that of V. Pfaviana. The following material is sterile but it has the slender stem and leaves of this species and probably belongs here. Baja Verapaz: Turckheim 1764. Escuintla: El Zapote, Muenscher 12480. San Marcos: Above Finca El Porvenir on "Todos Santos Chiquitos," lower south-facing slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyer- mark 37076. Vanilla planifolia Andrews, Bot. Repos. 8: t. 538. 1808. Vanilla fragrans (Salisb.) Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 36. 1924. Figure 16. Rooted in soil and climbing on trees in swamps, wet thickets, savannas and mixed forests, up to 600 meters alt. Rather common in the lowlands from southern Florida and Mexico through Central America to northern South America and the West Indies. Culti- vated throughout the tropics of both hemispheres. Plant scandent, branching, leafy. Stem terete, about 1 cm. in diameter. Leaves subsessile, oblong-elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, acute to shortly acumi- nate, fleshy-succulent, up to 23 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, usually smaller. Racemes axillary, with as many as twenty or more flowers, up to 8 cm. long. Floral bracts ovate-oblong, obtuse to subacute, 5-10 mm. long, unlike the leaves. Flowers greenish yellow, with pedicellate ovaries that are about 2.5 cm. long. Sepals and petals sublinear to oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute. Sepals 4-5.5 (rarely 7) cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide above the middle. Petals somewhat shorter and narrower than the sepals. Lip attached to the column almost to its apex to FIG. 16. Vanilla planifolia. 1, plant (X /^); 2, lip, front-side view, in natural position (X 1); 3, lip, spread open (X 1); 4, column, front-side view ( X 2). Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 58 AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 59 form a tube, dilated and reflexed at the apex, when spread out 4-5 cm. long and 1.5-3 cm. wide at the widest point; lamina obscurely 3-lobed, cuneate-obovate in outline, retuse and irregularly fringed on the revolute margins; disk with a retrorse tuft of hairs near the center and several verrucose lines extended from the tuft to the thickened apex of the lip. Column arcuate, bearded on the ventral surface, about 3 cm. long. Capsule narrowly cylindrical, fragrant, up to 25 cm. long and 8 mm. in diameter. This species is the common vanilla of commerce and is grown for commercial purpose in many parts of the tropics. It has been known ever since the discovery of America. Pollination for com- mercial purposes is artificial. For information concerning the history, cultivation and importance of this species see Correll (Lloydia 7: 236-264. 1944). Alta Verapaz: Jocolo, Johnson 1178. Vicinity of Finca Yalpe- mech, near Alta Verapaz-Pete'n boundary line, Steyermark 45286. North of Conception, 3-5 miles southeast of Finca Yalpemech, near Alta Verapaz-Pete'n boundary line, Steyermark 45233. Izabal: Vicinity of Puerto Barrios, Standley 25064. Between Milla 49.5 and ridge 6 miles from Izabal, Montana del Mico, Steyermark 38539. Swamps of Salomon Creek, one-half to one mile south of Bananera, Steyermark 38944. Pete*n: La Libertad and vicinity, Lundell 164. Vanilla pompona Schiede, Linnaea 4: 573. 1829. On trees and shrubs in forests, up to 1,000 meters alt. Wide- spread from Mexico through Central America to northern South America. Stem large, up to 1.5 cm. thick, leafy. Leaves ovate-oblong to broadly lanceo- late, obtuse to subacute, coriaceous, up to 30 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, much exceeding the internodes. Raceme axillary, composed of about 8 flowers (some- times more or less), up to 15 cm. long. Floral bracts broadly elliptic-oblong to suborbicular, rounded to obtuse at the apex, unlike the leaves, up to 2.5 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide. Flowers large, fleshy, greenish yellow or creamy yellow, fragrant. Sepals narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse, up to 9 cm. long and 1.8 cm. wide. Petals narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse, dorsally keeled, up to 8.8 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide. Lip orange-yellow, attached to the column almost to its apex to form a tube, upcurved in natural position with the apex flared, up to 9.5 cm. long, about 4.5 cm. wide near the apex when spread out; lamina obscurely 3-lobed, obovate in outline, retuse and broadly rounded and undulate-crenulate at the apex, with an apicule in the sinus, somewhat keeled on the back; disk prominently veined with the veins somewhat thickened, thin, adorned with a retrorse tuft of fimbriate scales about the middle and sometimes with several obscure lines of excrescences from the tuft of hair to near the apex. Column arcuate, bearded on the ventral surface, up to 7 cm. long. Capsule thick, fragrant, linear-elliptic, obtuse, trigonous, up to 18 cm. long and 2.5 cm. thick. 60 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 This species is cultivated for its aromatic properties. Although not now an important source of commercial vanilla, its fruits were at one time, under the name of "vanillons," a well-known tropical product, and may have furnished the "vanilloes" referred to by James Petiver in 1693 as an imperfectly known and "most earnestly desired" article of commerce. The flowers, which last but a day, are large and showy, creamy yellow in color, with a delightful fra- grance. Under cultivation it is said that the plants will yield two crops a year, six months being required from flower to "bean." Pollination is artificial. The specimen cited below is sterile but probably represents this species. Izabal: Between Virginia and Lago Izabal, Montana del Mico, Steyermark 38703. 7. ELLEANTHUS Presl Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs with coarse, fleshy, matted roots; stem simple or branched, leafy. Leaves sessile above a sheath, strongly nerved. Flowers in dense heads or spicate racemes. Sepals subequal, free, erect. Petals as long as the sepals, narrower. Lip attached to the base of the column and usually enclos- ing it, erect, concave-saccate at the base with two prominent calli in the cavity, usually slightly constricted above the cavity. Column erect, semiterete or winged, without a foot. Anther 2-celled, operculate. Pollinia 8 (4 in each anther cell); pollen waxy. Capsule ellipsoid or shortly cylindrical, erect or spreading. In this genus there are approximately fifty species that are native to tropical America from Mexico, Central America and the West Indies to Brazil and Peru. The genus attains its highest develop- ment in the Andean region of South America. 1. Flowers in a dense head; leaves lanceolate or broader E. capitatus. 1. Flowers in a short raceme, distichous; leaves linear, grass-like. 2. Flowers congested; floral bracts imbricated; rachis straight. . .E. linifolius. 2. Flowers distant, about 3 mm. apart; floral bracts not imbricated; rachis fractiflex E. poiformis. Elleanthus capitatus (R. Br.) Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 475. 1862. Bletia capitata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5: 206. 1813. Figure 17. Common in wet forests, open wet banks, terrestrial and epiphytic or on rocks, up to 2,400 meters alt. Widespread in the West Indies, Mexico, through Central America south to Peru and southern Brazil. Plant tall, stout, simple or branching above, in sparse clumps, 6-30 dm. tall; stem leafy, 3-5 mm. in diameter, covered with leaf sheaths. Leaves charta- ceous, elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate, conspicuously FIG. 17. Elleanthus capitatus. 1, upper part of plant with head of flowers (X 1 A); 2, column, side view (about X 1); 3, column, front-side view (about XI); 4, flower, side view (X 1) ; 5, flower, from above (X 1) ; 6, pollinia (much enlarged) ; 7, anther (much enlarged). Drawn by D. E. Tibbitts. Adapted in part from Fawcett and Rendle, Flora of Jamaica 1: pi. 20. 1910. 61 62 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 nerved, 10-23 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide. Inflorescence a determinate hemispherical head of many flowers, entire head covered by a mucilaginous fluid, 3-8.5 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts imbricate, ovate-triangular to lanceo- late, acuminate, membranous, the outer ones without flowers, 2.5-6 cm. long, 8-15 cm. wide. Flowers rose-purple, on pedicellate ovaries that are 1-1.5 cm. long. Sepals oblong-elliptic, 9-13 mm. long, 3-3.5 mm. wide; dorsal sepal obtuse to subacute; lateral sepals subacute to acute, apiculate. Petals linear to linear- oblanceolate, obtuse, 9-12 mm. long, 1.5-2.2 mm. wide above the middle. Lip rotund-flabellate to orbicular-obcordate, involute and enclosing the column, apex broadly emarginate with the margin erose-ciliate, saccate and with 2 subglobose, white calli at the base, 10-14 mm. long, 8-12 mm. wide; calli about 2.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide. Column slightly dilated above, with a projecting, obtuse process on the anterior side just below the stigma. Capsule ellipsoid, about 1.2 cm. long and 5 mm. in diameter. This species is especially common throughout most of Central America and northern South America. It reaches its maximum development in the Andes of Colombia and Peru. Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim 2289. Chama to Coban, Harry Johnson 558. Large swamp east of Tactic, Standley 92372. On tree, along Rio Carcha, between Coban and San Pedro Carcha, Standley 90084; 89835. On tree, wet forest near Tactic, above the bridge across Rio Frio, Standley 90481. On high mossy hump in swamp, just east of Tactic, Steyermark 43951. Chimaltenango: Quisache", Standley 62305. Chiquimula: Volcan Ipala, near Amatillo, Steyermark 30494. Huehuetenango : Around lake southeast of Max- bal, about 17 miles north of Barillas, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48823; 48704. Sacatepe"quez : Antigua, on mossy hum- mock, Margaret Ward Lewis 168. Solola: Volcan Atitlan, south- facing slopes, Steyermark 47395. Terrestrial, pine woods bordering Rio Bravo, in vicinity of Finca Moca, south-facing slopes of Volcan Atitlan, Steyermark 47945. Suchitepequez : Epiphyte, Volcan Santa Clara, between Finca El Naranjo and upper slopes, Steyermark 46646. Zacapa: Terrestrial, slopes of Monte Virgen, Sierra de las Minas, around summit of mountain, Steyermark 42634. Guatemala: Ignacio Aguilar 426. Elleanthus linifolius Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 97. 1827. Rather uncommon on trees and rocks in wet forests, up to 1,300 meters alt. Found in the West Indies, Mexico, through Cen- tral America to Peru. Plant simple, grass-like, glabrous, growing in clumps from a mat of coarse, fleshy roots, 1-3.5 dm. tall; stem very leafy. Leaves obliquely erect, linear, unevenly tridentate at the apex, membranous, 3-15 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide. Raceme spicate, short, 1-2.5 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide. Bracts imbricate, broadly AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 63 ovate to ovate-oblong, subacute to acuminate, strongly carinate and concave, longer than and usually enclosing the flowers, the margins scarious, 5-13 mm. long, about 6 mm. wide (when spread out). Flowers small, distichous, white, on short pedicellate ovaries. Dorsal sepal linear-oblong, acute, concave, 3-3.5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate, tapering to an acuminate apex, subcordate at the base, often strongly carinate above the middle. Petals linear-spatulate, broadly rounded at the apex, about 4 mm. long, mostly less than 1 mm. wide. Lip subquadrate-flabellate to broadly obovate, involute, completely infolding the column, with the margins undulate and denticulate-ciliate, decurved, somewhat constricted at the middle, saccate and with 2 small ovoid calli at the base, 3.5-4.2 mm. long, about 4 mm. wide. Column short, subclavate, incurved, about 2 mm. long. This species is often represented in herbaria by specimens having flowers in poor condition. It is rather distinct, however, in that its whole aspect resembles a grass and the apex of the leaves (in our material) is constantly unevenly tridentate. Alta Verapaz: Chama, Harry Johnson 829. Epiphyte on tree, lowland forest in valley, "pantano," 2^ miles west of Cubilgiiitz, Steyermark 44330. Epiphyte on top of limestone ridge, Cerro Chinaja, between Finca Yalpemech and Chinaja, above source of Rio San Diego, Steyermark 45673. Izabal: Quirigua, Harry Johnson 1309. Between Bananera and "La Presa" in Montana del Mico, Steyermark 38238; 38288. Lower slopes of rocky ravine along tributary to Rio Frio, Steyermark 41572. Epiphyte, trail between Rio Frio and Cayo Piedra, Steyermark 41649. Uppermost ridges and summit, Cerro San Gil, Steyermark 41964. Elleanthus poiformis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov., Beih. 19: 164. 1923. On trees in pastures and forests, up to 1,700 meters alt. Guate- mala and Costa Rica. Plant small, densely caespitose, grass-like, 1-3 dm. tall; roots glabrous, rather fleshy and branched. Stem filiform, about 1 mm. in diameter, concealed by the leaf-sheaths, often drooping from the weight of the leaves. Leaves erect or spreading, sessile, linear-filiform, membranous, unequally tridentate at the apex, up to 7 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, grass-green. Raceme laxly few-flowered, con- spicuously fractiflex, about 3 cm. long, with the flowers distichously arranged about 3 mm. apart; rachis covered with reddish brown hairs on the surface facing the flowers. Floral bracts as long as or usually exceeding the flowers, fibrous- chartaceous, broadly triangular-ovate, abruptly acuminate, conduplicate, 5-10 mm. long. Flowers small, white, with short pedicellate ovaries that are about 2 mm. long and with the ventral surface and sides densely covered with reddish brown hairs. Sepals 3-4 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, 1-nerved, with the outer surface partly covered with reddish brown hairs; dorsal sepal elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, acute to apiculate, cymbiform; lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate, 64 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 acute to acuminate, oblique, dorsally keeled at the apex. Petals linear-spatulate, obtuse, 3.2-4 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide near the apex. Lip suborbicular-flabellate when spread out, with the apical margins denticulate, saccate at the base and with the sides upcurved in natural position, 3-5 mm. long, 3.5-4 mm. wide, with a pair of ellipsoid calli nestling in the saccate base; calli attached to base of lip by a thin thread. Column 2-2.5 mm. long. This species is easily distinguished from the closely allied E. lini- folius by its laxly flowered fractiflex raceme. Alta Verapaz: Dense wet limestone forest near Chirriacte", on the Pete"n highway, Standley 91976. Izabal: Cerro San Gil, Steyermark 41963. La Vigia, between Bananera and Quirigua, Margaret Ward Lewis 170. Salama, Johnston 1828. 8. SOBRALIA Ruiz & Pav. Reedy terrestrial or epiphytic herbs with strongly nerved cauline leaves. Leaves coriaceous, articulate with long sheaths. Flowers usually large, showy, in a terminal axillary raceme. Bracts several, carinate, rigid, somewhat imbricate. Sepals subequal, erect, connate at the base. Petals similar to but slightly broader than the sepals. Lip adnate to the base of the column, entire or two-lobed, with the basal half involute enclosing the column, the apex exserted, spreading, undulate or fimbriate; disk smooth or variously crested with calli. Column elongate, foot- less, sub-incurved, semiterete, acutely angled or narrowly winged, 3-lobed at the apex. Pollinia 8 (4 in each cell of the bilocular anther), granulose. Capsule oblong or elongate, rigid or fleshy. This genus consists of about thirty-five species and is confined to the tropics of Mexico and Central and South America. Some of the species have very showy flowers. 1. Flowers solitary, large; lip more than 7 cm. long. 2. Flowers lavender or rose-purple, with pedicellate ovaries that are about 2.5 cm. long S. macrantha. 2. Flowers yellow, subsessile S. xantholeuca. 1. Flowers 1-2, small; lip less than 6 cm. long. 3. Stem flattened, two-edged; lip deeply fimbriate S. fragrans. 3. Stem terete; lip undulate-crisped, not deeply fringed. 4. Stem, lower surface of leaves and leaf -sheaths black warty or hispidulous; flowers pale lavender and white; lip more than 3.8 cm. long. . .S. decora. 4. Stem, leaves and leaf-sheaths glabrous; flowers pale green or yellowish white; lip less than 3.3 cm. long S. mucronata. Sobralia decora Bateman, Orch. Mex. & Guat., t. 26. 1841 (type: Guatemala, Skinner). Figures 18, 19. In deep shaded ravine in leaf mold, on rocks in oak-pine forests, occasionally in the crotch of trees, up to 1,700 meters alt. Rather common from Mexico to Honduras. FIG. 18. Sobralia decora. Plant (X %). Drawn by Dorothy O. Allen. 65 66 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Plant erect, reed-like, 3.5-7.5 dm. tall, with the stem, lower surface of leaves and leaf-sheaths more or less black warty or hispidulous; stem leafy above. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate, 5.5-22 cm. long, 1.5-6.5 cm. wide. Flowers 1-2, terminal, sessile or subsessile, pale lavender and white, subtended by short, scarious sheaths. Sepals strongly apiculate and recurved at the apex; dorsal sepal linear-oblong, 4-5 cm. long, 1.2-1.7 cm. wide; lateral sepals linear-oblong, slightly falcate, 4-5 cm. long, 1-1.2 cm. wide. Petals oblong-elliptic, subacute to acute, 3.5-4 cm. long, 1-1.1 cm. wide. Lip tubular-involute in natural position, cucullate at the base, undulate-crisped and flared on the anterior margin, retuse or apiculate at the broadly rounded apex, rose-purple or lavender streaked with yellow and brown on the disk, when spread out obovate-rhomboid, 4-4.5 cm. long, 3-3.5 cm. wide near the apex; disk covered with numerous sinuately anas- tomosing veins, provided with numerous minute lamellae that traverse it longi- tudinally. Column white, slender-clavate, 2-2.5 cm. long, trilobed at the apex; lateral lobes slender-falcate; mid-lobe galeate. Capsule cylindrical, blackish, prominently 6-ribbed, about 8 cm. long when mature. This species is easily distinguished from other species of Sobralia found in Guatemala by the short blackish pubescence found on the stem, leaf-sheaths and lower surface of the leaves. All of the plants in any one locality usually flower on the same day and last only one day. Alta Verapaz: Chama, Harry Johnson 907. Cubilgiiitz, Turck- heim 8006; 8458. Chiquimula: Montana Castilla, vicinity of Mon- tana Cebollas, along Rio Lucia Saso, three miles southeast of Quezal- tepeque, Steyermark 31326. Izabal: On tree along Rio Tameja, Cerro San Gil, Steyermark 42004. Pete"n: La Liber tad, Lundell 2961. The following collections are sterile but probably represent this species: Chiquimula: Rocky volcanic slopes, Rio Grande (Rio Con- ception), on Socorro Mountain, above Finca San Jose", southeast of Conception de las Minas, Steyermark 31106. Pet^n: On tree trunk, low forest along Rio Chinaja, north of Chinaja on trail towards Zacatal, Steyermark 45461. Zacapa: On rocks, oak-pine woods along upper reaches of Rio Sitio Nuevo, between Santa Rosalia and first waterfall, Steyermark 42235. Sobralia fragrans Lindl. Gard. Chron. 598. 1853. S. eublepharis Reichb. f. ex Kranzl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 255. t. 78. 1929 (type: Guatemala). Rather common on trees in wet forests, in partial shade, where it usually occurs in large bunches, occasionally terrestrial. Some- what limited in distribution from Guatemala to Panama. Plant glabrous, short, 1.8-3.5 dm. tall; stem and peduncle flattened, 2-edged, weak, with 1-2 leaves. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, somewhat toothed at the apex, rather fleshy, chartaceous-coriaceous FIG. 19. Sobralia decora var. aerata. Plant, upper part (about X 1 A)', upper left, column (X 1); bottom (left to right), lateral sepal, petal, dorsal sepal, lip (X 1). A variety found in Panama. Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 67 68 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 when dry, 6.5-23.5 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide. Flowers 1-2, small, terminating a long peduncle, yellowish white, tinged with pink, fragrant, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 2-3 cm. long, subtended by 2-3 uneven bracts. Bracts elliptic- lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, carinate, with whitish scarious margins, 3-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide. Sepals narrowly linear to oblong-lanceolate, acute or abruptly apiculate, 3-4 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide; lateral sepals somewhat falcate. Petals lanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, subobtuse to acute, occasionally apiculate, slightly falcate, 3-3.8 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide. Lip obovate-cuneate, with the lower margins entire and strongly involute, crisped and deeply fringed along the apical, spreading-decurved margin, when spread out 2.5-3.2 cm. long, 1.5-1.8 cm. wide; disk provided with about nine elevated lamellae that are finely fringed toward the apex of the lip. Column semiterete, clavate, 1.6-1.8 cm. long. Capsule cylindrical, very slender, about 6 cm. long at maturity, about 6 mm. in diameter. Sobralia fragrans is distinctive in that its stem and peduncle are conspicuously flattened. It is thus easily distinguished from S. mucronata, which has a similar habit but a terete stem. Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Tiirckheim 8301. Chama, Harry Johnson 271. Izabal: Between Milla 49.5 and ridge 6 miles from Izabal, Montana del Mico, Steyermark 38570. Rio Dulce, between Livingston and 6 miles up river, Steyermark 39390. Cerro San Gil, along Rio Frio, Steyermark 39968. "Montufar Flats," Margaret Ward Lewis 230. Sobralia macrantha Lindl. Sert. Orch., sub t. 29. 1836. Rather common in leaf mold on calcareous rocks in forests, in wet soil of ravine and in sandy soil along stream banks, occasionally epiphytic, up to 3,333 meters alt. Widespread from Mexico to Costa Rica. Plant tall, glabrous or tuberculate on the leaf sheaths, 4.5-21 dm. tall; stem leafy, often growing in large clusters from the same root mass. Leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate, long-acuminate, spreading, rigid, 13-30 cm. long, 2-7.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence consisting of a solitary flower that is subtended by a large foliaceous bract. Bract narrowly lanceolate, carinate, membranous, with scarious margins, up to 13 cm. long. Flower very large, rose-purple, showy, with stout arcuate pedicellate ovaries that are about 2.5 cm. long. Sepals linear-oblong, subacute or acute, minutely apiculate, recurved, 8-10.2 cm. long, 1.5-2.6 cm. wide. Petals oblong-obovate, broadly rounded and inconspicuously mucronate at the apex, with the margins undulate-crisped above the middle, 6.5-9 cm. long, 2.3-4 cm. wide near the apex. Lip very large, the lower half forming a laterally com- pressed tube around the column, rotundate and deeply bilobed at the apex, expanding and undulate-crisped along the margins above the middle, white on the inside of the tubular basal portion, tinged with yellow in the center; when spread out broadly oblong-obovate, 8-11 cm. long, about 7 cm. wide above the middle. Column 3-3.5 cm. long, slender-clavate. Capsule elongate-fusiform, recurved, 6-angled, about 11.5 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 69 This species has the most attractive flowers of any of the sobralias occurring in Guatemala. Several horticultural varieties have been found in Guatemala; namely, "S. macrantha pallida," which has large, pale flowers about 18 cm. across; S. macrantha var. albida, with whitish flowers; and "S. macrantha splendens," which has smaller and darker flowers than those of the species. This species is com- monly known as "Candelaria," "Cebollin," and "lirio." Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim 2462. Baja Verapaz: Fatal, Standley 69559. Rocky hills near and above Santa Rosa, in pine- oak forest, Standley 91053. Chimaltenango(?) : Santa Maria de Jesus, J. R. Johnston 922. El Progreso: Sierra de las Minas, hills north of Finca Piamonte, between Finca Piamonte and summit of Volcan Santa Luisa, Steyermark 43615. Escuintla: Escuintla, J. R. Johnston 1316. Guatemala: Guatemala, S. Hayes. Huehuete- nango : Paso del Boqueron, along Rio Trapichillo, below La Libertad, Steyermark 51195. Retalhuleu: Finca Helvetia, W. C. Muenscher 12442. San Marcos: Above Finca El Porvenir, along Rio Cabus to within 2 miles of Cueva de las Palomas, south-facing slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 37936. Santa Rosa: Estanzuela, Heyde & Lux 3861. Solola: Trail between slopes of Volcan Santa Clara and town of San Pedro, Steyermark 47119. Suchitepequez : Southwestern slopes of Volcan Zunil, between Finca Asturias and Finca Alto Mira, northeast of Pueblo Nuevo, Steyermark 35331. Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, along Rillito del Volcan de Monos, Volcan de Monos, Steyermark 42337. Road from Santa Maria to Quezaltenango, Margaret Ward Lewis 162. The following collections are sterile or in fruit but probably represent this species: Alta Verapaz: Terrestrial, Cerro Tortuga (Sahacoc), vicinity of Cubilguitz, Steyermark 44611. On mossy hummock, large swamp east of Tactic, Standley 92658. Chiquimula: On rocky slopes near summit, Cerro Tixixi (Tishishi), 3-5 miles north of Jacotan, Steyermark 31657. Huehuetenango: Covering slopes of barranco and growing by the thousands of plants for several acres, associated with Quercus-Pinus, Cerro Victoria, across river from Finca San Rafael, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 49618. Sobralia mucronata Ames & C. Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 54. 1925. Epiphyte in dense forests, up to 600 meters alt. Very rare in Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica. 70 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Plant glabrous, erect, 2.6-9 dm. tall; stem leafy, slender, mostly concealed by leaf sheaths. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, with 2 or more teeth at the apex, 4-18 cm. long, 1-3.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence comprising 1-2 flowers that arise in the axil of the uppermost leaf, subtended by several im- bricating bracts. Bracts conduplicate, lanceolate, 2 or more toothed at the apex, up to 4.5 cm. long. Flowers small for the genus, pale green or yellowish-white, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are about 3 cm. long. Sepals and petals subacute or acute, mucronate. Dorsal sepal linear-oblong, 2.6-3.8 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide. Lateral sepals slightly obliquely elliptic-oblong to narrowly oblong, 2.5-3.8 cm. long, 6.5-7.5 mm. wide. Petals linear-oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, slightly falcate, 2.3-3.5 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide. Lip in natural position tubular- involute near the base, when spread out broadly oblong-elliptic or quadrate-oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long, 1.1-1.5 cm. wide above the middle, entire, retuse or apiculate at the broadly rounded apex, anterior margins strongly undulate-crisped and some- what crenulate; disk with 2 short calli at the base and several more or less con- spicuous keels extending from the base nearly to the apex of the lip (these keels are supplemented above the middle of the disk by the central 5-7 nerves that become similarly carinate; all of the keels become conspicuously sinuate and raised above the middle of the lip). Column slender-clavate, with prominent lateral wings on the anterior surface, apex 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes erect, linear-falcate and incurved, the middle lobe suborbicular and strongly galeate. Capsule slender, elongate, up to 9 cm. long when mature. Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 8294. Sobralia xantholeuca Hort. ex Williams, Orch. Grow. Man. ed. 6: 576. 1885. Uncommon, epiphytic on trees and on rocks up to 1,550 meters alt. Thus far found only in Guatemala. Plant up to 18 dm. tall, glabrous; stem rather stout, leafy, covered with leaf- sheaths that are pale green speckled with red-brown. Leaves articulate with the sheaths, oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, spreading and drooping, 15-28 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide below the middle. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, carinate, with scarious margins, up to 14 cm. long. Flowers solitary, terminal, large and showy, yellow, subsessile. Sepals oblong-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, spreading and recurved, 8-11 cm. long, 1.7-2.3 cm. wide. Petals similar to the sepals but somewhat shorter. Lip large, 8-11 cm. long, the lower half forming a cylindrical tube around the column, rotundate and notched at the apex, expanding above with broad recurved, crisply waved crenate margins, the tubular throat golden streaked with dark yellow. Column slender-clavate, about 3.5 cm. long. The large yellow flowers, which are about the size of those of S. macrantha, and the maculate leaf-sheaths easily distinguish this species from its allies. Alta Verapaz: San Cristobal, Turckheim 131. Coban, Turckheim 2477. Huehuetenango: Epiphyte, dense rich wet woods between Yulhuitz and Maxbal, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48677. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 71 The following specimen, in poor condition, probably represents this species: Huehuetenango: On rocky limestone jagged forested slopes northeast of Maxbal, about 17 miles north of Barillas, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48896. 9. CRYBELindl. Terrestrial herbs with suborbicular, green corms on which the leafy stems and inflorescences are borne separately at the apex. Raceme 3-6-flowered. Flowers purplish red, nodding, with arcuate-decurved pedicellate ovaries, clavate- obovoid in appearance; perianth scarcely or not expanding. Sepals unequal, free. Petals similar to the lateral sepals, free. Lip adnate to the base of the column, obovate-cuneate, cucullate, retuse with an apicule in the sinus. Column long, erect, clavate; anther 2-celled; pollinia 4, mealy, 2 in each anther-cell. Capsule ellipsoidal. This monotypic genus is confined to Middle America. Crybe rosea Lindl. Nat. Syst. Bot. ed. 2: 446. 1836. Arethusa rosea (Lindl.) Benth. ex Hemsl. in Godm. & Salvin, Biol. Centr.- Am. 3: 304. 1884. Figure 20. Uncommon in sandy soil and loam in pine-oak forests, also on lava rock and on the edge of deep ravines, up to 2,000 meters alt. Apparently confined to Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. Plant glabrous; stem short, 7-15 cm. tall, terminated by two leaves and another leaf sheathing below. Leaves oblong-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, prominently veined, the terminal leaf reduced at the base to a slender petiole, 8-42 cm. long, 1.5-6 cm. wide. Inflorescence a 3-6 flowered raceme terminating a slender peduncle, up to 15 cm. long; peduncle 1.1-4 dm. tall, provided with several distant scarious bracts. Bracts short, triangular or slender-acuminate, 5-15 mm. long. Flowers with pedicellate ovaries that are 1-3 cm. long. Sepals oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, recurved at the apex, tuberculate-maculate with purple on the dorsal surface above the middle, the central veins carinate at the apex on the ventral surface, 2.7-3.5 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide; the lateral sepals obliquely falcate. Petals oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute, falcate, white tinged with purple, 2.9-3.3 cm. long, 6.5-7 mm. wide. Lip strongly involute enclosing the column, the lower half strongly cucullate, the dilated apical portion with the margins folded, undulate-crenate, 3.5-5 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide above the middle; disk with the three central veins slightly carinate. Column somewhat recurved, with two lateral auricles on the anterior surface near the middle. Capsule ellipsoid- oblong, 2-4.5 cm. long, about 1 cm. in diameter. Chimaltenango : J. R. Johnston 1983. Huehuetenango: Oak- pine woods on steep rocky slopes above La Libertad, on Cerro Pueblo Viejo, Steyermark 50979; 51005. Cerro Pixpix, above San Ildefonso Ixtahuacan, Steyermark 50620. Jalapa: Rocky scrub-oak forest on FIG. 20. Crybe rosea. Flowering plant (X completed by D. E. Tibbitts. Sketched by G. W. Dillon; 72 AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 73 hills northeast of Jalapa, Standley 76846. Under rocks in quebrada, brushy oak slopes of Cerro Alcoba, east of Jalapa, Standley 77221. Quezaltenango: San Martin, J. R. Johnston 1315. Santa Rosa: Heyde & Lux 3862 (in part). Solola: Trail between village of San Pedro, via San Juan, San Cristobal Buena Vista, and northwestern slopes of Volcan Santa Clara, Steyermark 47304. On banks along Antigua to Guatemala City road, John Porter 35. Near Incienso Aserradero de San Vicente, Margaret W. Lewis 205. Au Felswanden au den "Siidgehangen" des Vulcans Sta. Maria, haufig, Lehmann 1616. [ 10. WULLSCHLAEGELIA Reichb. f. Terrestrial, leafless herbs. Stem erect, simple, slender, provided with several short scarious cuspidate scales. Roots fasciculate, fibrous, caudate, somewhat thickened. Flowers small, short-pedicelled, in a loose or dense raceme. Sepals thin, erect; lateral sepals connivent and produced at the base into a short mentum. Petals small, similar to the dorsal sepal. Lip on the upper side of the flower, sessile at the base of the column, erect, broadly cymbiform, entire, saccate at the base within the mentum formed by the sepals. Column short, thick; anther erect, sessile; pollinia powdery-granular. Capsule obovoid. A small genus containing only three species, which are natives of the West Indies, Central and South America. Wullschlaegelia aphylla (Sw.) Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 131. 1863. Cranichis aphylla Sw. Prodr. 120. 1788. Figure 21. Saprophytic, in humus and rotten leaves of dense, dark, wet forests, up to 600 meters alt. Rather rare in the West Indies, Guatemala, Honduras and northern South America. Plant 1.5-3.5 dm. tall, whitish, aphyllous; stem more or less covered with bifurcate, articulated glandular-pubescence with a number of minute scales. Scales triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, 3.5-5 mm. long. Raceme slender, many- flowered, 3-13 cm. long. Bracts similar to the scales, scarious, 2-3 mm. long. Flowers small, pale white, erect-ascending. Pedicellate ovary short, pubescent, 2-3 mm. long. Sepals pubescent with bifurcate brownish hairs; dorsal sepal triangular-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, obtuse, concave, 1.7-2 mm. long, 0.75-1 mm. wide; lateral sepals transversely and obliquely oblong, subobtuse to acute, connivent at the base to form a short mentum, about 3.5 mm. long to the base of the mentum, 1-1.5 mm. wide. Petals short, elliptic-obovate to oblong-quadrate, broadly rounded to obtuse, with bifurcate hairs along central vein on dorsal surface, 1.75-2 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lip incumbent, oblong-quadrate, conduplicate-concave, truncate and erose at the apex, with bifurcate hairs along the central vein on the lower surface, 3-3.2 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. Column short with a rather long foot. Capsule ellipsoid-pyriform, about 1 cm. long. FIG. 21. Wullschlaegelia aphylla. 1, flowering and fruiting plant (from Swartz's type; X M); 2, flower, side view, with lateral sepal pulled down and a petal removed (about X 6) ; 3 and 4, bifurcate hairs on the plant (greatly enlarged). Drawn by D. E. Tibbitts. Adapted from Fawcett and Rendle, Flora of Jamaica 1 : pi. 3. 1910. 74 AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 75 This species is distinctive in its saprophytism and its bifurcate hairs, which are composed of 3 to 5 cells, one of which is the stalk, the other 2 or 4 forming the two branches. Izabal: Near Entre Rios, Standley 72744. Punta Palma, across bay from Puerto Barrios, Steyermark 39861. 11. PRESCOTTIA Lindl. Terrestrial herbs with clustered fibrous or fleshy roots from a short rhizome. Leaves basal or essentially so, sessile or with long petioles, membranous. In- florescence a slender or thick spike of numerous small flowers. Sepals mem- branous, connate at the base to form a short cup or tube, spreading or revolute at the apex. Petals narrow, adnate to the sepaline cup. Lip on the upper side of the flower, with the claw adnate to the sepaline cup, entire, auriculate at the base, arched, deeply concave or galeate, often enclosing the column. Column very short, adnate to the sepaline cup. Pollinia 4, granular or powdery. Capsule small, suberect, ovoid or ellipsoid. This genus consists of about thirty-five species, which are natives of tropical and subtropical America from Florida, Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil and Ecuador. 1. Floral segments less than 2.5 mm. long P. oligantha. 1. Floral segments usually more than 3 mm. long. 2. Leaves with a distinct slender petiole about as long as the lamina; lip con- spicuously galeate P. stachyodes. 2. Leaves tapering into a short inconspicuous petiole; lip merely involute- concave below the middle P. tubulosa. Prescottia oligantha (Sw.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PI. 454. 1840. Cranichis oligantha Sw. Prodr. 120. 1788. Figure 22. On mossy logs and limestone rocks on the edge of dense rain forests, on brushy rocky banks and in clayey soil, up to 1,500 meters alt. Widespread from southern Florida and Mexico, through Central America to Panama, the West Indies, Colombia and Venezuela. Plant scapose, glabrous, 1.3-3.4 dm. tall. Roots short, thick, fleshy, fascicu- late, partly covered by a thick tomentum, 4-6 mm. in diameter. Stem slender, purplish. Leaves radical, petioled, 1.5-7 cm. long including the petiole, reduced above to sheathing lanceolate bracts; blade ovate-oblong to obovate, suborbicular or elliptic, obtuse to acute, rarely apiculate, 3-4 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide. Spike densely flowered, slender, 2.5-8 cm. long, 5-7 mm. in diameter. Floral bracts nar- rowly lanceolate, translucent, 3-5 mm. long. Flowers minute, white, green or pink, less than 2.5 mm. long; perianth parts adhering at the base. Dorsal sepal ovate, obtuse to rarely acute, 1-2 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lateral sepals arising from a broad connate base, triangular or deltoid, somewhat concave near the apex, obtuse or subacute, 1-2.2 mm. long, a little more than 1 mm. wide at the base. Petals linear to narrowly obovate-spatulate, retuse, truncate to obtuse 76 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME. 26 at the apex, 1-1.5 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide. Lip erect, suborbicular, concave- saccate, apiculate, with lateral auricles at the base, 1-1.5 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide when spread out. Column laterally winged near the apex. Capsule ellipsoid, shallowly six-keeled, less than 5 mm. long. This species has the smallest flowers of any Prescottia found in. Guatemala. Alta Verapaz: Between Coban and Finca Chimote, near Rubel- tein, Steyermark 44157. Prescottia stachyodes (Sw.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 22: sub t. 1916. 1836. Cranichis stachyodes Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1427. 1799. Pres- cottia colorans Lindl. Bot. Reg. 22: t. 1916. 1836. Terrestrial. Occasional on rocky banks and in dense shade of forests, up to 3,000 meters alt. Widespread in the West Indies, Mexico and Guatemala south to Brazil. Plant slender or stout, glabrous, 4-9.5 dm. tall; stem purplish-brownish green, invested by numerous loose, membranous, tubular sheaths. Leaves basal, large, with long petioles; lamina orbicular-ovate to elliptic-oblong, abruptly acute or acuminate at the apex, slightly asymmetrical and broadly rounded to subcordate at the base, often with cartilaginous-serrate margins, 7-22 cm. long, 3.5-16 cm. wide; petiole slender, narrowly winged, 3-25 cm. long. Spike long, cylindrical, with numerous flowers, 9-31.5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. in diameter. Bracts ovate- lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 7-20 mm. long. Flowers green, sepals and petals often marked with reddish brown, with short stout pedicellate ovaries. Sepals and petals strongly revolute. Dorsal sepal linear-oblong, tapering to the obtuse or subacute apex, 3-3.5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lateral sepals united at the base; free part oblong, tapering to the obtuse apex, 3-3.2 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Petals narrowly linear, obtuse, 3-3.5 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide. Lip suberect, with strongly involute margins forming a subglobose galea, laterally compressed, with an auricle on each side at the base, 4-5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide when spread out. Column short, subglobose, about 2 mm. long. Capsule ellipsoid, about 1 cm. long. Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 8589. El Progreso: Sierra de las Minas, in cloud forest, hills north of Finca Piamonte, between Finca Piamonte and summit of Volcan Santa Luisa, Steyermark 43603. Izabal: Along Rio Frio, Cerro San Gil, Steyermark 41604. Damp forested slopes and barrancos, Cerro San Gil, Steyermark 41872. Jutiapa: Volcan Suchitan, northwest of Asuncion Mita, FIG. 22. Cranichis muscosa. 1, plant (X /^); 2, flower, side view (X 5); 3, flower, front view, partly spread open (X 5); 4, lip (X 10). Prescottia oligantha. 5, plant (X %)', 6, flower, side view, with lateral sepal and petal turned back (X 10); 7, flower, front view (X 10); 8, flower, spread open (X 10). Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 77 78 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Steyermark 31939. Quezaltenango : Slopes of Volcan Santa Maria, between Finca Pirineos and Los Positos, between Santa Maria de Jesus and Calahuache", Steyermark 33790. Quiche": Nebaj, Skutch 1684. Solola: Volcan Atitlan, south-facing slopes, Steyermark 47396. Suchitepequez : Finca Moca, Skutch 1540. Zacapa: Slopes of Monte Virgen, around summit of mountain, Steyermark 42643. Volcan Zunil, Skutch 932. The following specimens are sterile but probably represent this species: San Marcos: Slopes of barrancos tributary to and bordering Rio Vega, between San Rafael at northeast portion of Volcan Tacana and Guatemala-Mexico line, Steyermark 36364. Zacapa: Cloud forest in ravine bordering Quebrada Alejandria, summit of Sierra de las Minas, vicinity of Finca Alejandria, Steyermark 29848. Prescottia tubulosa (Lindl.) L. 0. Wms. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 7: 137. 1939. Cranichis tubulosa Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PI. 451. 1840. Rare (in our range) in damp loam and leaf mold in shade of heavy woods, in oak-pine forests, up to 2,800 meters alt. Mexico and Guatemala. Plant slender or stout, 1.3-5.5 dm. tall, invested by short, membranous, tubular sheaths. Leaves subsessile or tapering into a short, broadly winged petiole, linear-elliptic to broadly oblanceolate, abruptly acute, 7-25 cm. long, 2.5-6.5 cm. wide. Spike dense, cylindrical, with numerous flowers, 3-19 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. in diameter. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, about 1 cm. long. Flowers pale yellow, sepals and petals usually grayish white, with short stout pedicellate ovaries. Sepals and petals strongly recurved. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, 6-7.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals united at the base; free part lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, 4-6 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. Petals linear-oblanceolate, subacute, 6-7 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lip in natural position strongly in- volute and with an auricle on each side at the base, recurved at the broadly obtuse, apiculate apex, when spread out cuneate-obovate, 6.5-8 mm. long (including the short claw), about 4 mm. wide at widest point. Column cuneate, sinuately tri- dentate at the apex, 3-5 mm. long. Capsule ovoid, 6-8 mm. long. Huehuetenango: Wet brushy bank near Chiantla, along the river south and east of the town, Standley 82469. Quezaltenango: Cerro Quemado, Kellerman 5577; 6070. 12. CRANICHIS Sw. Terrestrial (rarely epiphytic), scapose herbs with fasciculate, fleshy roots. Leaves basal or radical, rarely with reduced cauline leaves. Scape slender, simple, provided with tubular clasping sheaths. Flowers small, in a spicate raceme. Sepals free, subequal or with the lateral pair somewhat broader and more or less AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 79 connivent. Petals free or somewhat adnate to the base of the column, spreading, smaller than the sepals. Lip on the upper side of the flower, adnate to the middle or base of the column, sessile or with a short claw, concave or saccate, usually embracing the column. Column short; anther one, two-celled; pollinia four; pollen granular-powdery. Capsule suberect, ovoid or ellipsoid. This genus consists of about thirty species that are natives of tropical and subtropical America. The vein-design of the lip in many of the species is a reliable diagnostic character. 1. Bracts of the scape broad and foliaceous, gradually reduced in size above. C. muscosa. 1. Bracts of the scape narrow, abruptly reduced in size above. 2. Claw of the lip attached near the middle of the column, cordate-triangular. C. Schaffneri. 2. Claw of the lip attached to the base of the column. 3. Claw of the lip S- or C-shaped C. mexicana. 3. Claw of the lip straight. 4. Lip with a conspicuous apicule at the apex C. apiculata. 4. Lip not apiculate. 5. Lip deeply cucullate-saccate at the base; lateral sepals prominently oblique C. cucullata. 5. Lip shallowly concave or cymbiform; lateral sepals only slightly oblique. 6. Petals ciliate. 7. Lip orbiculate; mid-stripe of disk extending beyond the lateral stripes and branching at the apex of the lip C. ciliata. 7. Lip narrowly ovate; mid-stripe of disk not as above. 8. Petals obtuse; lip obtuse, less than 2.7 mm. long. C. hieroglyphica. 8. Petals acuminate; lip acute or acuminate, more than 2.7 mm. long C. Wageneri. 6. Petals not ciliate (or obscurely so in C. diphylla). 9. Lip cymbiform, subquadrate when spread out, the margins strongly revolute above the middle C. sylvatica. 9. Lip orbiculate, the margins not revolute C. diphylla. Cranichis apiculata Lindl. in Benth. PL Hartw. 92. 1842 (type: Guatemala, in summo jugo inter Duenas et Acatenango, ad pedem montis ignivomi, T. Hartweg 624). C. cylindrica Ames in J. D. Smith, Enum. PL Guatem. 7: 49. 1905, nomen. Shady soil in oak forests, up to 2,700 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico and Guatemala. Plant glabrous throughout, with several scarious sheaths enclosing the leaves and scape at the base, 3.5-4.7 dm. tall. Leaves basal, with a slender, narrowly winged petiole; lamina oval-elliptic to suborbicular, abruptly acute or apiculate, broadly rounded or abruptly reduced into the petiole at the base, 8.5-13 cm. long, 4.5-6.5 cm. wide; petiole 8-11 cm. long. Raceme cylindrical, flowers close together, 7.5-15 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. in diameter. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 5-9 mm. long. Flowers white and green, marked with brown, with slender pedicel- 80 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 late ovaries that are 8-10 mm. long. Dorsal sepal elliptic, obtuse, 4-4.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals broadly elliptic, obtuse to subapiculate, concave, 3.5-4 mm. long, 2-2.2 mm. wide. Petals narrowly oblanceolate-spatulate, sub- truncate to obtuse, with the margins minutely undulate-crenulate, 3.5-4 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide near the apex. Lip in natural position cymbiform, con- stricted at the apex to form a broad apicule, the margins conspicuously revolute, when spread out 3.5-4 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide; disk adorned with brown, branching cross lines. Column small, about 2 mm. long. Capsule ovoid, about 8 mm. long. Cranichis apiculata is easily identified by the conspicuous apicule at the apex of the lip. Chiquimula: Montana Nonoja, 3-5 miles east of Camotan, Steyermark 31701. Jalapa: Laguna de Ayarza, Heyde &Lux 3859. Santa Rosa: La Vinas, Heyde & Lux 6246. Malpais, Heyde & Lux 6246. Calderas, J. R. Johnston 1403; 1117; 1118; 1577 (in part). Volcan Zunil, Skutch 923. Cranichis ciliata (HBK.) Kunth, Syn. PL Aeq. 1: 324. 1822. Ophrys ciliata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. PL 1: 334, t. 74. 1815. In leaf mold and deep humus of heavily shaded woods, on moist open banks and in thickets, up to 2,400 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica, south to Venezuela. Plant glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above, slender; scape purplish. Leaves basal, with narrowly winged petioles; lamina somewhat variegated, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, abruptly acute or acuminate, broadly rounded to subcordate at the base, oblique, 5-12 cm. long, 2.3-7 cm. wide; petiole 7.5-14 cm. long, purplish. Raceme narrow, cylindrical, with few or many flowers, 4-15 cm. long, about 2 cm. in diameter. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 5-8 mm. long. Flowers white, marked with green or purple-brown, with pedicellate ovaries that are about 9 mm. long. Dorsal sepal elliptic to elliptic-oblong, obtuse, the margins involute, 3.8-4.2 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals somewhat obliquely ovate-elliptic or elliptic, obtuse and minutely cucullate at the apex, 3-4.2 mm. long, 2-2.2 mm. wide. Petals linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, the margins ciliate, slightly falcate, 3-4 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide above the middle. Lip sessile, in natural position concave, the margins turned upward, when spread out sub- orbicular-obovate or orbicular, broadly rounded at the apex, 2.5-4 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide; disk with three parallel green or brownish stripes, the mid-stripe extending beyond the apex of the lateral stripes and breaking up into branching stripes near the apex of the lip. Column 1.5-2 mm. long. Capsule ovoid, 8-9 mm. long. Cranichis ciliata is distinguished from closely allied species, particularly C. sylvatica, by its orbiculate lip and the mid-stripe of the disk, which extends beyond the lateral stripes and branches near the apex. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 81 Alta Verapaz: Vicinity of Secanquim, Maxon & Hay 3208a. Chimaltenango: Above Las Calderas, Standley 60076. Region of Los Positos, above Las Calderas, Standley 80233. Chimaltenango, J. R. Johnston. Guatemala: Volcan de Pacaya, above Las Calderas, Standley 58493. Slopes of Volcan de Pacaya, between San Francisco Sales and the base of the active cone, Standley 80740; 80753. Pacaya, J. R. Johnston. Las Nubes, Wendland (fide Hemsley). Cranichis cucullata Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 14: 115. 1915. Moist, mossy banks in dry oak-pine forests, wooded valleys, up to 2,200 meters alt. Very rare in Mexico, Guatemala and Ecuador. Plant slender, glabrous below, sparingly puberulent above, 2.1-3.2 dm. tall. Leaves basal, with slender, winged petioles; lamina ovate to narrowly elliptic, acute, slightly oblique, subtruncate or tapering into the petiole at the base, varie- gated, 3-6 cm. long, 1.4-3 cm. wide; petiole 0.7-3 cm. long. Raceme very lax, composed of 4-15 scattered flowers, 3.5-7.5 cm. long. Bracts elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, 6-8 mm. long. Flowers white, marked with red-brown, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are about 10 mm. long. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, obtuse to subacute, 4.2-5 mm. long, about 2.2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals conspic- uously oblique, ovate-deltoid, broadly obtuse to subacute, concave, the posterior margin broadly subauriculate at the base, 4.5-5 mm. long, about 3.5 mm. wide at the base. Petals linear-elliptic to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse or broadly rounded at the apex, slightly falcate, 4-4.5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. Lip sessile, in natural position deeply cucullate at the base, slightly recurved and narrowed above the middle to the broadly obtuse or subacute apex, 4-5 mm. long; when spread out broadly ovate; disk with three prominent brownish-red veins in the center, the lateral veins giving rise to short spreading veins, the center vein dis- appearing near the center of the lip. Column 2-2.5 mm. long. Capsule obliquely cylindrical, about 1.3 cm. long. Cranichis cucullata is distinguished by its deeply cucullate lip and conspicuously oblique lateral sepals. Huehuetenango: Moss-covered bank of crumbling serpentine rock in dry oak-pine woods, Skutch 1642. Cranichis diphylla Sw. Prodr. 120. 1788. C. guatemalensis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 2: 129. 1906 (type: Guatemala, auf Felsen bei Chiacam, H. von Turckheim 1379). On rocks, mossy stumps and logs in densely shaded forests, up to 3,000 meters alt. Uncommon but widespread in the West Indies, Mexico and Central America. Plant slender, glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above, 1-3.8 dm. tall. Leaves basal, with slender petioles; lamina ovate, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate or subcordate at the base, 2.5-9 cm. 82 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 long, 1.5-4.2 cm. wide; petiole 2-8.5 cm. long. Raceme slender, dense or lax with few or many flowers, 2-10 cm. long, 1.3-2 cm. in diameter. Bracts lanceo- late, acuminate, 3-8 mm. long. Flowers small, white or greenish white, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are about 5 mm. long. Dorsal sepal elliptic, obtuse, concave, 2.5-3.8 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals slightly oblique, ovate, obtuse, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Petals elliptic-oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse, 3-3.2 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lip sessile, in natural position concave; when spread out orbicular-ovate or suborbicular, broadly obtuse to subacute, 2.5-3 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide; disk with several irregular green-dotted lines. Column short, 1-1.5 mm. long. Cranichis diphylla is different from nearly allied species in that its petals are eciliate and the small lip is of an orbicular-ovate type. This species is represented from Guatemala only by the type collection of C. guatemalensis. Cranichis hieroglyphica Ames & Correll in Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10, no. 4: 61. pi. 2. 1942 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Gua- temala, terrestrial, near San Rafael, road to Antigua, about 6,000 feet alt., September 8, 1935, Margaret Ward Lewis 154). Figure 23. Terrestrial in mountain forests, usually at high elevations, up to 2,400 meters alt. Apparently confined to Mexico and Guatemala. Plant solitary, erect or geniculate at the base, 2.5-4.5 dm. tall. Stem slender, pubescent with whitish articulated hairs, provided with several short tubular acuminate bracts, 2-3 mm. in diameter. Leaves two, basal and subopposite, spreading on the ground, enclosed at the base by two or more scarious clasping sheaths; petiole winged, 2-4.5 cm. long; lamina oblique, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, acute to abruptly acuminate, 4.5-11.5 cm. long, 2.7-5.5 cm. wide, succulent, glabrous, silvery green and glossy beneath, dark-veined above with a reticulate pattern over a dull silvery green background. Raceme compact, composed of twenty to thirty small white flowers that blossom in close succession, cylindrical, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, about 2 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts white, lanceolate, acumi- nate, 5-6 mm. long. Flowers with stout puberulent pedicellate ovaries. Sepals ovate-elliptic, narrowly obtuse to subacuminate, 1- to 2-nerved, concave, 2.5-3.1 mm. long, 1.3-1.5 mm. wide; lateral sepals slightly oblique. Petals somewhat oblique, linear-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, obtuse, 1-nerved, ciliate along the margins with long whitish hairs, finely hirsute through the center near the base, 2-2.5 mm. long, about 0.7 mm. wide. Lip sessile, subquadrate-ovate, narrowly obtuse, angled on each side at the base, concave, 2-2.5 mm. long, 1.3-1.5 mm. wide; disk adorned with somewhat thickened green stripes, with a short central stripe and two subhorizontal stripes, one on each side, which converge toward the middle, with a deeply U-shaped stripe on each side at the base. Column short, terete, about 1.5 mm. long. Cranichis hieroglyphica is most closely related to C. Wageneri Reichb. f. However, besides having smaller flowers, the floral seg- ments of C. hieroglyphica are comparatively blunt as compared with CR.ANICHI.S fu/ofa i er-oou/o c o. FIG. 23. Cranichis hieroglyphica. 1, plant (X 1 A); 2, flower, spread open (X 10); 3, flower, side view (X 6); 4, lip and column, side view (X 10); 5, lip, spread out (X 10). Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 83 84 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 the narrowly acuminate floral segments of C. Wageneri. Although the petals of both species are ciliate, those of C. hieroglyphica are obtuse while those of C. Wageneri are long-acuminate. The shape of the lip and the pattern of the venation are different in the species. The lip of C. Wageneri is narrowly ovate to subcordate and acuminate. The stripe design is composed of three parallel green or brownish stripes with the lateral stripes producing retrorse secondary stripes. The lip of C. hieroglyphica is subquadrate-ovate and obtuse. The stripe design, from which the name is derived, is a peculiar pattern. The design of green stripes is composed of a short central stripe with additional subhorizontal stripes, one on each side, which converge toward the middle, and has a deeply U-shaped stripe on each side near the base. The stripes are somewhat thickened. Chiquimula: Upper slopes of Montana Tajuran, in vicinity of El Barriol, Steyermark 30816. Guatemala: Volcan de Pacaya, above Las Calderas, Standley 58432. Cranichis mexicana (A. Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. Beih. Bot. Cen- tralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 430. 1918. Ocampoa mexicana A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. se>. 3, 3: 31. 1845. In loamy sands and calcareous soils on slopes of oak-pine forests, up to 2,150 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico and Guatemala. Plant rather stout, glabrous below, densely glandular-pubescent above, 2.9- 7 dm. tall. Leaves basal, with one or more reduced leaves above the base, with broadly winged petioles; lamina oblong-elliptic to broadly oblanceolate, acute, tapering into the petiole at the base, 9-21 cm. long (including petiole), 2.5-5 cm. wide. Raceme densely flowered, compact, cylindrical, 7-19 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about 10 mm. long. Flowers white or pale green. Sepals glandular-pubescent on the outer surface. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, subobtuse, slightly concave, 5-6 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely triangular-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, extended at the base on the posterior margin into a semiorbicular auricle, 6-7.5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide at the base. Petals linear, broadly rounded or obtuse at the apex, about 5 mm. long and 1 mm. wide. Lip with an S- or C-shaped claw, in natural position deeply concave, constricted about the middle and arcuate-recurved above the middle, the margins upturned, when spread out ovate-oval or oval, broadly rounded and minutely cucullate at the apex, 5-6 mm. long, about 4 mm. wide; disk with several green lines. Column short, with 2 broad wings on the anterior margin, 3-4 mm. long. Cranichis mexicana is easily distinguished from the other species of Cranichis found in Guatemala by the S- or C-shaped claw of the lip. Chimaltenango: Tecpam, Johnston 1402. Barranco de La Sierra, southeast of Patzum, Standley 61590. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 85 Cranichis muscosa Sw. Prodr. 120. 1788. Figure 22. Moist rocks in streams and on banks in wet mountain forests, up to 1,300 meters alt. Widespread in southern Florida, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Bahama Islands, the West Indies, Trinidad and Venezuela. Plant scapose, 9-44 cm. tall. Roots fleshy, coarsely fibrous, fasciculate. Scape slender, tinged with madder-purple. Leaves four to six, radical, petioled, reduced above to sheathing ovate to lanceolate leaf-like bracts; blade subcordate, broadly ovate, elliptic or oblong, obtuse to acute, 2.5-9.5 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide; petiole winged, 1-4 cm. long. Raceme few- to many-flowered, 1.5-13 cm. long, 1.5-2.3 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, 3-5 mm. long. Flowers white. Sepals ovate to oblong-elliptic, abruptly acute to obtuse, 2-3 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide. Petals linear-oblong to oblong-spatulate, obtuse, 2-3 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide. Lip white, spotted with green, erect, sessile, suborbicular or oblong-quadrate, concave, rarely mucronate, with entire undulate margins, tuberculose or slightly crested along the three median veins of the disk, 2-3 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Column slightly winged, about 1 mm. long. Capsule essentially sessile, 7-10 mm. long, ovoid. The foliaceous bracts of the scape easily distinguish this species from all other species of Cranichis found in Guatemala. Suchitepequez : Southwestern slopes of Volcan Zunil, in vicinity of Finca Montecristo, southeast of Santa Maria de Jesus, Steyermark 35224. Cranichis Schaffneri Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 238. 1855. In oak-pine woods, in leaf mold and on trees in oak forests, on damp banks and in pockets of rocks in the open, up to 2,700 meters alt. Rare in Guatemala, widespread in Mexico. Plant glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above, erect or suberect, 0.9-4 dm. tall. Leaves basal, sessile or on a very short petiole; lamina ovate to narrowly elliptic, broadly rounded to acute, 3-9.5 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide; petiole up to 3 cm. long. Raceme lax, few-flowered, 3-14 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. Bracts ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5 mm. long. Flowers ascending, greenish white, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are about 8 mm. long. Sepals glandular- pubescent on the outer surface. Dorsal sepal elliptic to lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 3.5-6 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-elliptic, concave, obtuse to subacute, occasionally somewhat united at the base, 3.2-5.5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Petals linear to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse or broadly rounded at the apex, somewhat falcate, 3-6 mm. long, 0.5-1.2 mm. wide. Lip attached to about the middle of the column, cordate-triangular or obscurely 3-lobed, shallowly concave, obtuse or acute, with a stout, short claw, 2.3-4 mm. long, 1.5-3.5 mm. wide. Column short, 1.5-2 mm. long. Capsule ovoid, about 8 mm. long. In Guatemala this species is the only Cranichis whose lip is at- tached near the middle of the column. 86 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Huehuetenango: San Juan Atitlan, Skutch 1173. Jalapa: Moun- tains about Chahuite, northwest of Jalapa, Standley 77483 (in part). Cranichis sylvatica A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. se"r. 3, 3: 30. 1845. C. pseudociliata Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 202. 1913 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, auf Felsen im Walde bei Secanquim, January, 1905, W. R. Maxon & R. Hay 3208; December, 1904, G. P. Goll 205). In wet soil and on rocks in shady or open forests, up to 2,500 meters alt. Rare in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. Plant slender, glabrous below, slightly pubescent above, 0.8-5 dm. tall. Leaves basal, with slender, winged petioles; lamina orbicular-ovate to oval-elliptic, abruptly acute or subapiculate, subtruncate or tapering at the base, somewhat oblique and variegated, 2-12 cm. long, 1.2-4.8 cm. wide; petiole 0.5-7 cm. long. Raceme of few or many flowers close together, 1.5-11 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter. Bracts ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 5-8 mm. long. Flowers white marked with green, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 6-10 mm. long. Dorsal sepal elliptic, subobtuse to acute, 3.4-5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals somewhat obliquely ovate, obtuse or subacute, 3-5 mm. long, 2-3.2 mm. wide. Petals elliptic-oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, broadly rounded to subacute at the apex, slightly falcate, occasionally obscurely ciliate on the margins, 3-4.5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. Lip in natural position cymbiform or deeply concave, arched, spreading, with the margins revolute above the middle; when spread out subquadrate, broadest above the middle, subtruncate to subacute at the apex, 3-5 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide; disk with three parallel dotted green lines, with the center line disappearing near the center of the lip. Column white, thickened above and occasionally obscurely 3-lobed, 2-2.5 mm. long. Cranichis sylvatica differs from nearly allied species by its cymbi- form lip, which is subquadrate when spread out. Alta Verapaz: Vicinity of Secanquim, W. R. Maxon & R. Hay 3208; 3119. Trail to Secanquim, G. P. Goll 205. Chiquimula: Montana Castilla, vicinity of Montana Cebollas, along Rio Lucia, 3 miles southeast of Quezaltepeque, Steyermark 31271. At base of trees, summit of cloud forest, Montana Nonoja, 3-5 miles east of Camotan, Steyermark 31701. Zacapa: Bordering Quebrada Ale- jandria, summit of Sierra de las Minas, vicinity of Finca Alejandria, Steyermark 29849. Cranichis Wageneri Reichb. f. Linnaea 41: 19. 1876. C. sub- cordata Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 2: 130. 1906 (type: Guatemala, auf einem alten Baumstamme bei Pansamala, January, 1887, H. von Turckheim 1113). AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 87 In wet woods in leaf mold or on rotten stumps, rarely upon trees, in moist thickets and on rocky banks, up to 1,650 meters alt. Un- common in the West Indies, Mexico, through Central America to Colombia and Venezuela. Plant glabrous below, sparingly pubescent above, 1.2-3 dm. tall. Leaves basal, subsessile or with a short petiole; lamina ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, broadly rounded to subcordate at the base, somewhat oblique, 2.5-11.5 cm. long, 2-6.2 cm. wide; petiole 0.8-5.5 cm. long. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 5-6 mm. long. Flowers greenish white or reddish brown, with pedicel- late ovaries that are 6-8 mm. long. Sepals ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-4.2 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Petals linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate along the margins, somewhat falcate, 3-4 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide. Lip in natural position arched, deeply concave-channeled, incurved at the apex, subsessile or with a short, broad claw, when spread out subcordate to narrowly ovate, acute or acuminate, rarely narrowly obtuse, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide near the base; disk with three parallel green or brownish stripes, the mid- stripe disappearing near the center of the lip, the lateral stripes producing several retrorse secondary stripes. Column about 1.5 mm. long. Cranichis Wageneri is distinctive in that its floral segments are narrowly acuminate and the narrowly lanceolate petals are copiously ciliate. The stripe design on the disk of the lip is also helpful in determining the species. Chiquimula: Volcan Ipala, near Amatillo, Steyermark 30497. . 13. PONTHIEVA R. Br. Terrestrial, scapose herbs with fleshy or somewhat fibrous roots and basal leaves that are subsessile or long-petioled, glabrous to pilose. Inflorescence a lax or subdense raceme of small flowers. Dorsal sepal and petals often adherent at the apex. Sepals free or the lateral ones slightly united at the base, spreading. Petals attached above the middle of the column, very oblique, spreading. Lip on the upper side of the flower, adnate to the column by its unguiculate base, abruptly dilated and ascending. Column short; anther one, two-celled; pollinia four, powdery-granular. Capsule suberect, ovoid or ellipsoid. In this genus there are about twenty-five species that are found in the warmer regions of the Western Hemisphere from southeastern Virginia to Chile, including Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. 1. Entire plant (including leaves) densely glandular- villose P. maculala. 1. Entire plant not as above; leaves glabrous or nearly so. 2. Lip auriculate or auriculate-cordate at the base. 3. Petals attached to the apex of the column, transversely falciform. P. Tuerckheimii. 3. Petals attached below the middle of the column, obliquely ovate-triangular. P. parvula. 88 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 2. Lip not auriculate or cordate at the base. 4. Lip triangular or suborbicular, terminated by an obtuse or acute apicule. 5. Lip more than 4 mm. long, ecallose at the base of the disk; petals mostly ciliate along the margins P. racemosa. 5. Lip less than 3.8 mm. long, with a pair of small calli at the base of the disk; petals not ciliate along the margins P. Ephippium. 4. Lip elliptic or conspicuously 3-lobed above the middle. 6. Lip about 6 mm. long P. pulchella. 6. Lip 4 mm. or less long P. triloba. Ponthieva Ephippium Reichb. f. Linnaea 28: 382. 1856. In very damp and shaded soil and in grass under pine trees, up to 2,500 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Panama. Plant slender, glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above, 1-3.7 dm. tall. Leaves basal, with short, winged petioles, ovate to oblong-obovate, acute, 3-12 cm. long (including petiole), 2-3.8 cm. wide. Raceme of few or many scattered flowers, 4-15 cm. long. Bracts elliptic, acute or apiculate, about 1 cm. long. Flowers white, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 1-2 cm. long. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 6.5-7 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals broadly ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, somewhat oblique, glandular-pubescent on the outer surface, 6.2-7 mm. long, 3.5-4 mm. wide. Petals semihastate-triangular, obtuse, with a short claw, sinuate along the outer margin, 4-6 mm. long (including the claw), about 2.5 mm. wide at the base. Lip with a short, laterally winged claw, triangular to suborbicular- quadrate, truncate or subtruncate and obtusely apiculate at the apex, maculate, entire lip 3-3.5 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide; apicule about 1 mm. long; disk with 2 small calli at the base. Column short, about 2.5 mm. long. Capsule obliquely fusiform, about 12 mm. long. Ponthieva Ephippium is closely allied to P. triloba, from which it is distinguished by its more orbiculate lip and by the prominently hastate base of the petals. Santa Rosa: Cenaguilla, Heyde & Lux 3865. Ponthieva maculata Lindl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 15: 385. 1845. Epiphytic on trees or occasionally terrestrial in damp forests, up to 2,500 meters alt. Widespread but not common in Mexico, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. Plant glandular- villose throughout, up to 3 dm. tall; roots thick, fleshy, fasciculate. Leaves basal, sessile or petiolate, ovate-lanceolate to oblanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute to shortly acuminate, 7-28 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide. Raceme laxly flowered, up to 12 cm. long. Floral bracts elliptic-lanceolate, acumi- nate, concave, 1-2 cm. long. Flowers large for the genus, variously colored. Sepals and petals bronze-colored. Sepals glandular on the inner surface; dorsal AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 89 sepal elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute, 9-13 mm. long, about 5 mm. wide; lateral sepals broadly elliptic to suborbicular, obtuse to broadly rounded at the apex, somewhat oblique, 9-12 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide. Petals with a short claw, obliquely ovate-elliptic, obtuse, 7-9 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide at base of lamina. Lip small, fleshy, subsessile, scoop-shaped, dark red or greenish red marked with white or cream-color, 2-4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide when spread open, when spread out subquadrate to obovate and apiculate, with a sulcate thickening at the base. Column clavate, about 4 mm. long. Capsule ellipsoid, 1.5-2 cm. long. This species may be distinguished from other species of Ponthieva found in Guatemala by its densely glandular-pubescent leaves, stem and inflorescence. No specimen has been seen from Guatemala. However, since its area of distribution includes Guatemala, it is included here. There is no doubt that with further exploration it will be found to occur in our region. Ponthieva parvula Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 394. 1912 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, in rupium fissuris prope Coban, December, 1879, H. von Turckheim 484). In rock crevices, up to 1,600 meters alt. Guatemala. Plant small, erect, glabrous below, sparsely glandular-puberulent above, 7.5-9 cm. tall. Leaves several, basal, with a short petiole; lamina elliptic, obtuse to subacute, rounded at the base, 1.6-1.9 cm. long, 0.5-0.7 cm. wide; petiole about 7 mm. long. Raceme few-flowered. Bracts ovate, acuminate. Flowers small, erect-spreading or suberect. Sepals glabrous, about 2.75 mm. long; dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, obtuse; lateral sepals obliquely ovate-triangular, obtuse. Petals with a short subduplicate claw, very oblique at the base, ovate-triangular, obtuse or broadly rounded at the apex, conspicuously dilated at the base on the outer margin, about 2.7 mm. long (including the claw). Lip with a short linear claw, suborbicular, with a small obtuse, recurved lobe at the apex, auriculate-cordate at the base, concave at the base of the disk, lateral margins upturned or involute, about as long as the petals, about 2.25 mm. wide at the middle. Column short. Capsule small, clavate, glandular-puberulent, about 4 mm. long. This species is recognizable by its small flowers and the conspic- uous auriculate-cordate base of the lip. Ponthieva parvula is represented only by the type collection from Guatemala. Ponthieva pulchella Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 196. 1918 (type: Guatemala, ad rupes, Sta. Eulalia, Sierra Madre, September, 1876, Bernoulli & Cario 667). Terrestrial at high elevations, up to 3,700 meters alt. Apparently endemic to Guatemala. FIG. 24. Ponthieva racemosa. Plant (X 1). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 90 FIG. 25. Ponthieva racemosa. Plant (X M)J 1 dorsal sepal (X 2); 2, flower, partly spread out (X 2); 3, lateral sepal (X 2); 4, lip, spread open (X 2); 5, column (a, anther; s, stigma), side view (X 8). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 91 92 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Plant erect, glabrous below, sparsely glandular-pilose above, 1.2-2.7 dm. tall. Leaves basal, spreading, ovate to elliptic, obtuse to shortly acuminate, tapering or rounded at the base, up to 10 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide. Raceme lax, 6-10- flowered, up to 7 cm. long. Floral bracts elliptic, acute to acuminate, about 1 cm. long. Flowers white or yellowish green. Sepals 6-9 mm. long, up to 4.5 mm. wide, the outer surface glandular-pilose; dorsal sepal lanceolate-ligulate to elliptic, obtuse to subacute; lateral sepals obliquely rhomboid-ovate, obtuse. Petals with a narrow linear claw, obliquely triangular-ovate, obtuse, with the outer margin slightly undulate and conspicuously dilated at the base, 6-7 mm. long, 3 mm. wide at the widest point. Lip with a narrow linear claw, suberect, broadly elliptic, more or less 3-lobed at the apex, the lateral margins upcurved, concave at the base of the disk, 6 mm. long (including the claw), 2.75-4 mm. wide; mid-lobe about 1.5 mm. long and wide, obtuse, thick. Capsule glandular-pilose, about 1 cm. long. Ponthieva pulchella is very closely allied to P. Mandonii Reichb. f., a South American species. It is probable that when additional material of this species is available for study this concept will be reduced to P. Mandonii. Huehuetenango: Between Tojquia and Caxin bluff, summit of Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 50191. Cerro Canana, between Nucapuxlac and Canana, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 49069. Ponthieva racemosa (Walt.) Mohr, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 6: 460. 1901. Arethusa racemosa Walt. Fl. Carol. 222. 1788. Pon- thieva guatemalensis Reichb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. 63. 1866 (type: Guatemala, in einer Barranca bei Guatemala, January 16, 1857, Wendland 243). Figures 24, 25. In shady wet barrancas, loamy slopes in forests, on damp cliffs and along stream banks in woods, up to 2,000 meters alt. A wide- spread and common species from Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana and Texas throughout the West Indies, Mexico and Central America to northern South America. Plant erect, scapose, 1.3-6 dm. tall; scape and inflorescence glandular-pubes- cent, reddish brown, purplish or purplish-green. Leaves mostly in a basal rosette, oblong-elliptic, obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse or subacute, subsessile or long- petioled, glaucous on the lower surface, 2-17 cm. long (including the wide petiole), 1-5.5 cm. wide. Raceme lax, 5-24 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 5-9 mm. long. Flowers white- green, marked with green, with rather stout ascending pedicellate ovaries that are 1-2.2 cm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to sub- acute, 3.8-7.5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals broadly ovate to ovate- oblong, oblique, obtuse to acute, 4.3-8 mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide. Petals with a slender claw, obliquely triangular to semicordate, incurved, dilated on the outer margin at the base, constricted near the apex, obtuse to subacute, mostly ciliate, 4-8 mm. long, 1.5-5 mm. wide at the base. Lip with a short claw, suborbicular, AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 93 concave-saccate with the lateral margins upturned, terminated by a linear obtuse to acute apical lobe, with an obscure linear median crest on the disk, 4-7.5 mm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide (when spread out); claw 1-2 mm. long. Column 2-4.5 cm. long, curved. Capsule ellipsoid, 8-13 mm. long, about 5 mm. in diameter. Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim 1786, 14. On limestone rocks, between Coban and Finca Chimote, near Rubeltein, Steyermark 44163. Amatitlan: Frajanes, Heyde & Lux 6249. Pacaya, J. R. Johnston 1398; 1574. Chimaltenango : Along road from Chimalte- nango to San Martin Jilotepeque, Standley 57920. Chiquimula: Rio Grande (Rio Concepcion), on Socorro Mountain, above Finca San Jose", southeast of Concepcion de las Minas, Steyermark 31131. Guatemala: Along road between Guatemala and San Raimundo, Standley 63009. Barranca de las Vacas, near Guatemala, Standley 59546. Jalapa: Mountains about Chahuite, northwest of Jalapa, Standley 77483 (in part). Santa Rosa: Heyde & Lux 6255. Ponthieva triloba Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 25. 1910 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, in rupium fissuris prope Xucanel, December, 1877, H. von Turckheim 14). On wooded slopes and mossy rocks on brushy hillsides, up to 2,500 meters alt. This species has been found only in Guatemala, where it is rare. Plant glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above, slender, ascending, 1.2- 3.7 dm. tall. Leaves basal, sessile or essentially so, elliptic or elliptic-oblanceolate, subobtuse or acute, 3-12 cm. long, 1.5-3.2 cm. wide. Raceme asymmetrical, few-flowered, 3.5-8 cm. long. Bracts tubular, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-8 cm. long. Flowers white, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 1-1.5 cm. long. Sepals sparingly pilose on the outer surface and margins; dorsal sepal elliptic, narrowly obtuse or subacute, 4.5-6 mm. long, 2.2-2.5 mm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely ovate or broadly ovate-lanceolate, subobtuse or acute, 4.5-6.5 mm. long, 2.8-3.5 mm. wide. Petals with a short claw, semideltoid or obliquely triangular-lanceolate, asymmetrically obtuse or acute, 5-6.5 mm. long (including the claw), about 2.2 mm. wide across the base. Lip conspicuously 3-lobed above the middle, the entire lip 2.5-4 mm. long, 3.2-4 mm. wide across the lateral lobes; mid-lobe linear, obtuse or acute, 1-1.5 mm. long; lateral lobes spreading, sub- quadrate, with a truncate apex. Column about 3 mm. long. Capsule ovoid, prominently ribbed, about 12 mm. long. Alta Verapaz: Felsspalten, bei Coban, Turckheim 2070. Hue- huetenango: Between Canquintic and Subajasun, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 51784. On bank, trail between Demo- cracia and Santa Ana Huista, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyer- mark 51290. Quich^ : Nebaj, A. F. Skutch 1898. Near Chichi- castenango, F. W. Hunnewell 14668. Jose Ignacio Aguilar 1512. 94 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Ponthieva Tuerckheimii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 47. 1906 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, near Pansamala, July, 1886, H. von Turckheim 966). Figure 26. In forests in leaf mold, up to 2,500 meters alt. Rather rare in Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica. Plant slender or stout, 2.1-6 dm. tall; scape glandular-pilose. Leaves basal, glabrous, with slender scarious- winged petioles; lamina ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, oblique, subtruncate or rounded at the base, margins undulate, 3-11.3 cm. long, 1.3-4 cm. wide; petioles 1-10 cm. long. Raceme lax, elongate, many-flowered, 5-25 cm. long. Bracts tubular, elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 7-10 mm. long. Flowers rather large, white and brown, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are 1.5-2 cm. long. Sepals sparingly glandular-pilose on the outer surface and margins; dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, 6-8.2 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide; lateral sepals often united as much as 3 mm. at the base, very oblique, cymbiform or semiorbicular in outline, beak-like at the con- stricted apex, involute along the dorsal margins, 6-10 mm. long, about 6 mm. wide. Petals attached near the apex of the column, transversely falciform, obtuse at the two ends, about 3.5 mm. long (including the claw), 4-5.5 mm. wide. Lip small, with a short thick claw, S-shaped, liguliform, obtuse to subacute, with two lateral falcate-ensiform auricles at the base, concave at the base, conspicuously constricted and deflexed above the middle, 3.5-4 mm. long (including the deflexed apex). Column slender, arcuate, about 4 mm. long. Capsule slender, densely glandular-pilose, about 1.5 cm. long. According to Harry Johnson, the Indians have the idea that the seeds of this species are carried up into trees where they become different plants with yellow flowers. Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim 2338B. Road Chama to Coban, Harry Johnson 492. Huehuetenango: Cerro Huitz, between Miman- huitz and Yulhuitz, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48600. 14. SPIRANTHES L. C. Rich. Small or occasionally large terrestrial or epiphytic herbs with fleshy or tuberous roots that are usually fasciculate. Stem usually concealed by leaf-sheaths or bracts. Leaves basal, cauline or both, often absent at time of flowering. Sepals free; dorsal sepal usually erect and forming a galea with the petals; lateral sepals erect or spreading, affixed to the summit of the ovary, more or less decurrent on the ovary to form a free or usually adnate mentum. Petals narrow and usually adherent to the dorsal sepal. Lip sessile or clawed, plain, concave or gibbous, simple or lobed, adherent to the column in most of the species, ecallose or callose, FIG. 26. Ponthieva Tuerckheimii. Plant (X 1); 1, flower, front-side view ( X 4) ; 2, dorsal sepal (X 4) ; 3, lip, front-side view (about X 10) ; 4, lip, column, and petals (showing their attachment to the column; about X 7). Drawn by Blanche Ames. A. 3 vr \ P0NTHIEVA 95 96 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 in some species bicaudate at the base. Column terete; clinandrium often mem- branaceous and conspicuous, often continued into the rostellum; rostellum various, inconspicuous to very pronounced, truncate to lobed or aristate; anther dorsal, erect, sessile or stipitate; pollinia two, powdery or granular, usually attenuated at one end. Spiranthes is a highly technical genus comprising a complex and variable assemblage of plants. A large number of specific segregates have been proposed as well as a goodly number of generic segregates. Formerly, the Spiranthinae have been divided into four major genera Spiranthes, Pelexia, Sarcoglottis and Stenorrhynchus. In this work, all have been brought together under the first genus. The primary reason for doing this was to avoid the arbitrary relegation of a number of the species to one genus or another. Also, in the making of the key to the species no attempt has been made to group the species under the above names (with a subgeneric status) since it was necessary to trace several species through more than one branch of the key. This was compulsory to avoid confusion and to facilitate the identification of the species. Although Spiranthes is not the largest genus in Guatemala it is by far one of the most difficult to interpret. In its distribution it is world-wide, being circumboreal and represented from the Arctic to near the Antarctic regions. As considered here, there are approxi- mately 150 species in the genus. 1. Lateral sepals free or essentially so, obliquely inserted or shortly decurrent on the ovary, at most forming a very shallow sac; column-foot short or indis- tinct; flowers usually small. 2. Lip marked in the middle on the lower half with cinnabar-red. 3. Flowers more than 1.5 cm. long. 4. Sepals and petals obtuse to acute; plant aphyllous, from a solitary tuber, developing tuber-bearing stolons S. stolonifera. 4. Sepals and petals long-acuminate; plant leafy below, from a cluster of fusiform-thickened roots, not developing tuber-bearing stolons. S. hyemalis. 3. Flowers less than 1 cm. long. 5. Lip deeply constricted just above the middle to form a suborbicular lobule, 6 mm. or more long S. parasitica. 5. Lip entire or obscurely constricted near the apex, less than 6 mm. long. 6. Lip ovate to ovate-elliptic, with an inconspicuous auricle on each side at the base, 4-5 mm. long S. rubrocalosa. 6. Lip oblong or oblong-elliptic, rounded at the base, 3.3-4 mm. long. S. minutiflora. 2. Lip not marked in the middle on the lower half with cinnabar-red. 7. Lamina of lip not conspicuously lobed or constricted above, sometimes from a rather broad linear-sagittate base. 8. Lip elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, mostly acuminate; sepals commonly very thin and tenuous S. polyantha. 8. Lip not as above, at most subacute; sepals not noticeably thin and tenuous. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 97 9. Lip from a broad base, ovate to triangular-ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 10. Stem concealed by whitish scarious tubular sheaths; spike densely flowered, pyramidal; floral bracts reddish brown. .S. pyramidalis. 10. Stem provided with greenish tubular sheaths ; spike laxly or densely flowered, not pyramidal; floral bracts not reddish brown. 11. Basal callosities of lip slender, acuminate; leaves (when present) basal, with a slender petiole, elliptic S. costaricensis. 11. Basal callosities of lip stout, fleshy; leaves (when present) basal or scattered on the stem, filiform to narrowly lanceolate. 12. Rachis and ovary densely pubescent with reddish hairs; leaves usually present at time of flowering, narrowly lanceo- late S. vernalis. 12. Rachis and ovary nearly glabrous; leaves rarely present at time of flowering, filiform S. tortilis. 9. Lip oblong to oblanceolate or slightly constricted above or from a narrow base and dilated above into an ovate lamina. 13. Lip oblong to oblanceolate; leaves absent at time of flowering. S. Llaveana. 13. Lip ovate above; leaves present at time of flowering . . S. seminuda. 7. Lamina of lip conspicuously constricted or dilated above, more or less panduriform. 14. Lip from a narrow base or broadest above the middle. 15. Lip linear-oblong below, abruptly dilated at the apex to form a suborbicular plate; petals filiform-spatulate S. amabilis. 15. Lip constricted above or about the middle, oblanceolate in outline; petals linear-oblanceolate S. Llaveana var. violacea. 14. Lip from a broad base, usually but not always broader at the base than above the middle. 16. Lamina of lip orbicular, constricted above to form a small lobule at the apex; flowers less than 3.5 mm. long S. guyanensis. 16. Lamina of lip not orbicular; flowers more than 3.5 mm. long. 17. Basal callosities of lip rather prominent, directed backwards. 18. Petals linear; callosities of lip slender, acuminate; plants ; terrestrial S. costaricensis. , 18. Petals linear-oblanceolate; callosities of lip stout, more or less incurved; plants usually epiphytic. 19. Flowers not cleistogamous; inflorescence about as long as the leaves, not secund S. prasophylla. 19. Flowers cleistogamous; inflorescence much exceeding the leaves, secund S. prasophylla var. cleistogama. 17. Basal callosities of lip inconspicuous, mammillate, more or less submarginal and erect. 20. Lip with a conspicuously dilated lobule at the apex. . . .S. elata. 20. Lip without a conspicuously dilated lobule at the apex. S. cranichoides. 1. Lateral sepals long-decurrent on the ovary; column-foot apparently elongate and subequal to the length of the column or longer; flowers usually but not always large. 21. Lateral sepals connate at the base to form a short distinct spur with a free acute mentum at the base, noticeably spreading and divergent from the other floral segments. 22. Lip less than 1.3 cm. long S. adnata. 22. Lip more than 1.3 cm. long. 23. Sepals and petals obtuse to subacute; lateral sepals 2.5 mm. or more wide, conspicuously arcuate-recurved; lip with an oblong flat apicu- late auricle on each side at the base . . . . S. Funckiana. 98 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 23. Sepals and petals acuminate; lateral sepals less than 2.5 mm. wide, projecting downward and outward; lip with a thickened mammillate semiterete callus on each side at the base . . S. Funckiana var. olivacea. 21. Lateral sepals not connate into a distinct free spur, though sometimes with a blunt saccate base adnate to the ovary, not noticeably spreading and divergent from the other floral segments. 24. Lateral sepals free almost to the base, forming a distinct short mentum; rostellum a long awl-shaped rigid bristle-like point. 25. Flowers orange-colored to orange-red or orange-red and yellow; leaves more or less scattered on the stem, usually present at time of flowering. 26. Floral bracts broad, foliaceous, densely pubescent, more than 2.7 cm. long; sepals and lip obtuse to subacute; flowers orange-colored to orange-red S. aurantiaca. 26. Floral bracts narrow, not foliaceous, sparingly pubescent, less than 2.7 cm. long; sepals and lip acute to acuminate; flowers orange-red and yellow S. cinnabarina. 25. Flowers white to purple-red; leaves in a basal rosette, sometimes absent at time of flowering. 27. Flowers less than 8 mm. long S. Tonduzii. 27. Flowers more than 8 mm. long. 28. Floral bracts scarious, conspicuously striate; inflorescence slender, less than 4 cm. in diameter. 29. Floral bracts brown-striate; petals more than 1 cm. long. S. eriophora. 29. Floral bracts purplish-striate; petals less than 1 cm. long. S. obtecta. 28. Floral bracts red or spotted with red; inflorescence stout, 4 cm. or more in diameter. 30. Lip acute to obtuse-apiculate; floral bracts exceeding the flowers. S. speciosa. 30. Lip acuminate; floral bracts much shorter than the flowers. S. orchioides. 24. Lateral sepals not forming a distinct mentum, at most produced at the base into a slight swelling; rostellum either bifid or extended into a blunt point. 31. Lip marked in the middle on the lower half with cinnabar-red; flowers small. 32. Lip deeply constricted just above the middle to form a suborbicular lobule, 6 mm. or more long S. parasitica. 32. Lip entire or obscurely constricted near the apex, less than 6 mm. long. 33. Lip ovate to ovate-elliptic, with an inconspicuous auricle on each side at the base, 4-5 mm. long S. rubrocalosa. 33. Lip oblong or oblong-elliptic, rounded at the base, 3.3-4 mm. long S. minutiflora. 31. Lip not marked in the middle on the lower half with cinnabar-red; flowers usually large. 34. Sepals 1.5 cm. or more long; lip 2 cm. or more long. 35. Flowers fewer than ten or if more with orbiculate subsessile leaves at the base of the stem; apical lobe of lip triangular-ovate. 36. Lip mostly much exceeding 2.5 cm. in length; leaves absent at time of flowering, when present elliptic and petiolate from the base of the plant S. pauciflora. 36. Lip mostly less than 2.5 cm. long; leaves usually present at time of flowering, orbiculate, subsessile, forming a rosette at base of stem . . . . S. rosulata. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 99 35. Flowers more than ten; leaves always elliptic and petiolate from base of stem; apical lobe of lip orbicular to broadly ovate or cordate. 37. Apical lobe of lip orbicular, more than 1.2 cm. wide. .S. cerina. 37. Apical lobe of lip broadly ovate to cordate, less than 1.2 cm. wide. 38. Lip below the constriction oblanceolate S, acaulis. 38. Lip below the constriction lanceolate . S. acaulis var. assurgens. 34. Sepals less than 1.5 cm. long; lip less than 2 cm. long. 39. Leaves scattered on the stem, linear-lanceolate, present at time of flowering; lip suborbicular to broadly flabellate. .S. sarcoglossa. 39. Leaves in a basal rosette, elliptic, often absent at time of flowering; lip not suborbicular or flabellate. 40. Plant small, rarely up to 15 cm. tall; flowers usually fewer than ten; petals narrowly linear, acute to subacuminate. 41. Lip scarcely if at all constricted near the apex.S. trilineata. 41. Lip conspicuously constricted near the apex to form a sub- orbicular lobule at the apex S. trilineata var. thelymitra. 40. Plant large, rarely below 25 cm. tall when mature; flowers usually many more than ten; petals oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute. 42. Inflorescence densely flowered; stem concealed by imbricating scarious-brown spathaceous sheaths; floral bracts large, con- spicuous S. hemichrea. 42. Inflorescence laxly flowered; stem provided with reddish- tinged sheaths; floral bracts usually small and inconspicuous. S. Schaffneri. Spiranthes acaulis (J. E. Sm.) Cogn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 221. 1895. Neottia acaulis J. E. Sm. Exot. Bot. 2: 91, t. 105. 1806. Sarcoglottis picta (Anders.) Klotz. Allgem. Gartenz. 10: 106. 1842. In dense jungles, open pine forests or open places in moist soil, up to 950 meters alt. Widespread and rather common in the West Indies, Mexico and Central America; also Colombia and Trinidad. Plant rather stout, glabrous below, pubescent above with articulated hairs, 1.8-5.7 dm. tall; stem reddish or yellowish brown. Leaves basal, rosulate, with short winged petioles, 5.5-37 cm. long (including the petiole); lamina elliptic- oblong to oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, tapering at the base into the petiole, usually silver-striped, 2.5-8 cm. wide. Spike loosely few- or many-flowered, 6-36 cm. long, 3-9 cm. in diameter. Bracts ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, concave, 1.7-4 cm. long. Flowers arcuate-recurved, white striped with green. Sepals coarsely and sparingly pubescent on the outer surface; dorsal sepal oblong- lanceolate, obtuse or subacute and recurved at the apex, concave below, 1.8-2.8 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide; lateral sepals (free portion) linear, obtuse or acute, strongly falcate and reflexed, 2-2.5 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. Petals linear-oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute, sigmoid, gradually narrowed below the middle, 2-2.7 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Lip longitudinally channeled below, constricted near the apex and then expanded into an apical lobule and recurved at the apex, when spread out oblanceolate to oblanceolate-spatulate, 2.3-4 cm. long, 8-11 mm. wide at the widest point; lower portion below the constriction oblanceolate, sagittate, pubes- 100 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 cent below and with two slender-cuspidate incurved lateral callosities that are 2-4 mm. long; apical lobule cordate or broadly ovate, obtuse, broadly rounded or emarginate at the apex, with the margins undulate and deflexed. Column 1-1.3 cm. long; rostellum shallowly emarginate. Spiranthes acaulis is variable in the size of the flowers and in the shape of the lip. This has resulted in numerous interpretations of the various collections. As a result the synonymy of this species comprises a formidable list. Chiquimula: Upper slopes of Montana Tajuran, in vicinity of El Barriol, Steyermark 30764. El Progreso: Sierra de las Minas, between Tulumajillo and Finca Montanita in foothills, Steyermark 43361. Pete"n: San Clemente, Bartlett 12119. Retalhuleu: Rio Coyote, along road 4 km. west of Retalhuleu, Standley 87453. Santa Rosa: Hills east of Cuilapa, along the stream supplying the city water, Standley 78160. Verapaz, Klaboch. Spiranthes acaulis (J. E. Sm.) Cogn. var. assurgens (Reichb. f.) Correll, Lloydia 10: 209. 1947. Spiranthes assurgens Reichb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. 66. 1866 (type: Guatemala, Oratorio, Jan. 5, 1857, Wendland). Spiranthes picta (Anders.) Lindl. var. assurgens (Reichb. f.) Ames & Correll, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10: 67. 1942. Variety assurgens is represented only by the type collection. The only dis- tinctive difference separating it from the typical form is the shape of the lip, which is broad at the base and gradually narrowed above to the apical lobule. The portion below the constriction is thus lanceolate instead of being oblanceolate as in the typical form of the species. The apical lobule of the lip of variety as- surgens is also sagittiform, while that of S. acaulis is cordate or broadly ovate. Spiranthes adnata (Spreng.) Benth. ex Fawc. Flor. PI. Jam. 40. 1893. Satyrium adnatum Sw. Prodr. 118. 1788. Terrestrial in damp forests, up to 1,000 meters alt. Mexico, British Honduras and the West Indies; also Venezuela. Plant slender, up to 6.5 dm. tall; roots large, fleshy, fasciculate. Scape glabrous below, pubescent above, provided with several somewhat inflated tubular acumi- nate sheaths. Leaves several, basal, with a long slender petiole, broadly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute; lamina up to 12 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, slightly oblique; petiole sulcate, about as long as the lamina. Spike pubescent, laxly many-flowered, up to 20 cm. long. Floral bracts linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, about as long as or longer than the pubescent pedicellate ovary. Flowers erect- spreading, about 1.5 cm. long from the apex of the dorsal sepal to the tip of the spur. Sepals greenish, the free part 6-8.5 mm. long; dorsal sepal broadly elliptic, obtuse, deeply concave, about 4 mm. wide; lateral sepals linear-oblanceolate, acute, spreading, oblique, united at the base and produced into a spur, about AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 101 2 mm. wide above the middle. Petals white, narrowly oblanceolate, acute, adherent to the dorsal sepal, 8-8.5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide above the middle. Lip white, linear-spatulate in outline, sagittate at the base, constricted near the apex, up to 11.5 mm. long; below the constriction linear-spatulate, concave, pubescent on the inner surface on the linear portion; above the constriction semiorbicular to reniform, pleated on the margins, fleshy and strongly decurved in natural position, 2-3 mm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide; basal callosities fleshy, flattened, about 2 mm. long. Spur adnate to the ovary almost to its apex, free for about 1 mm. Column clavate, about 6 mm. long. Capsule obliquely ellipsoid, 6-keeled, about 1.5 cm. long. No specimen has been seen from Guatemala. However, on the basis of its occurrence in British Honduras and hence its probable occurrence in Guatemala it is included here. Spiranthes amabilis Ames, Sched. Orch. 2: 8. 1923 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Coban, May, 1907, H . von Turck- heim II 1787). In moist soil of mountain forests, up to 1,350 meters alt. A very rare species that has been found only in Guatemala, Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico. Plant small, slender; scape with four or five sheath-like bracts, glabrous below, glandular-puberulent above, 6.5-21 cm. tall. Leaves basal, with slender petioles; lamina ovate, acute, subtruncate at the base, 1.5-3 cm. long, up to 1.7 cm. wide; petiole 1-2.5 cm. long. Raceme few-flowered (2-5). Bracts linear- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, scarious, erect, about 12 mm. long. Flowers yellowish white or greenish white. Dorsal sepal linear-oblong, obtuse or broadly rounded at the apex, concave at the base, adherent to the petals, 7-8 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals narrowly linear from a slightly dilated base, obtuse to acute, translucent, spreading, 8-8.5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. Petals fili- form-spatulate, acute, rather coarsely crenate-dentate on the upper margin, 6.5- 8.5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide near the apex. Lip linear-oblong, 7-9 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide at the middle, rounded at the base and abruptly contracted into the short claw, apical fourth expanded into a broadly reniform-suborbicular plate that is about 2 mm. long and 3-4 mm. wide; disk 5-nerved on the linear portion, the 3 central nerves extending into the apical plate, with an inconspicuous papilliform callus on each side at the base, the apical plate provided with minute papillae and a tuft of hair on the lower portion. Column slender below, abruptly dilated above the middle into an ovate-lanceolate acute plate, hispid on the anterior surface, 5-6 mm. long. Spiranthes amabilis is closely allied to S. elata, but differs from it in the much smaller and fewer-flowered raceme and differently formed lip with obsolete calli. Guatemala: Woods near San Rafael, Margaret Ward Lewis 164. 102 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Spiranthes aurantiaca (Llave & Lex.) Hemsl. in Godm. & Salvin, Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 300. 1885. Neottia aurantiaca Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr. 2: 2. 1825. On grassy slopes, in wet ground among rocks, meadows and shady soil in barrancas and wooded slopes, up to 2,500 meters alt. Common in Mexico and Guatemala. Plant stout, glabrous below, copiously pubescent above the uppermost leaf with brown articulated hairs, 3-10 cm. tall; stem leafy, bright green. Leaves strongly clasping and sheathing the stem, orbicular-ovate, elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, the margins undulate, bright green, succu- lent, 7-25 cm. long, 4.5-8.5 mm. wide. Spike loosely flowered, 8-25 cm. long, 5-7 cm. in diameter; rachis and flowers densely pubescent. Bracts large, foliaceous- membranous, orange-yellow, elliptic-oblong, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 3-6 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide. Flowers large, tubular, spreading at the apex, orange or orange-red. Sepals broadly or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, 2-2.5 cm. long, 5.5-7 mm. wide; lateral sepals involute above the middle. Petals obliquely linear-ligulate, obtuse, recurved at the apex, 2-2.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Lip sessile, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, saccate at the base, 1.9-2.5 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide below the middle; disk puberulent below, adorned with two flat thickened submarginal calli on each side at the base. Column clavate, about 1 cm. long; rostellum bristle-like, terete below, becoming flat above, 7-8 mm. long. This plant is used for adornment and is commonly known as "ajan-wetch," and "tzcho-kan." Chimaltenango: Between Chimaltenango and San Martin, Porter 13. Huehuetenango: Cerro Pixpix, above San Ildefonso Ixtahuacan, Steyermark 50628. Along Rio Azul, below Jacaltenango, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 51866. Between Chacula and Can- quitic, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 51774. Santa Rosa: Santa Rosa, Heyde &Lux 6241. Sacatepe"quez : San Juan, Margaret Ward Lewis 146. Guatemala, plains, Hayes. Spiranthes cerina (W. Baxt.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28: Misc. p. 20. 1842 (type: Guatemala, Mount of Salania, Hartweg). Sarcoglottis cerina W. Baxt. in Loud. Hort. Brit. Suppl. 3: 634. 1839. On cliffs by waterfalls, up to 1,100 meters alt. Very rare in Mexico and Guatemala. Plant rather stout, pubescent with white articulated hairs, the whole plant, including the flowers, flecked with silver spots, about 4.5 dm. tall; stem yellowish or olive brown. Leaves basal, appearing about 2 months after flowering, sessile, elliptic-oblong to broadly oblanceolate, abruptly acute, 15-30 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide. Spike loosely few-flowered, about 15 cm. long and 6 cm. in diameter. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, concave-incurved, 2-2.5 cm. long. Flowers arcuate- recurved, dull olive-brown on the outside, bright greenish yellow within, with the AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 103 lower part of the flowers and ovary glandular-pubescent. Dorsal sepal oblong- lanceolate, obtuse to subtruncate-retuse at the apex, longitudinally concave, 1.5-1.9 cm. long, 5.5-7 mm. wide. Lateral sepals (free part) elliptic-oblong, obtuse, strongly falcate and reflexed, 1.5-1.8 cm. long, 5.5-7 mm. wide. Petals elliptic-oblong, obtuse, tapering above and below, about 1.8 cm. long and 5 mm. wide. Lip broadly obovate to orbicular-spatulate, sagittate, obscurely 3-lobed above and retuse or broadly rounded at the apex, 2-2.5 cm. long, 1.3-1.5 cm. wide across the orbicular portion; basal portion linear, conduplicate, on each side at the base two linear-beaked callosities that are about 3 mm. long, abruptly expanded above into an orbicular obscurely 3-lobed plate; lateral lobules broadly rounded and erect, the apical lobule retuse with undulate-crenulate reflexed margins. Column about 1 cm. long; rostellum emarginate. This species is very closely allied to S. valida Ames, a Costa Rican species, from which it may be distinguished by the apical portion of the lip, which is obscurely 3-lobed and orbicular, and broadly rounded at the base into the linear portion. The lip of S. valida is narrowly cuneate-oblanceolate with three rather prominent subequal lobes at the apex. The sepals and petals of S. cerina are also much wider than those of S. valida. Amatitlan: Near Amatitlan, Margaret Ward Lewis 108. Spiranthes cinnabarina (Llave & Lex.) Hemsl. in Godm. & Salvin, Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 300. 1885. Neottia cinnabarina Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr. 2: 3. 1825. Stenorrhynchus montanus Lindl. in Benth. PL Hartw. 95. 1842 (type: Guatemala, mountains of Duenas, Hartweg}. Figure 27. On grassy hills, barren rocky mountain sides and in meadows, up to 2,400 meters alt. Rather common in western Texas, through- out Mexico and in northwestern Guatemala. Plant stout, glabrous below, pubescent above with brown or whitish articu- lated hairs, 2-9.5 dm. tall. Leaves on the lower part of the stem conduplicate, oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, subobtuse to shortly acuminate, 11-23 cm. long, 1.5-3.2 cm. wide. Spike usually short, congested, many-flowered, 4-17 cm. long, 3-6 cm. in diameter. Bracts narrowly ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, 1.2-2.5 cm. long, about 7 mm. wide. Flowers tubular, floral segments conspicuously recurved- flared at the apex, yellowish orange to yellow-scarlet. Sepals and petals minutely papillose, the sepals sparingly pubescent on the outer surface. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acuminate, 1.2-2.2 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals some- what obliquely lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate, 1.2-2.5 cm. long, 2.2-3.2 mm. wide. Petals linear-lanceolate, acute, falcate, 1.2-2.2 cm. long, about 2.5 mm. wide. Lip sessile, obovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, narrowly long-acumi- nate above the middle, 1.2-2.5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide at widest point, expanded and shallowly concave below the middle, thickened at the apex; disk puberulent on the lower part, with a marginal longitudinal flat callus on each side at the base. Column thick, papillose on the anterior surface, 6-10 mm. long; rostellum flat, slender, 2 mm. or more long. FIG. 27. Spiranthes cinnabarina. 1, plant (X M)' 2, flower, spread open (X 2H); 3, flower, side view (X 2 1 A). Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 104 SPIRANTHILS costancensis FIG. 28. Spiranthes costaricensis. Flowering plant (X %"); 1, lip, side view (X 5); 2, lip, spread out (X 5); 3, flower, side view (X 5); 4, column (X 5); 5, dorsal sepal, one lateral sepal, petals, spread out (X 5). Drawn by Eleonar B. Phillips. 105 106 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Huehuetenango: Naraccanal, Seler 2396; 2399. Chiantla, Skutch 1144. Aguacatan, Johnston 1383. Between Nenton and Las Palmas, via Yalisjao, Rincon Chiquito, Chiaquial, Guaxacana, in Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 51574. Along Aguacatan road east of Huehuetenango, at about km. 15, Standley 81949. Spiranthes costaricensis Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 214. 1855. S. bicaudata Ames, Orch., Fasc. VII: 126. 1922. Figure 28. On tree trunks and in moist shady soil of mixed forests, on mossy stumps, bushy slopes and along roadsides, usually on the lower mountain slopes up to 1,160 meters alt. Widespread in the West Indies, Mexico and Central America. Plant slender, 1.2-4.9 dm. tall; scape glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above, almost concealed by tubular-sheathing acuminate bracts. Leaves basal, with slender narrowly winged petioles; lamina obliquely elliptic-oblong or oblanceo- late, acute or acuminate, tapering at the base, 4-19 cm. long, 1.8-6 cm. wide; petiole 2-6 cm. long. Spicate raceme lax or compact, 4-23 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter. Bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate-attenuate, 9-17 mm. long. Flowers green and white, tubular, flaring at the apex, strongly fragrant of violets. Sepals sparingly glandular-pubescent on the outer surface. Dorsal sepal linear- oblong, subobtuse or acute, concave at the base, 4.5-6.5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals united for a short distance at the base to form a sac, often slightly constricted at the middle, free part linear-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, 6-7 mm. long, about 1.2 mm. wide at the middle. Petals linear, obtuse, recurved at the apex, with a conspicuous green central vein, 4-6 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lip with a short broad claw, triangular-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute and strongly decurved at the apex, abruptly narrowed above the middle, the apex with ciliate margins, with a slender acuminate callus (about 1 mm. long) on each side at the base, 4-6 mm. long (including the claw), 1-2 mm. wide below the middle, which is twice as wide as the upper half. Column short, about 3 mm. long, hispidulous on the anterior surface. Capsule ovoid, about 9 mm. long. Alta Verapaz: Pela-pec, Finca Los Alpes, Wilson 330. Pete"n: Uaxactun, jungle, Bartlett 12202. Suchitepequez : Finca Moca, Skutch 1571. Spiranthes cranichoides (Griseb.) Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Antill. 6: 338. 1909. Pelexia cranichoides Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 269. 1866. Figure 29. FIG. 29. Spiranthes cranichoides. 1, plant (X 1); 2, flower and floral bract, side view (X 4); 3, flower and floral bract, front view (X 4); 4, dorsal sepal (X 7); 5, petal (X 7) ; 6, lateral sepal (X 7) ; 7, lip, from above, spread open ( X 7) ; 8, column, side view (X 10); 9, column, front-ventral view (X 10). Original drawing by Blanche Ames; redrawn by G. W. Dillon. 107 108 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 In leaf mold, humus and on rotten logs in dense forests at low altitude. Rather common in southern Florida. Uncommon in the West Indies, Guatemala and British Honduras. Plant slender, glabrous below, pubescent above, 1.4-4.8 dm. tall; stem green- ish, yellowish or purplish, provided with loose inflated white-spotted sheaths. Leaves in a basal rosette, with short petioles; lamina obliquely ovate to ovate- oblong, acute or acuminate, often variegated or purplish beneath, 2.5-7 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide; petiole 1-4.5 cm. long. Spike loosely-flowered, 2-11 cm. long, 1.5-2.3 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts lanceolate, acuminate, maculate, semi- translucent, 8-13 mm. long. Flowers rather small. Sepals greenish, tinged with madder-purple, often flecked with white; dorsal sepal narrowly ovate-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, obtuse or acute, 4-5 mm. long; lateral sepals lanceolate, acute, 5-5.5 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide. Petals linear-spatulate, subobtuse to acute, greenish at the base and along the margins, otherwise white, 4-5 mm. long. Lip white, 3-lobed above the middle, 5-6 .mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide near the middle; the broad lateral lobes erect, clasping the column, rounded at the apex, forming with the disk a cuneate-oblong lamina; apical lobe orbicular-quadrate, subtruncate, occasionally apiculate, narrower than the lower two-thirds of the lip, 1-2 mm. long; basal lateral callosities erect, glabrous, somewhat thickened. Column 3-4 mm. long. Capsule obliquely obovoid-ellipsoid, 6-9 mm. long. Spiranthes cranichoides may be distinguished from nearly allied species, particularly S. elata, by the narrow subquadrate apical lobe of the lip, which is not expanded at the apex as in S. elata. Pete"n: Tikal, H. H. Bartlett 12614. Yaloch-El Cayo road, Bartlett 12861. Spiranthes elata (Sw.) L. C. Rich. Orch. Europ. Ann. 37. 1817 (in Me"m. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. 4: 59. 1818). Satyrium datum Sw. Prodr. 119. 1788. Figure 30. In leaf mold and loamy soil in forests and dense thickets, rarely epiphytic, up to 3,000 meters alt. Widespread in Florida, Mexico and Central and South America. Plant erect, stout or slender, glabrous below, pubescent above, 8.5-60 cm. tall; stem yellowish purple, purplish or greenish. Leaves basal, with rather long petioles; lamina oblong-elliptic, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acute to acuminate, 3-15 cm. long, 1-6 cm. wide; petiole sulcate, 1-10 cm. long. Spike loosely flowered, often unilateral, 3-22 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, maculate, 7-20 mm. long. Flowers nodding, green or brownish green. Dorsal sepal oblong to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, 4-6.5 mm. long, 1.3-1.7 mm. wide. Lateral sepals linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, somewhat falcate, 5-7.5 mm. long, 1.3-2 mm. wide near the base. Petals linear-spatulate to oblanceolate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, 4-6 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide. Lip 4-8 mm. long, the lower half oblong-quadrate with rounded corners, abruptly contracted above into a narrow isthmus and then expanding into a suborbicular, flabellate or transversely FIG. 30. Spiranthes elata. 1, plant (X K); 2, flower, side view (X 5); 3, lip, front view, spread out ( X 5) ; 4, column, side view ( X 5). Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 109 110 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 elliptic apical lobe; the basal portion of the lip concave-saccate, with the margins involute, the pair of submarginal mammillate calli white; apical lobe 2-5.3 mm. wide, as wide as or wider than the lower part of the lip, somewhat sinuately tri- dentate at the apex or curled and crenulate on the margins. Column 1.5-3 mm. long. Capsule 7-12 mm. long. Spiranthes elata and S. prasophylla are very closely allied and may, with further study, be considered only varietally distinct. However, they are at present treated as separate entities because of several points of difference. Spiranthes elata is characteristically a terrestrial species, whereas S. prasophylla is an epiphyte, or essentially so. The lips of the flowers of both species are similar except for the sub- marginal basal calli of the lip of S. elata, which are small and mammil- late, while those of S. prasophylla are rather long and incurved, resulting in the lip becoming hastate. The scape of S. prasophylla is very short, scarcely exceeding the basal leaves, while the scape of S. elata is usually quite long, being several times the length of the basal leaves. Alta Verapaz: Region of Cocola, northeast of Carcha, Standley 70318. Near San Juan Chamelco, Standley 92241. Chimaltenango: Calderas, Johnston 1577 (in part). Escuintla: Below Las Lajas, Standley 64781. Quezaltenango : Finca Pirineos, slopes of Volcan Santa Maria, between Santa Maria de Jesus and Calahuache", Steyermark 33227; 33771. Along old road between Finca Pirineos and Patzulin, Standley 86882; 87130. San Marcos: Above Finca El Porvenir, between "Todos Santos Chiquitos" and "Loma de la Paloma," south-facing slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 37284. Slopes of barrancas tributary to and bordering Rio Vega, between San Rafael at northeast portion of Volcan Tacana and Guatemala-Mexico line, Steyermark 36363 (in part). Spiranthes eriophora Robins. & Greenm. Amer. Journ. Sci. ser. 3, 1: 165. 1895. Terrestrial on dry forested slopes, usually at high elevations, up to 3,300 meters alt. Rather common in Mexico, rare in Guate- mala. Plant erect, up to 6 dm. tall; roots fleshy, fasciculate. Scape slender, pale green, glabrous below, densely woolly-pubescent above with articulated hairs, concealed by long somewhat inflated sheaths; sheaths greenish white, scarious, conspicuously brown-striate, long-acuminate. Leaves usually withering before time of flowering, when present basal, fleshy-membranaceous, usually with a petiole; lamina narrowly linear-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute, up to 30 cm. long including the petiole, up to 3 cm. wide. Spike few- to many-flowered, up to 16 cm. long, spirally arranged. Floral bracts similar to the sheaths of the scape, AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 111 much exceeding the flowers. Flowers rather large, fragrant, white or pale green with the throat of the lip orange-yellow and with a green stripe in the center, more or less ringent and nodding. Sepals pubescent on the outer surface. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, tapering to an acute to shortly acuminate apex, 1.4-1.9 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, 1.4-1.8 cm. long, 2.8-3.5 mm. wide. Petals adherent to the dorsal sepal, with a long slender claw, obliquely and shortly ovate-lanceolate above, obtuse to acute, 1.4-1.7 cm. long including the claw, 3.5-4.5 mm. wide above. Lip from an arcuate base, adherent to the column to near its apex, broadly pandu- rate to oblanceolate-pandurate in outline, 1.4-1.9 cm. long, constricted near the apex, with the lower portion obovate to broadly oblanceolate and longitudinally sulcate, with the apical portion suborbicular-ovate and broadly obtuse; lower portion below the constriction 7-9 mm. wide at the widest point, apical portion above the constriction 6-10 mm. wide, with the margins minutely erose; disk glandular-puberulent above; basal callosities obsolescent. Column large, dilated above, about 11 mm. long. El Progreso: Between Calera and summit of Volcan Siglo, Steyer- mark 43034. Solola: Volcan Santa Clara, south-facing slopes to summit, Steyermark 47010. Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, upper slopes, along Rio Repollal to summit of mountain, Steyermark 42514. Spiranthes Funckiana A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. se"r. 3, 3: 32. 1845. Pelexia Funckiana (A. Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 197. 1918, as Funkiana. P. guatemalensis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 197. 1918 (type: Guatemala, between Escamillas and Palahueco, Costa Cura, Bernoulli & Cario 627). In moist soil of very humid forests, wooded hillsides or moist savannahs, rarely epiphytic, up to 1,500 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala and Panama. Plant slender, glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above with white or brownish articulated hairs, 2.7-4.5 dm. tall; stem green or brownish green. Leaves basal, with slender petioles; lamina elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, 10-13 cm. long, 4-5.5 cm. wide; petiole 8-9.5 cm. long. Spike loosely few-flowered, 8-13 cm. long, 4-4.5 cm. in diameter. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, concave, incurved, 2-3 cm. long. Flowers rather large, suberect, spreading, green- ish white and yellowish green. Sepals sparingly pubescent on the outer surface; dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic to broadly oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute, shallowly concave, 1.6-1.9 cm. long, 4.2-5 mm. wide; lateral sepals (free part) spreading, conspicuously arcuate-recurved with the apex directed back toward the rachis, obliquely linear-ligulate to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute, 1.6-2 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Petals linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, ciliate along the outer margin, 1.5-1.9 cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide above the middle. Lip sagittate, forming a tube, oblanceolate in outline, 1.9-2.3 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide at widest point, constricted near the apex to form a suborbicular-subcordate obtuse conspicuously reflexed apical lobule with minutely undulate-crenulate margins; basal lateral auricles flat, oblong, apiculate-fleshy at the tip; disk densely pilose just above 112 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 the base; spur very short. Column 1.2-1.4 cm. long; rostellum linear, slightly denticulate at the apex. Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim 1156; II 1838. Near the Finca Sepacuite, Cook & Griggs 66. Finca Volcan, Wilson 307. Finca Los Alpes, Wilson 340. Tactic, Johnston 1853. Quezal- tenango: Slopes of Volcan Santa Maria, between Santa Maria de Jesus and Calahuache*, between Finca Pirineos and San Juan Patzulin, Steyermark 33609. Spiranthes Funckiana var. olivacea (Rolfe) Ames & Correll, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10: 66. 1942. Pelexia olivacea Rolfe, Kew Bull. 200. 1891. P. subaequalis Ames, Sched. Orch. 2: 5. 1923 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Cubilgiiitz, H. von Turckheim 7994). Terrestrial in dense wet forests, up to 1,500 meters alt. Rare in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Plant slender, glabrous below, pubescent above with brown articulated hairs, 3-6.5 dm. tall. Leaves basal, with very long slender petioles; lamina obliquely ovate-elliptic, abruptly acute or subacuminate, broadly rounded at the base, reddish brown, yellow-green or maculate, 14-17 cm. long, 6-8.5 cm. wide; petiole 14-29 cm. long. Spike cylindrical, loosely many-flowered, 9-25 cm. long, about 4 cm. in diameter. Bracts linear-filiform to linear-lanceolate, acuminate-attenuate, incurved, 1.5-3.5 cm. long. Flowers slender, suberect, spreading, greenish white and yellow. Sepals densely pubescent on the outer surface with articulated hairs; dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, concave, 1.6-1.8 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide; lateral sepals (free part) spreading, gradually curved to project downward, obliquely linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5-1.8 cm. long, 2-2.2 mm. wide. Petals obliquely linear-oblanceolate, acute to shortly acuminate, ciliate along the outer margin, 1.5-1.6 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide above the middle. Lip sagittate, forming a tube, oblanceolate in outline, slightly puberulent on the outer surface, 1.7-2 cm. long, 4.2-6 mm. wide at the widest point, constricted near the apex to form an orbicular-ovate broadly rounded mucronate reflexed apical lobule with the lateral margins upturned; callosities thickened-mammillate or semiterete and incurved near the apex, 1.5-3 mm. long; disk densely glandular- pubescent in front of the callosities. Column 1-1.2 cm. long; rostellum linear, denticulate at the apex, 1-1.5 mm. long. Variety olivacea may be distinguished from the typical form of the species by its narrower sepals and petals, which are acute or acuminate instead of being obtuse. The base of the lip of var. olivacea has thickened mammillate semiterete calli, whereas the lip of S, Funckiana has oblong flat apiculate auricles. The general aspect of the two is very similar. However, the petiole is usually longer and the leaf-lamina is usually larger in var. olivacea than in typical S. Funckiana. The position and appearance of the lateral AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 113 sepals is also helpful in separating these two entities in the field. The lateral sepals of var. olivacea are not conspicuously arcuate- recurved and directed back toward the rachis as in S. Funckiana but are gently curved and directed downward and outward. Pete"n: Forest between Finca Yalpemech along Rio San Diego and San Diego on Rio Cancuen, Steyermark 45331. Low forest between Finca Yalpemech and Chinaja, Steyermark 45440. San Marcos: Above Finca El Porvenir on "Todos Santos Chiquitos," slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 37114. Pacaya, Johnston. Spiranthes guyanensis (Lindl.) Cogn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 209. t. 47, fig. 2. 1895. Goodyera guyanensis Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PI. 494. 1840. Among grasses in fields and open pine forests, up to 1,200 meters alt. Uncommon but widespread in the West Indies, Mexico, Cen- tral America and northern South America. Plant slender, flexuose, glabrous or sparsely puberulent above, 7-22 cm. tall, with one or two fleshy, fusiform tubers; stem provided with tubular, acuminate bracts. Leaves fugacious, basal when present. Spike short, with few or many flowers, cylindrical, congested, 1.5-6 cm. long, 5-13 mm. in diameter. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate-attenuate, concave, 4-7 mm. long. Flowers minute, white. Dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic, acute or acuminate, deeply concave below the middle, about 3 mm. long, 1-1.3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely triangular-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1-1.2 mm. wide. Petal oblanceolate or linear-spatulate, rounded at the apex, 2-2.5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lip arcuate-decurved, with the lower two-thirds subrotund and concave, conspicu- ously constricted above the middle, somewhat dilated above the constriction, with slender lateral auricles on each side at the base, subtruncate at the apex, 2-2.5 mm. long, 2-2.3 mm. wide across the lower two-thirds. Column short, erect, about 1 mm. long. Izabal: Cristina, S. F. Blake 7609. Pete*n: Chiche", C. L. Lundell 3704. Spiranthes hemichrea Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PI. 473. 1840 (type: Guatemala, Skinner}. Spiranthes pulchra Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 198. 1918 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Solola, on moist rocks, San Miguelito, Bernoulli & Cario 644). Dieregyne hemichrea (Lindl.) Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37, Abt. 2: 427. 1920. D. pulchra Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37, Abt. 2: 428. 1920. Sarcoglottis hemichrea (Lindl.) Ames, Sched. Orch. 2: 9. 1923. On moist rocks and stones and in rich humus of forests, rarely epiphytic, up to 1,600 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala and Salvador. 114 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Plant erect, rather stout, glabrous, 3.3-7 dm. tall; stem concealed by imbricat- ing scarious-brown deciduous sheaths. Leaves (when present) basal, elliptic, acute. Spike rather large, densely flowered, pyramidal, 9-17 cm. long, about 3 cm. in diameter. Bracts elliptic-oblong, acuminate, scarious, loosely imbricate, 2-2.5 cm. long. Flowers white, recurved-nodding. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, often narrowed above and below the middle, obtuse to broadly acute and recurved at the apex, concave below the middle, 10-12 mm. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide across the middle. Lateral sepals linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, falcate, 11-12 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide. Petals obliquely oblanceolate, obtuse, prominently recurved and narrowed below the middle, 8.5-9.5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide. Lip linear- spatulate, constricted and conspicuously recurved at the middle, 1.3-1.5 cm. long; the lower portion below the constriction linear, slightly dilated and pubescent below the two lateral auriculate callosities arising about 3 mm. above the base of the lip; apical portion above the constriction expanded into a Ungulate cuneate- ovate lamina with a slightly dilated broadly rounded apex, about 4 mm. wide. Column about 8 mm. long. Amatitlan: Lake Amatitlan, Kellerman 6564. El Progreso: Sierra de las Minas, between Tulumajillo and Finca Montanita in foothills, Steyermark 43359. Guatemala: 25 miles from Guatemala City, Cerro de Nubes, Margaret W. Lewis 100 (in part). Zacapa: Lava cap near Rincon, Margaret W. Lewis 157 (in part). Sierra de las Minas, dry southwest-facing rocky slopes and bluffs of meta- morphosed dolomitic rock, Loma El Picacho, above San Rosalia, Steyermark 42711. Sierra de las Minas, Valley of Vegona, between Vegas and Calera, Steyermark 42966. Barranca Hondo, Johnston 1568. Alotepeque, Rafael Tejada 226. Spiranthes hyemalis A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. se>. 3, 3 : 32. 1845. Under pines and in Cupressus forests in high grass, cool mossy bluffs and on rocky slopes above timber line, rarely on trees, up to 3,260 meters alt. This species is found in the higher altitudes of Mexico and Guatemala. Plant slender, flexuose, glabrous below, pubescent above the uppermost cauline bract, 0.8-4 dm. tall. Leaves basal, with slender, short petioles, linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 4-23 cm. long (including petiole), 4-18 mm. wide. Inflores- cence composed of 1-3 rather large flowers that are subtended by large bracts. Bracts membranous, scarious, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, concave, clasping the ovaries, with conspicuous hyaline margins, 1.7-3.5 cm. long. Flowers pro- jecting at right angles to the stem or nodding, ringent; the segments spreading, white within, pinkish on the outer surface, disk of the thickened basal portion of the lip cinnabar-red. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, long-acuminate, recurved at the apex, concave below the middle, with 5-7 prominent veins, 1.7-2 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide. Lateral sepals linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate-filiform, 1.9-2.4 cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide near the base. Petals linear, acuminate, falcate, with 3 prominent veins, 1.5-2 cm. long, 3-3.5 mm. wide. Lip pandurate, oblong-lanceo- AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 115 late to oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse to acute, conspicuously constricted near the middle, 2.1-2.8 cm. long, 5.5-10.5 mm. wide at widest point; lower half thick, deeply cinnabar-red, obovate, much thickened on the margins at the base and densely puberulent, with 7-9 prominent veins; upper half triangular-deltoid to ovate-oblong, with the margins erose, covered with minute papillae, with 5-7 veins extending from the lower half. Column about 1 cm. long. This species is easily distinguished by its few and comparatively large flowers. Chimaltenango: Tecpam, J. R. Johnston 1326. Cerro de Tecpam, region of Santa Elena, Standley 58737; 61041. Tecpam, Margaret W. Lewis 214. Quezaltenango : Uppermost ridge to summit of Volcan Zunil, Steyermark 34852. Spiranthes Llaveana Lindl. in Benth. PI. Hartw. 72. 1842. S. Tuerckheimii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 2: 131. 1906 (type: Guate- mala, Dept. Santa Rosa, grasslands, April, 1887, H. von Tilrckheim 1169). On loamy slopes of pine and mixed forests, rocky fields, pastures and savannahs, and in leaf mold along streams in barrancas, up to 3,000 meters alt. Widespread in Mexico, uncommon in Guatemala and Honduras. Plant slender, erect or flexuose, 1.2-5.5 dm. tall; stem purplish brown. Leaves fugacious, when present basal, with a long slender petiole; lamina slightly obliquely elliptic, acute, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide; petiole 5-17 cm. long. Spike slender, loosely few-flowered, 4-19 cm. long. Bracts oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, 7-15 mm. long. Flowers small, ascending or nodding; sepals and petals dusky pink or red; lip white, variously marked with olive-brown, green or red. Sepals lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate, 8-10 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; lateral sepals slightly oblique. Petals linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, 7.5-9 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide above the middle. Lip oblong to oblanceolate, slightly constricted above the middle, fleshy, recurved and crisped at the apex, 8.5-12 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide; lower portion oblong-quadrate to broadly cuneate, with the lateral margins terminated by more or less obtuse angles just below the constriction, the disk thin and veiny; apical portion when spread out oblong-orbicular to ovate, with undulate-crenulate margins, covered with minute papillae; lateral basal callosities short, thick, slightly incurved and pubescent. Capsule ellipsoid, strongly ribbed, about 1 cm. long. All of the plants examined, referable to S. Llaveana, were found to be essentially alike in appearance. However, when their flowers were examined the lip was found to be very variable. The general outline of the lip is oblong or oblanceolate and the constriction, in most cases, is quite shallow and often nearly lacking. Baja Verapaz: Santa Rosa, Tilrckheim 1169. Moist ravine slopes of Sierra de Chuacus, south of San Geronimo, Steyermark 43872. 116 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 El Progreso: Sierra de las Minas, between Calera and summit of Volcan Siglo, Steyermark 43035. Guatemala: Road to Antigua, near San Rafael, Margaret W. Lewis 76. Quiche": Sacabaja, Heyde & Lux 3514. Spiranthes Llaveana var. violacea (A. Rich. & Gal.) Ames & Correll in Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10, no. 4: 67. 1942. Spiranthes violacea A. Rich. & Gal. in Ann. Sci. Nat. seY. 3, 3: 32. 1845. In dry grassy fields and in loamy soil of pinelands, up to 2,000 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico and Guatemala. Variety violacea differs from the typical form mainly in that the flowers are usually smaller and the lip is pandurate instead of being oblong with obscure lateral constrictions. The lip of variety violacea is 6-7 mm. long and 3-4 mm. wide. The apical lobule of the lip is orbicular with undulate-crenate margins and is usually wider than the basal portion. The basal half below the conspicuous constriction is obovate to oblong-obovate with the lateral margins rounded toward the constriction. The lip of typical S. Llaveana is mostly widest below the slight constriction and the basal half is oblong-quadrate to broadly cuneate with the lateral margins terminated by more or less obtuse angles just below the constric- tion. The lip of var. violacea is white tinged with pink or lavender with the lateral lobules often greenish yellow. The sepals and petals are pink. Chimaltenango: Chichavac, Skutch 325. San Marcos: Vicinity of Sibinal, Steyermark 35961. Six miles south and west of town of Tajumulco, slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 36691. Spiranthes minutiflora A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. se>. 3, 3: 32. 1845. S. nutantiflora Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 2: 131. 1906 (type: Guatemala, in bushes near Chissoy, November, 1886, H. von Tiirckheim 1102). In rocky grassy soil under conifers, dry ridges and on open slopes, up to 3,900 meters alt. Uncommon from southern Mexico to Costa Rica. Plant very slender, glabrous or sparingly puberulent above, 6-25 cm. tall. Leaves fugacious, when present basal, linear-oblong to elliptic-oblong, acute, with slender petioles, 3-12 cm. long (including petiole), 0.7-2.3 cm. wide. Spike slender, loosely few-flowered, 2-10 cm. long. Bracts broadly ovate to oblong- lanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate, concave and clasping the ovary, 6-10 mm. long. Flowers nodding, greenish white, turning reddish brown with age, lip callus adorned with cinnabar-red stripes. Sepals and petals recurved at the apex, with a central vein. Sepals linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, acuminate or abruptly acute, 3-4.3 mm. long, 0.8-1.3 mm. wide. Petals linear-lanceolate, subobtuse to subacuminate, somewhat falcate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, less than 1 mm. wide. Lip oblong or oblong-elliptic, obtuse or acute, concave, 3-5 veins, scarcely AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 117 constricted near the apex to form a minute apical suborbicular lobule whose margins are slightly undulate, often prominently arcuate-decurved, 3.3-4 mm. long, 1-1.8 mm. wide, with an inconspicuous cinnabar-red striped callus on each side at the base. Column about 2 mm. long. Capsule ovoid, 5-7 mm. long. Huehuetenango: Sierra Cuchumatanes, Skutch 1202. Between Tojquia and Caxin bluff, summit of Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 50182. Juniper ravine, alpine areas in vicinity of Tunima, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48387. Quezaltenango : Volcan Santo Tomas, Steyermark 34867. San Marcos: Slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, between Las Canojas and top of ridge, 7 miles from San Sebastian, Steyermark 35890. Vicinity of Sibinal, Steyer- mark 35962. Solola: Volcan Atitlan, south-facing slopes, Steyer- mark 47499. Spiranthes obtecta C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 4: 106. 1936-37 (type: Guatemala, road to Mataquescuintla, about twenty miles from Guatemala City, about 8,000 ft., April 21, 1934, Margaret Ward Lewis 101). In shallow layer of topsoil (chiefly semi-decayed pine needles). Apparently endemic to Guatemala. Plant rather stout, 2.5-3.5 dm. tall; stem flexuose or erect, entirely concealed by long tubular white-scarious imbricating sheaths that are 5-6 cm. long and are marked with brownish purple longitudinal nerves. Leaves fugacious, when present apparently narrowly elliptic with long petioles. Spike dense, 7-8.6 cm. long, about 2 cm. in diameter. Bracts scarious, surpassing and mostly concealing the flowers, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, concave at the base and marked with about 9 prominent longitudinal purplish nerves. Flowers small; sepals pale green; petals white; lip white with a fine green mid-nerve. Sepals recurved at the apex, 3-nerved; dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, concave, 9.5-12 mm. long, 3-3.2 mm. wide; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 9-11 mm. long, 1.8-2 mm. wide. Petals strongly adnate to the dorsal sepal forming a galea, elliptic- linear, subacute to obtuse, slightly sigmoid, 3-nerved, 8-9 mm. long, about 2.3 mm. wide across the middle. Lip strongly recurved at the apex and upcurved at the base in natural position, conspicuously constricted just above the middle, the lower portion concave, the apical portion flat with inrolled crenulate margins, when spread out pandurate, 9.5-12 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide just below the middle; the lower portion flabellate-rhombic with rounded outer angles, cuneate toward the base with thickened margins; apical portion ovate to ovate-quadrate, subacute to truncate at the apex when spread out; disk minutely papillose. Column small, about 5.5 mm. long, with a triangular rostellum that is abruptly contracted above to a linear-ligulate point. Mrs. Lewis records in her notes that S. obtecta is common in Guate- mala. However, the type collection cited above is the only one known for the species. 118 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Spiranthes orchioides (Sw.) A. Rich, in La Sagra, Fl. Cub. Fan. 11: 252. 1853. Satyrium orchioides Sw. Prodr. 118. 1788. Stenorrhynchus guatemalensis Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 376. 1918 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Coban, F. C. Lehmanri). Figure 31. In dry or damp open grassy fields, xerophytic forests and damp soil in pinelands, up to 1,500 meters alt. Widespread in Florida, the West Indies, Mexico and Central and South America. Plant slender or stout, erect, somewhat scurvy with white papillose scales, whitish glandular-pubescent except for .the leaves and rarely the lower part of the scape, 3.5-6.5 (rarely 9) dm. tall. Leaves basal, appearing after anthesis, rarely present at time of flowering, oblong-elliptic, narrowly oblong or oblong- oblanceolate, obtuse to acute, 1-4 dm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide. Spike loosely or densely flowered, conspicuous, 6-17 cm. long, 4-6 cm. in diameter. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, acuminate-attenuate, usually punctate with bright red resinous- appearing dots, 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Flowers showy, suberect, grading in color from greenish white to brick-red or deep crimson. Sepals glandular-papillose on the outer surface; dorsal sepal broadly to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 1.4-2.2 cm. long, about 7 mm. wide near the base; lateral sepals produced at the base into a short mentum, narrowly lanceolate above, acuminate, 1.5-3 cm. long from the base of the mentum, free portion 3.5-5 mm. wide. Petals lanceolate, acute or acuminate, falcate, 1.3-2 cm. long, about 6 mm. wide at the widest point. Lip sessile, entire or rarely subsagittate, narrowly or broadly obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide at the middle, dilated and saccate near the middle, with slightly revolute margins near the apex; convolute and linear below the dilated middle with a pair of linear flat submarginal calli, pubescent on the disk and along the margins. Column about 1 cm. long; rostellum cuspidate- elongate, bristle-like, rigid, about 5 mm. long. Capsule ellipsoid, 1-1.5 cm. long. Spiranthes orchioides is a variable species, particularly in the size and color of the flowers. The plants of this species appear quite suddenly after the first rains and then quickly fade, leaving little evidence of their presence. Alta Verapaz: Savanna north of Conception, 3-5 miles south- east of Finca Yalpemech, near Alta Verapaz-Pete"n boundary line, Steyermark 45275. Along Rio Icvolay, north and northwest of Finca Cubilgiiitz to Quebrada Diablo, Steyermark 44788. Between Yakapur and Sibicte", Steyermark 44942. Between Coban and Finca Chimote", near Rubeltein, Steyermark 44204. Guatemala: Guate- mala City, Lewis 161. Pete"n: Sabana Zizha, La Libertad, Lundell 2748; 3677. La Libertad, Lundell 3484; 3625. Sabana Tzimintum, FIG. 31. Spiranthes orchioides. 1, inflorescence (X %); 2, basal part of plant showing leaves and roots (X M); 3, flower, longitudinally dissected to show the column ( X 2). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 119 120 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Lundell 3134. La Libertad-Flores road (peloric form), Lundell 3896. Tayasal, Lundell 3897. Quiche": Jose Ignacio Aguilar 1167. Santa Rosa: Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux 3489. Spiranthes parasitica A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. se>. 3, 3: 32. 1845. Figure 32. On dry slopes, under conifers and in mixed pine-hardwood forests and cloud-forests, also in meadows and moist shaded soil, rarely epiphytic, up to 3,200 meters alt. Rare in Arizona and Texas, uncommon in Mexico and Central America. Plant slender, erect, glabrous below, glandular-puberulent above, 1-3.4 dm. tall; stem and sheaths brownish red or light brown. Leaves fugacious, when present basal, with a slender petiole; blade apparently elliptic. Spike very slender, few-flowered, the flowers scattered, 3.5-7 cm. long. Bracts broadly ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, very concave, usually concealing the ovary, scarious, white or pinkish, margins conspicuously hyaline, 3-nerved, 0.9-1.5 cm. long. Flowers small, ascending; sepals and petals pink; lip white with three green stripes extending almost to the apex, with a spongy cinnabar-red tissue on the basal portion. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, 5-7 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals somewhat obliquely lanceolate, obtuse to acute, 6-8 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Petals obliquely oblanceolate, broadly rounded to subacute at the apex, irregularly crenate above the middle, 5-6.5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. Lip in natural position concave below, strongly recurved at the apex, constricted just above the middle to form a suborbicular lobule whose margins are undulate-lacerate, when spread out oblong in outline, 6-9 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; basal portion oblong-quadrate; disk pubescent below on the cinnabar-red blotch, pubescent on the apical lobule. Column about 4 mm. long. Capsule ovoid, strongly ribbed, about 7 mm. long. The persistent cinnabar-red blotch on the lower portion of the disk of the lip is characteristic of this species. The plants have the appearance of lacking chlorophyll, very probably the reason for the name. Chimaltenango: Chichoy Pass, Cerro Tecpam, Hunnewell 14667. Santa Elena, Skutch 283. Chichavac, Skutch 305. Volcan Acate- nango, Hunnewell 14675. Quezaltenango : Uppermost ridge of Volcan Santo Tomas, Steyermark 34800. Spiranthes pauciflora A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. se"r. 3, 3: 32. 1845. Terrestrial on dry open pine slopes and in grassy open places in oak-pine forest, up to 2,100 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. Plant usually small, erect, up to 4 dm. tall; roots fleshy-clavellate, fasciculate. Scape slender or stout, greenish white, provided with loose-fitting acuminate FIG. 32. Spiranthes parasitica. 1, plant (X 14); 2, flower, side view (X 3); 3, lip, spread out (X 5); 4, column, side view (X 5). Malaxis Ehrenbergii. 5, plant (X M); 6, flower, side view (X 5); 7, flower, front view (X 5). Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 121 122 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 sheaths, glandular-pubescent throughout with articulated hairs. Leaves usually withering away before time of flowering, when present basal, with a slender petiole; lamina elliptic to elliptic-obovate, abruptly acute, about 16 cm. long (including the petiole), about 5 cm. wide. Spike short, composed of one to six suberect flowers, rarely more. Floral bracts triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, longitudinally concave, up to 3 cm. long. Flowers fleshy, pale greenish, veined with darker green, with stout pubescent pedicellate ovaries. Dorsal sepal fleshy and concave below, rather thin and flat above, narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the obtuse to acute apex, 2.2-2.5 cm. long, about 4 mm. wide below the middle. Lateral sepals fleshy, obliquely linear, slightly dilated at the obtuse apex, pubescent on the outer surface, longitudinally sulcate, strongly keeled on the back, 2.5-3.2 cm. long, 4.5-6.5 mm. wide at the widest point. Petals somewhat fleshy, adherent to the dorsal sepal, obliquely linear, obtuse, ciliate on the margins especially at the apex, 1.7-2 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Lip fleshy, 2.4-3.5 cm. long, constricted above the middle with the lower portion oblanceolate and the apical portion tri- angular-ovate and obtuse or acute when spread out; below the constriction longi- tudinally concave, 5-7 mm. wide at the widest point; above the constriction the margins strongly involute, 5-9 mm. wide, conspicuously veined; disk puberulent with a pair of short keels below the constriction and a small tuft of hair at the apex of each keel; basal callosities fleshy, smooth, tapering to an acute apex, up to 5 mm. long. Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, along Rillito del Volcan de Monos, Volcan de Monos, Steyermark 42358. Spiranthes polyantha Reichb. f. Linnaea 18: 408. 1844. Figure 33. On and among rocks on hills and in lava fields, on springy bluffs and ledges and in leaf-mold in coniferous and hardwood forests, up to 2,500 meters alt. Widespread in southern Florida, Mexico and Guatemala, the Bahama Islands, Puerto Rico and Santo Domingo. Plant scapose, very slender, erect, flexuose or sinuate-ascending, glabrous below, sparsely pubescent above, 1.5-5.8 dm. tall. Roots tuberous, fleshy, fascicu- late. Stem purplish. Leaves clustered at the base, spreading, with slender petioles, elliptic or oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, obtuse to acuminate, con- spicuously reticulate-veined (when dry), 5-28 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide across the blade, reduced above to somewhat inflated sheathing acuminate-attenuate bracts. Spike loosely or densely many-flowered, slender, flexuose, 5-35 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate, 4-11 mm. long. Flowers greenish, grayish green or greenish purple, strongly ringent and spreading. Sepals linear to linear-lanceolate, subacute to acute, 3.2-7 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide near the base; dorsal sepal strongly recurved upward FIG. 33. Spiranthes polyantha. 1, plant (X H); 2, flower, side view (X 4); 3, flower, front view, spread open (X 3) ; 4, column, side view ( X 5) ; 5, column, front-ventral view (X 5). Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 123 124 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 above the middle; lateral sepals falcate, upcurved. Petals adherent to the dorsal sepal, linear, somewhat falcate, strongly recurved upward above the middle, 3-5.5 mm. long, less than 1 mm. wide. Lip elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceo- late, subacute to acuminate, usually narrowed and strongly arcuate-recurved below the middle, 3.5-6.5 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide at the widest point; basal callosities minute. Column about 2.5 mm. long. Capsule sessile, ellipsoid, blunt, 4.5-6 mm. long. Zacapa: Lava cap near Rincon, alt. 2,500 feet (760 meters), Mar- garet Ward Lewis 157 (in part). Spiranthes prasophylla Reichb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. 65. 1866 (type: Guatemala, on tree between Hacienda de Pantaleon and Sapote, January 20, 1857, Wendland). S. epiphytica Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 2: 130. 1906 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, epiphytic near Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 687; near Coban, Turckheim 1406). Figure 34. Epiphytic, on rotten logs and rarely terrestrial in moist dense forests, usually at low altitudes, up to 1,300 meters alt. Uncommon in Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama. Plant low, glabrous below, sparsely pubescent above, 7-25 cm. tall; scape scarcely exceeding the basal leaves. Leaves basal, subsessile or with short slender petioles; lamina elliptic-oblong, acute, rather fleshy, glossy, pale green or purplish green, mostly oblique and tapering into the petiole, 5.5-14 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide; petiole up to 6 cm. long. Spike loosely flowered, often unilateral, 3.5-12 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter. Bracts oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, concave, 1-1.5 cm. long. Flowers ascending, green or greenish white, often marked with dark red or lavender. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, concave below the middle, 5-6 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate, acuminate, 6-8 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Petals linear-oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute, with the anterior margin slightly dilated, oblique, 4.5-5.2 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lip sagittate, constricted above the middle and then dilated to form an obovate or flabellate apical lobule, 5.5-6.7 mm. long; basal portion quadrate or broadly deltoid, with the basal auriculate incurved callosities very prominent, 3-3.5 mm. wide, the central vein usually carinate or crested along the upper half; apical lobule with crenulate margins, broadly rounded or sinuately tridentate at the apex, 2.2-3.2 mm. wide. Column about 4 mm. long. A discussion of the near relationship of S. prasophylla to S. elata has been included under that species. Alta Verapaz: Along Rio Icvolay, north and northwest of Finca Cubilgiiitz to Quebrada Diablo, Steyermark 44737. Izabal: York trail about two miles from Virginia, Margaret Lewis 22. Pete"n: Low forest between Finca Yalpemech and Chinaja, Steyermark 45438. FIG. 34. Spiranthes prasophylla. Plant (X l);lip (lower right; X 5). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 125 126 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Spiranthes prasophylla Reichb. f. var. cleistogama Ames & Correll, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10: 65. 1942 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, near Coban, Turckheim II 1673). Epiphytic on trees in forests, up to 1,400 meters alt. Rare in Guatemala and Costa Rica. Plant slender, weakly erect, glabrous below, pubescent above, 1-3 dm. tall. Scape slender, two to three times longer than the leaves, provided with several acuminate bracts. Leaves basal, several, clustered, mostly subsessile, occasionally shortly petiolate; lamina elliptic-lanceolate, acute, up to 8 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide. Spike usually conspicuously secund, up to 31 cm. long. Flowers green, cleistogamous, smaller than those of the typical form. Lip pandurate, strongly triangular-deltoid as in the typical form, constricted near the apex to form a triangular-quadrate tridentate lobule at the apex; callosities thin, triangular, inside the basal margin. Variety cleistogama differs from the typical form of the species mainly in its much longer scape, which greatly exceeds the leaves, its conspicuously secund spike, and its cleistogamous flowers. Represented from Guatemala only by the type collection. Spiranthes pyramidalis Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PL 473. 1840. (type: Guatemala, common, Skinner). S. cobanensis Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralb. 36, Abt. 2: 377. 1918 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, near Coban, F. C. Lehmanri). In dry thickets, pine and oak forests, in leaf mold among lava rocks and on loamy exposed slopes, up to 2,300 meters alt. Wide- spread and rather common in Mexico and Guatemala, uncommon in El Salvador. Plant slender, glabrous except for the pilose ovaries and flowers, 2-7.5 dm. tall; stem concealed by whitish scarious-membranous loosely imbricating tubular sheaths. Leaves fugacious, when present basal, with rather long petioles; lamina oval to elliptic-lanceolate, acute to subacuminate, tapering into the petiole, 6-13 cm. long, 2.3-5.5 cm. wide; petiole 6-15 cm. long. Spike densely flowered, cylin- drical, pyramidal, 5-19 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. in diameter. Bracts reddish brown, scarious, deeply concave and enclosing the ovary, ovate-ringent, elliptic, acuminate, 1-2 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide. Flowers ringent, dull white, yellow or greenish with a pink tinge, the perianth segments often reticulate-veined. Dorsal sepal elliptic- lanceolate, acuminate, abruptly upcurved at the middle and concave below, 7-9 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate, subobtuse to acute and recurved at the apex, somewhat united at the base to form a short mentum, 6-8 mm. long, 1.2-2.1 mm. wide below the middle. Petals linear-elliptic, obtuse and recurved at the apex, sigmoid, 5-6 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Lip with a short broad claw, ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse to subacute, concave, abruptly arcuate-recurved near the middle, 4.2-6 mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide below the middle; disk marked with fine brownish striations; lateral basal callosi- ties submarginal, mammillate. Column short, about 2.5 mm. long. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 127 Amatitlan: Pacaya, Johnston 1468. Baja Verapaz: Rocky hills near and above Santa Rosa, in pine-oak forest, Standley 91072. Along margin of the big swamp below Pantin, Standley 91163. Below Patal, Standley 91119. Near Santa Rosa, Turckheim II 2220. North of Santa Rosa, Standley 69881. Chimaltenango: Finca Ala- meda, Johnston 1821. Sacatepe"quez : Volcan de Fuego, Smith 2634. Near Santa Maria, Hunnewell 14672. Santa Rosa: Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux 3492. San Rafael, Margaret Lewis 159. Spiranthes rosulata (W. Baxt.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29: Misc. p. 60. 1843. Sarcoglottis rosulata W. Baxt. in Loud. Hort. Brit. Suppl. 3: 634. 1839 (type: Guatemala). Sarcoglottis orbiculata Ames, Sched. Orch. 2: 10. 1923 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Quiche", San Miguel Uspantan, Heyde & Lux). Terrestrial, on forest slopes and along streams, up to 2,100 meters alt. Very rare in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras. Plant low, slender or stout, glabrous below, pubescent above with articulated hairs, 1.8-3 dm. tall. Leaves basal, rosulate, oblong to orbicular, obtuse to abruptly acute, rather thin to subcoriaceous, 5-10 cm. long (including the short petiole), 1.3-6.7 cm. wide. Spike short, few-flowered, rather close, about 5 cm. long. Floral bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5-3 cm. long. Flowers green, conspicuously marked with deep green stripes, arcuate-recurved. Sepals coarsely pubescent with articulated hairs on the outer surface; dorsal sepal lanceolate, acute to acuminate, strongly recurved at the apex, 1.7-2.2 cm. long and about 3 mm. wide; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, subobtuse to acute, falcate, 1.5-2 cm. long and 2.5-4 mm. wide. Petals obliquely linear to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute, ciliate along the outer margin, about as long as the lateral sepals. Lip 2-2.6 cm. long and about 4 mm. wide, with the lower part narrowly oblanceolate, constricted near the apex to form a short isthmus, then expanded into an ovate or oblong obtuse or acute lobule with finely ciliate margins; disk pubescent at the base, with two parallel patches of fine hairs just below the constriction; basal lateral callosities linear-terete, incurved, 3-4 mm. long. Column slender, about 1 cm. long. This species differs from S. acaulis, to which it is closely allied, by the orbiculate type of leaves and the shape of the lip of the flower. The portion of the lip below the slight constriction is essen- tially linear instead of being obovate as in S. acaulis. The apical portion of the lip also differs somewhat from that of S. acaulis. Chiquimula: Montana Nube (Montana Volcanitos), between Socorro Mountain and Cerro Brujo, southeast of Conception de las Minas, Steyermark 30898. Guatemala: Near Guatemala, 1860, Hayes. Road beyond San Juan Sacatepe"quez, about 35 km. from 128 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Guatemala City, Margaret W. Lewis 191 (this specimen is sterile but probably represents this species). Huehuetenango : Pine-wooded slopes, along Rio Selegua, opposite San Sebastian H., Steyermark 50471. Sacatepe"quez : Along Rio Guacalate, on road between Antigua and Chimaltenango, Standley 81003. Zacapa: Rich forested slopes in deep ravine along Rio Lima, Sierra de las Minas, between Rio Hondo and summit of mountain at Finca Alejandria, Steyermark 29601. On hill back of Hotel Manchen, Porter 12. Spiranthes rubrocalosa Robins. & Greenm. Am. Journ. Sci. 50: 165. 1895. Terrestrial in forests of cypress, fir and Arbutus and on stumps, up to 2,700 meters alt. Rare in Mexico and Guatemala. Plant slender or stout, erect, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 2-3.5 dm. tall, with 2-4 fleshy oblong tuberous roots; stem provided with sheathing, sharply acuminate bracts. Leaves 2, basal when present, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, tapering into the slender petiole, 10-12.5 cm. long including the petiole, 1-1.3 cm. wide. Spike cylindrical, dense or laxly few- to many-flowered, 7-18 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts obliquely ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate, 1-1.5 cm. long, 4.5-6.5 mm. wide. Flowers small, greenish white, conspicu- ously arcuate-decurved. Sepals 4-5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide; dorsal sepal oblong- lanceolate, obtuse to acute and recurved at the apex, canaliculate below the middle; lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate, subacute to acute. Petals obliquely linear-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, conspicuously 1-nerved, 4-4.5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. Lip with a short claw, ovate to ovate-elliptic, narrowly obtuse to some- what truncate at the apex, inconspicuously auricled on each side at the base, ciliate along the somewhat inflexed apical margin, 4-5 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide; disk with two bright red oblong callosities in the middle portion for two- thirds its length. Column 3-4 mm. long. This species is closely allied to Spiranthes parasitica but differs from that species in the stoutness of the plant, the smaller flowers and the entire, not lobed, lip. Chimaltenango: Santa Elena, Skutch 439. Spiranthes sarcoglossa A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. se>. 3, 3: 31. 1845. In grass under conifers, usually above 3,000 meters alt. Very rare in Mexico and Guatemala. Plant erect, stout or slender, glabrous below, glandular-ciliate above, 2.3-5 dm. tall; stem leafy. Leaves mostly on the lower part of the stem, linear-lanceolate, obtuse to acuminate, 5-17 cm. long, 0.8-2 cm. wide. Spike slender, rather loosely flowered, 9-20 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. in diameter. Bracts ovate-quadrate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, deeply concave, concealing the ovaries, conspicu- ously glandular-ciliate along the upper margins, 8-14 mm. long, about 5 mm. wide AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 129 when spread out. Flowers green, inconspicuous. Dorsal sepal orbicular-ovate, acute and strongly recurved at the apex, deeply concave, 3-3.5 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals strongly revolute in natural position, when spread out broadly oblong-deltoid to oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse to acute and slightly oblique at the apex, 3.8-4.2 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Petals adherent to the dorsal sepal to form a galea, linear, acute, falcate, sparsely glandular-ciliate along the margins, 3.8-4.3 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lip thick, fleshy, with a short stout claw, the margins undulate-crisped, in natural position deeply concave with the sides suberect, when spread out suborbicular to broadly flabellate, often broader than long, broadly rounded to subtruncate with a reflexed apicule at the apex, 3.5-4.2 mm. long, 4-4.5 mm. wide. Column about 2 mm. long, with a prominent foot. The general appearance of S. sarcoglossa is similar to several species of Habenaria, for example H. limosa. It is superficially distinguishable from other Spiranthes in Guatemala by the glandular- ciliate margins of its floral bracts and by its blunt lip, which out- wardly appears to be much shorter than the petals and sepals. Huehuetenango: Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, 11,100 feet, rare, Skutch 1255. Spiranthes Schaffneri Reichb. f. Linnaea 28: 382. 1856. Pelexia saccata Rolfe, Kew Bull. 195. 1895 (type: Guatemala). Sarcoglottis Schaffneri (Reichb. f.) Ames in J. D. Smith, Enum. PI. Guat. 7: 50. 1905. S. zamororae Ames, Sched. Orch. 2: 13. 1923 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Santa Rosa, Zamorora, Heyde &Lux 4625). In deep vegetable mold in open or dense moist woods or in open grassy patches among rocks, up to 3,000 meters alt. Rather common in Mexico but apparently uncommon in Guatemala. Plant slender, glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above with whitish hairs, 2.5-7.3 dm. tall; stem yellowish or reddish brown. Leaves absent at time of anthesis, when present subsessile or with a short petiole, oblong-elliptic to linear- oblong or broadly oblanceolate, abruptly acute, often oblique; lamina 8-33 cm. long, 3-9.5 cm. wide. Spike cylindrical, loosely many-flowered, 11-25 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. in diameter. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 1-2.5 cm. long. Flowers small, arcuate-recurved; sepals and petals brownish pink or greenish; lip white. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, deeply concave, 6-10 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals (free part) triangular-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, falcate, 7.5-10 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide. Petals narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute, 6-10 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. Lip oblanceolate in outline, sagittate, 8-13.5 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide at the widest point, constricted near the apex to form a quadrate-suborbicular subobtuse reflexed terminal lobule that has minutely crenulate margins; basal portion below the apical constriction obovate or subpanduriform, with the basal thickened and subterete incurved auricles 2-3 mm. long; disk glandular-hairy near the base. Column 4-6 mm. long; rostellum usually denticulate at the apex. 130 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Guatemala: 25 miles from Guatemala City, Cerro de Nubes, 2,600 meters, Margaret W. Lewis 100. Guatemala, Johnston 1608. Solola: Volcan San Pedro, north-facing slopes towards Lago de Atitlan, above village of San Pedro, Steyermark 47182. Spiranthes seminuda Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 18. 1906. Terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic in forests, usually at high elevations, up to 2,500 meters alt. Uncommon in Mexico and Guatemala. Plant erect, up to 32 cm. tall, glabrous below, pubescent above, provided at the base with one or more tubular sheaths. Scape slender, terete, provided with several tubular clasping acuminate sheaths. Leaves usually present at time of flowering, basal, several, with a slender petiole; lamina elliptic to ovate-elliptic, acute, up to 17 cm. long including the petiole, 2-5 cm. wide. Spike laxly few- to many-flowered, somewhat one-sided, up to 15 cm. long. Floral bracts elliptic- lanceolate, long-acuminate, concave, scarious, smooth, exceeding the flowers. Flowers small, fleshy, pale yellowish green with a white lip, arcuate-nodding, with stout pubescent pedicellate ovaries. Sepals oblong-elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute, pubescent on the outer surface, somewhat dorsally keeled near the apex with the keel sometimes exserted as a short mucro, 6-12 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide; lateral sepals oblique. Petals adherent to the dorsal sepal, obliquely linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, much narrowed at the base, 7-12 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide above the middle. Lip fleshy, shortly clawed, narrowly sagittate at the base, dilated about the middle and then contracted above; lamina ovate to ovate-lanceolate in outline, somewhat dilated at the obtuse apex, 7-11 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide about the middle; disk puberulent-granulose near the apex; basal callosities short, terete. Column terete, dilated at the apex, up to 9 mm. long. Huehuetenango : Near Todos Santos, Melhus & Goodman 3608. Spiranthes speciosa (J. F. Gmelin) A. Rich, in La Sagra, Fl. Cub. Fan. 11: 252. 1853. Serapias speciosa J. F. Gmelin, Syst. 59. 1791. Usually epiphytic or in tree-holes in humid forests, also terrestrial, on rocks in thickets and in open plains, up to 3,000 meters alt. Throughout the West Indies, Mexico and Central and northern South America. Plant short, stout, glabrous throughout, 1-5 dm. tall. Leaves basal, sessile or with short broad petioles; lamina orbicular-ovate, elliptic-oblong, oblong- lanceolate or oblanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate, tapering into the petiole, usually silver-spotted, 4-20 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide; petiole up to 10 cm. long. Spike short, crowded, with few or many flowers, 4-10 cm. long, 4-7 cm. in diameter. Bracts exceeding the flowers, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, acuminate, same color as the flowers, 2.5-4 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide. Flowers bright red to purple- red; sepals and petals usually with involute margins near the apex and recurved. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 131 Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, concave below the middle, about 1.3 cm. long and 4 mm. wide. Lateral sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 1.4-1.6 cm. long, about 4 mm. wide. Petals narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly falcate, 1.3-1.4 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Lip sessile, cuneate-lanceolate in outline, shallowly 3-lobed, acute or obtuse-apiculate at the apex, the lower half somewhat panduriform, 1.2-1.5 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes near the middle, broadly rounded; apical lobe oblong, the margins involute near the apex, 2.5-3 mm. wide; disk pubescent on the basal portion, with two flat, thickened calli on each side at the base. Column thick, densely pilose on the anterior surface, 5-7 mm. long; rostellum bristle-like, 3.5-4 mm. long. Chimaltenango: Epiphytic, above Tecpam, Skutch 607. Region of Los Positos, above Las Calderas, Standley 80166. El Progreso: Sierra de las Minas, hills north of Finca Piamonte, between Finca Piamonte and summit of Volcan Santa Luisa, Steyermark 43582. Guatemala: Vicinity of Guatemala City, Lewis 161. In market, Guatemala City, Standley 58544. In market, Guatemala, Johnston 1565. Zacapa: Trail between Santa Rosalia de Marmol and Vegas, Steyermark 42908. Spiranthes stolonifera Ames & Correll, Bot. Mus. Lean 1 . Harv. Univ. 10, no. 4: 63, pi. 3. 1942 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Huehuetenango, Sierra Cuchumatanes [north slope], terrestrial in mossy ground, open woods, August 23, 1934, A. F. Skutch 1094). Figure 35. Terrestrial in open woods and cloud forests, found only at high elevations (up to 3,500 meters alt.) in Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, where it is apparently endemic. Plant 9-35 cm. tall, aphyllous at time of flowering, slender, rigidly erect, arising from a solitary tuberoid, stoloniferous, slightly geniculate at the base, glabrous below, the upper part covered with a hoary puberulence; stolons producing at intervals solitary small ovoid tuberoids that are as much as 2 cm. long. Stem provided with appressed green tubular sheaths that are rather abruptly subobtuse to acute. Inflorescence two-flowered. Flowers white marked with orange or vermilion-red, subtended by large bracts; pedicellate ovaries covered with a reddish brown glandular puberulence. Floral bracts green, lanceolate, acuminate, about 3.5 cm. long, with involute margins. Sepals densely tuber culose-puberulent on the margins and outer surface. Dorsal sepal strongly recurved above the middle, concave below, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to shortly subacuminate, prominently 5-nerved, 1.9-2 cm. long, 4.5-6.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals free, divergent, directed downward, lightly carinate along the central nerve, lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, slightly oblique, prominently 3-nerved, 1.7-2 cm. long, 3.1-3.5 mm. wide. Petals conspicuously falcate, oblanceolate, obtuse, gradually tapering below the middle, 1.8-2 cm. long, 3-3.2 mm. wide above the middle. Lip arcuate-decurved in natural position, oblong-oblanceolate, constricted above the middle, 1.8-2.2 cm. long; lower portion below the constriction thick, sulcate, minutely pubescent and con- cave-saccate at the base, provided with submarginal obscure fleshy mammillate FIG. 35. Spiranthes stolonifera. 1, plant (X 1); 2, flower, front-side view (X 2); 3, flower, front view (X 2); 4, lip, column, and lateral sepals, spread open (X 2); 5, petals and dorsal sepal, spread out (X 2). Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 132 AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 133 callosities on each side at the base, with the margins upturned and slightly undu- late, puberulent on the margins and outer surface; apical portion above the con- striction flat and spreading, broadly ovate to elliptic-subquadrate, broadly rounded to subtruncate or lightly retuse at the apex, with the margin somewhat undulate- crenulate; disk with a sulcate cinnabar-red or deep orange-colored callus on the lower portion. Column clavellate, about 1.2 cm. long, toothed at the apex. This species is closely allied to S. hyemalis, but differs from that species in several characters. Spiranthes stolonifera is a rigidly erect, aphyllous plant that develops tuber-bearing stolons. The stem- sheaths are closely appressed and are always abruptly subobtuse to acute. The sepals and petals are also obtuse to acute. Plants of S. hyemalis rise from a cluster of fusiform- thickened roots, and the stem, which is commonly flexuose, is leafy below and provided above with rather loose sheaths. The sheaths are acuminate and divergent at the apex. The sepals and petals are ordinarily long-acuminate. Huehuetenango : Sierra Cuchumatanes, rocky ridge beneath pines, Skutch 1254. In juniper woods, Cerro Chemal, summit of Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 50297. Wet cloud forest of oaks and pines, between San Mateo Ixtatan and Santa Eulalia, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 49903. Juniper ravine, alpine areas in vicinity of Tunima, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48386. Spiranthes Tonduzii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 26. 1912. In dense forests in leaf mold and on rotten logs among rocks, up to 550 meters. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica. Plant very slender, glabrous below, copiously pubescent above with short brown articulated hairs, 2-3.8 dm. tall. Leaves basal, sessile or with short broad petioles, pale green, glaucous, flaccid; lamina oval to elliptic-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, mostly oblique, 6.5-26 cm. long, 3-6.5 cm. wide; petiole up to 3.5 cm. long. Spike narrowly cylindrical, loosely flowered, 8-25 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. Bracts elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, incurved, 1-2 cm. long, about 4 mm. wide. Flowers small, dull white and light yellow. Sepals sparingly pubescent on the outer surface, with the margins involute above the middle; dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, obtuse to subacute, concave, 5.2-5.5 mm. long, 2-2.2 mm. wide; lateral sepals oblong-elliptic, obtuse, usually widest above the middle, 6-7 mm. long to base of short mentum, 2-3 mm. wide. Petals obliquely oblanceolate, obtuse, with the margins involute above the middle, 5-5.5 mm. long, 1.5-2.2 mm. wide. Lip in natural position conspicuously arcuate-deflexed above the middle with the apex curved back toward the rachis, with the margins upturned and undulate-crisped, finely hirsute below on the outer surface, when spread out linear-oblanceolate to linear-spatulate, obtuse to subacute, somewhat dilated above and finely ciliate along the apical margin, 5.5-7 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide at the widest point; disk with a puberulent tuft along the center near the 134 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 middle; basal lateral callosities terete or semiterete, acute, about 1 mm. long. Column short, thickened, about 3 mm. long; rostellum cuspidate, about 0.5 mm. long. Capsule ovoid, 1 cm. long. Izabal: Los Amates, C. C. Deam 96. Spiranthes tortilis (Sw.) L. C. Rich. Orch. Europ. Ann. 37. 1817 (in Me"m. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. 4: 59. 1818). Neottia tortilis Sw. Kongl. Sven. Vet. Acad. Nya Handl. 21: 226. 1800. Terrestrial in open grassy plains, dry pinelands and shallow soil of rock crevices, at low altitudes. Widespread from Florida to Louisiana and in the West Indies and Trinidad; rare in Guatemala, British Honduras and Nicaragua. Plant slender, glabrous below, subglabrous to somewhat pubescent above, up to 7 dm. tall. Leaves basal when present, filiform-terete to narrowly linear, 8-30 cm. long. Inflorescence a slender twisted spike composed of a single row of flowers, 3-22 cm. long. Floral bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly with hyaline margins, 3-7 mm. long. Flowers white marked with green. Sepals 3.5-6.5 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, subacute to acute; lateral sepals lanceolate, acute to acuminate. Petals adhering to the dorsal sepal, linear to linear-spatulate, obtuse to subacute, 3.5-5.5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lip ovate, oblong-quadrate or orbicular-quadrate, often conspicuously constricted just above the middle, strongly recurved, green on the central portion of the disk with the apical margin crenulate-wavy and whitish, 3-6 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide; basal callosities slender or stout, mammillate. This species is closely allied to Spiranthes graminea Lindl., of Mexico, but is separated from that species mainly by its differently formed lip and usually almost glabrous rachis and ovaries. Izabal: Cristina, Blake 7567. Between Milla 49.5 and Cristina, Steyermark 38660. Spiranthes trilineata Lindl. in Benth. PI. Hartw. 94. 1842 (type: Guatemala, Valley of Guatemala, January, Hartweg). Dei- regyne trilineata (Lindl.) Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37, Abt. 2: 428. 1920. Grasslands and in mixed oak and pine forests, up to 2,500 meters alt. Very rare in Mexico and Guatemala. Plant short, erect, somewhat stout, glabrous, 8-15 cm. tall. Leaves fugacious, basal when present. Spike lax, few-flowered, 2-6 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. in diameter. Bracts broadly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, scarious, with 3 conspicuous nerves, acuminate, 8-12 mm. long. Flowers dull white, rather large for the plant, ascending. Sepals recurved at the apex; dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, acute or broadly acuminate, 8-10 mm. long, 2-2.2 mm. wide; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, subobtuse or acute, falcate, 8.5-11 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide. Petals narrowly linear, acute or subacuminate, 8-9.5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 135 Lip elliptic-oblanceolate, sagittate, broadly rounded or obtuse at the apex, with the lateral margins turned upward, fleshy and somewhat decurved at the apex; disk pubescent on the basal portion, 9-12 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide at the widest point; basal calli obtuse, auriculate. Column about 1 cm. long. Guatemala: Skinner. Spiranthes trilineata var. thelymitra (Reichb. f.) L. 0. Wms. in Correll, Lloydia 10: 209. 1947. Spiranthes thelymitra Reichb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. 66. 1866 (type: Guatemala, near Oratoria and Yalpataqua, July 2, 1857, Wendland 379). Deiregyne thelymitra (Reichb. f.) Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37, Abt. 2: 428. 1920. More widespread than typical S. trilineata, being found in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Costa Rica. Variety thelymitra differs from the typical form in that the lip is conspicuously constricted near the apex to form a suborbicular lobule that is fleshy and covered with minute papillae, with the margins somewhat undulate. Chimaltenango: Near Chimaltenango, Bequaert 6. Alameda, Johnston 575. Guatemala: Along road between Guatemala and San Raimundo, Standley 63010. Pamplona (collected by Margaret Lewis), Standley 64518. Pamplona, Margaret Lewis 155. La Aurora, Morales 620. Escuintla: Morales Ruano 980. Sacatepe"quez : Near Santa Maria, 6,000 feet, Hunnewell 14678. Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, between Santa Rosalia and Vegona, Steyermark 43135. Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 5: 236. 1845. Figure 36. In meadows and open forests, up to 3,100 meters alt. A rather common and widespread species in the United States, uncommon in Mexico and Guatemala. Plant stout or slender, densely and copiously pubescent above, 1.2-11 dm. tall. Leaves basal or extending partly up the stem, suberect and ascending, linear to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, often strongly keeled. Spike rather densely flowered, 3-15 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. in diameter; the rachis and ovaries mostly covered by a dense mat of reddish brown, articulated hairs. Floral bracts broadly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate-elongate, concave, 7-15 mm. long. Flowers greenish or yellowish white, in a single rank (rarely in two ranks) ; parts of perianth somewhat pubescent on the outer surface. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, concave, 5.5-10 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide near the base. Lateral sepals lanceolate, acute, 5-9.5 mm. long. Petals adherent to the dorsal sepal, linear to linear-elliptic, obtuse, 5-9 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide. Lip thickened, broadly ovate to rhombic-ovate, occasionally ovate-oblong, arcuate- recurved, usually somewhat expanded and undulate-crenulate on the margin at the apex, 4.5-8 mm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide near the base; lateral basal callosities stout, incurved, pubescent. 136 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 This is a very variable species. It is characterized by its more or less densely pubescent rachis and ovaries. The flowers are usually very fragrant. The thick ovate lip and typically rigid acuminate leaves and sheaths of the stem readily separate this species from S. graminea Lindl. of Mexico. The lip of S. graminea is typically thin and oblong-quadrate and the leaves and sheaths are rather lax and obtuse to acute. Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim II 1832. Between Tactic and Coban, Turckheim II 2334. Chimaltenango : Chichavac, Skutch 362. Huehuetenango: Top of Cerro Chemalito, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, 3^ miles west of Santa Eulalia, Steyermark 49920. Cerro Canana, between Nucapuxlac and Canana, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 49000. Swamp along creek below Nuca, between Nuca and Quetzal, Steyermark 49780. EXCLUDED SPECIES Spiranthes gutterosa Reichb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. 67. 1866. This species was reported (as Sarcoglottis gutterosa (Reichb. f.) Ames) in Bonn. Smith, Enum. PL Guat. 7: 49. 1905, as occurring in Dept. Alta Verapaz (Turckheim 7993). We have seen no material referable to this plant. On the basis of an illustration of the scape and analytical drawings of the flowers, which we have seen from the Reichenbach Herbarium, it is doubtless a form of S. acaulis and perhaps should be included in that species. Spiranthes lupulina (Lindl.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. 3: 301. 1885. This plant was reported from Guatemala by Hemsley. We have seen neither material nor record of the type of this plant and are unable to place it correctly. It appears to be closely allied to S. aurantiaca and perhaps may prove to be referable to that species. The description is as follows: Scape glabrous at the base, pubescent above, clothed with cucullate obtuse glabrous imbricating scarious sheaths. Spike oblong, lupulinous. Bracts oblong-lanceolate, villous at the base, much longer than the elongate-conical flowers. Ovary obovate, very villous, twice as short as the villous sepals. Petals pilose. Lip ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse, pubescent within, biconvex and glabrous at the base. FIG. 36. Spiranthes vernalis. 1, plant (X 1); 2, flower, front view (X 4); 3, flower, side view (X 4) ; 4, lip, spread out ( X 4) ; 5, column (X 4) ; 6, pollen tetrad (highly magnified); 7, lateral sepal (X 4); 8, petal (X 4). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 137 138 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Lindley, in originally describing Stenorhynchus lupulinus (Gen. & Sp. Orch. PI. 479. 1840), wrote as follows: "Apparently a very handsome plant. The stem before me is a foot high, and covered with ventricose leafy imbricated sheaths; the bracts are 3 inches long and an inch broad, and have been of some bright colour, prob- ably pink; they are so large as to form a spike like a head of hops, within which the flowers are concealed." 15. GOODYERA R. Br. Terrestrial, scapose herbs with creeping rootstocks bearing several thick fibrous roots and with the alternate leaves basal or on the lower part of the stem. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, dark or bluish green, often reticulate-veined or varie- gated with white, rising from somewhat inflated sheaths, reduced above to sheath- ing bracts. Inflorescence a lax or dense cylindrical terminal spike. Flowers small, white or pink, often tinged with yellow or green, the oblique petals connivent with the dorsal sepal forming a hood over the lip. Lip sessile, deeply concave or saccate, straight or recurved at the apex, entire, the disk often adorned with glands or fleshy processes. Column short; anther borne on the back; pollinia two, attached to a narrow gland that is held between the forked or 2-toothed beak that terminates the column. Capsule erect, ovoid to ellipsoid. This genus consists of about twenty-five species that are found in boreal, temperate and tropical regions throughout the world. The typically variegated leaves of many of the species and the spurless lip are characteristic of the genus. Lip more than 5 mm. long G. major. Lip less than 5 mm. long G. striata. Goodyera major Ames & Correll, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10, no. 4: 68, pi. 4. 1942 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Zacapa, cloud forest in ravine bordering Quebrada Alejandria, summit of Sierra de las Minas, vicinity of Finca Alejandria, alt. 2,500 meters, October 13, 1939, J. A. Steyermark 29886). Figure 37. Terrestrial in mountain forests, up to 2,600 meters alt. Ap- parently endemic to Guatemala. Plant from a prostrate rhizome, erect-ascending, large for the genus, 5-7 dm. tall. Stem leafy and glabrous on the lower half, bracteate and glandular-pubescent above; bracts acuminate, 1.5-3.5 cm. long. Leaves five to eight, rather large, with conspicuous inflated clasping petioles; petioles tubular at the base, up to 4 cm. long; lamina obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, thick-membranaceous, 7.5-11.5 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide. Raceme spicate, cylindrical, rather densely flowered, 6.5-7 cm. long, 2.5 cm. in diameter; rachis glandular-pubescent. Floral ee orre FIG. 37. Goodyera major. 1, plant (X 1 A}\ 2, flower, side view (X 5); 3, flower, spread open (X 3); 4, lip, partly spread out (X 6). Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 139 140 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-pubescent, 9-12 mm. long, about 3.5 mm. wide near the base. Flowers ringent, with stout glandular-pubescent pedicellate ovaries that are about 1 cm. long. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, tapering to an obtuse apex, 1-nerved, canaliculate, 6-6.5 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals somewhat oblique, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 1-nerved, concave below, 6.5 mm. long, 3.2 mm. wide below the middle. Petals with a slender claw, adherent to the dorsal sepal, semirhombic, obtuse, 1-nerved, erose on the outer margin, slightly denticulate on the inner margin above the middle, 6 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide about the middle. Lip sessile, arcuate in natural position, with a globose- saccate base, the sac about 2.5 mm. deep and provided with papillae on the inner surface, 3-nerved, erose on the margins above the middle; when spread out broadly oblong-pandurate with a suborbicular-ovate base, 6 mm. long, 4.5 mm. wide across the base, 2.5-3 mm. wide across the apical portion, constricted above the middle and dilated at the broadly rounded to truncate or retuse apex, the apical portion minutely plicate. Column stout, terete, about 4 mm. long. Goodyera major is the largest known Central American species in this genus. The lip is nearest in shape to that of G. modesta Schltr., a Costa Rican species. However, G. modesta, besides having much smaller flowers than G. major, has an entire lip and linear petals. The nearest ally, G. dolabripetala (Ames) Schltr., not only has a laxly flowered raceme of smaller flowers, but the lip has entire margins and is described and illustrated as ovate-lanceolate. The following collection is in fruit but probably represents this species. Zacapa: Terrestrial, between Loma El Picacho and Cerro de Monos, Steyermark 42785. Goodyera striata Reichb. f. Linnaea 18: 409. 1844. In mixed oak-pine forests, in leaf mold and on decaying stumps and logs in dense moist forests, up to 3,000 meters alt. Rather common in Mexico and Guatemala. Plant slender, 2.4-5.2 dm. tall; stem densely or sparingly pubescent with whitish or brown articulated hairs, green or tinged with pink. Leaves basal or on the lower part of the stem, with short- winged petioles; lamina ovate to lanceo- late, acute to shortly acuminate, glabrous, variegated with white, 3.5-10 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide; petiole 2.5-4 cm. long. Spike narrowly cylindrical-pyramidal, 6-19 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. in diameter. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 7-12 mm. long. Flowers small, dull white, yellowish or pale pink. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acute to acuminate, concave below, recurved at the apex, 3.5-4.2 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, 3.5-4.1 mm. long, about 2.2 mm. wide. Petals oblanceolate, acute, dilated on the outer margin above the middle, 3.3-4.5 mm. long, about 1.8 mm. wide. Lip sessile, in natural position deeply concave with the margins upturned, when spread out suborbicular-ovate, obtuse to acute, 3.2-4.2 mm. long, 3.5-4.2 mm. wide; disk with small sacs at base, the sacs bearing several fleshy hooked processes, with two hairy fleshy glands on each side near the base. Column 2.5 mm. long. Capsule obliquely ellipsoid, about 1 cm. long. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 141 Alta Verapaz: Samac, Johnson 779. Chimaltenango: Chichavac, Skutch 557. Region of Los Positos, above Las Calderas, Standley 80234; 80301. Amatitlan: Pacaya, Johnston 1401. Chiquimula: Upper slopes of Montana Tajuran, in vicinity of El Barriol, Steyer- mark 30827. El Progreso: Sierra de las Minas, between Finca Piamonte and top of Montana Piamonte, along Joya Pacayal, Steyermark 43666. Guatemala: Volcan de Pacaya, above Las Calderas, Standley 58449. Calderas, Johnston 1116. Huehuete- nango: Cerro Canana, between Nucapuxlac and Canana, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 49106. Moist forest on summit, Cerro Pixpix, above San Ildefonso Ixtahuacan, Steyermark 50648. Jalapa: Volcan Jumay, north of Jalapa, Steyermark 32452. San Marcos: Between San Sebastian and Todos Santos, upper slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 36961. Bordering Rio Vega, between San Rafael at northeast portion of Volcan Tacana and Guatemala-Mexico line, Steyermark 36362. Solola: Volcan Santa Clara, south-facing slopes to summit, Steyermark 46970. One-third way up slopes, Volcan San Pedro, north-facing slopes towards Lago de Atitlan, above village of San Pedro, Steyermark 47262. Zacapa: Upper reaches of Rio Sitio Nuevo, Steyermark 43239. Sierra de las Minas, in cloud forest, between Loma El Picacho and Cerro de Monos, Steyermark 42784. Volcan Zunil, Skutch 933; 934. 16. "ERYTHRODES Biume Terrestrial leafy herbs, with roots at the base of the stem or from the nodes on the lower part of the stem. Stem erect or prostrate, ascending, often provided with sheathing bracts. Leaves with short petioles that surround the stem at the base, ovate to lanceolate, usually reticulate- veined. Inflorescence a dense or loose spicate raceme of small subsessile flowers. Sepals free, erect or spreading. Petals coherent with the dorsal sepal to form a galea. Lip lobed or occasionally simple, produced below into a simple or didymous saccate spur, ascending from the base of the column, which it lightly embraces. Spur usually provided with four or more mammillate calli or callus-like structures on the interior near the base. Column short ; anther erect, the two cells contiguous, distinct ; pollinia two, sectile or granular. This genus consists of about 100 species, which are found in the tropics and sub tropics of both hemispheres. These species are at times most perplexing, particularly since a number of ill-defined concepts have been segregated. The apical lobule of the lip may be variously interpreted as being simple, 2-lobed or 3-lobulate. An effort has been made to clarify this difficulty in critical cases. The typically variegated leaves of many of the species and the spurred lip are characteristic of the genus. 142 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 1. Lip ovate, not constricted E. ovatilabia. 1. Lip not ovate, more or less constricted. 2. Lip including the saccate spur less than 7 mm. long; lamina below the constriction elliptic-oblong to suborbicular, or linear in E. purpurea. 3. Lip abruptly dilated at the apex into two oblong retrorsely recurved lateral lobes E. purpurea. 3. Lip not 2-lobed at the apex. 4. Apical lobe of the lip ovate-subreniform, mucronate or obtuse. E. Tuerckheimii. 4. Apical lobe of the lip suborbicular-obcordate or suborbicular and apiculate. 5. Apical lobe of the lip conspicuously 3-lobulate at the apex; bracts shorter than the flowers at anthesis; plants terrestrial. .7. querceticola. 5. Apical lobe of the lip not 3-lobulate, at most apiculate; bracts folia- ceous, usually exceeding the flowers at anthesis; plants epiphytic. E. querceticola var. venustula. 2. Lip including the spur more than 7 mm. long; lamina below the constriction linear, obovate or cuneate. 6. Lip abruptly dilated at the apex into two oblong retrorsely recurved lateral lobes E. purpurea. 6. Lip not as above. 7. Lip cuneate or narrowly triangular-ovate below the short narrow isthmus, mostly wider than the apical lobe; apical lobe transversely linear, mucronate E. vesicifera. 1. Lip obovate-obcordate below the constriction, much narrower than the apical lobe; apical lobe orbicular-cordate E. stictophylla. Erythrodes ovatilabia Ames & Correll, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 10, no. 4: 70. pi. 5. 1942 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Chiquimula: Jalapa, Volcan Jumay, north of Jalapa, alt. 1,300-2,200 meters, December 1, 1939, J. A. Steyermark 32471). Figure 38. Terrestrial in oak forest, usually at high elevations, up to 3,000 meters alt. Rare in Mexico and Guatemala. Plant from a prostrate rhizome, erect-ascending, 3-4 dm. tall. Stem slender, pubescent with whitish articulated hairs, leafy on the lower fourth, bracteate above; bracts acuminate, spreading, up to 3.5 cm. long. Leaves five to eight, petiolate; petiole tubular-inflated below, enveloping the stem, up to 3 cm. long; lamina oblique, ovate-elliptic to broadly elliptic, acute to subacuminate, rounded or tapering at the base, dark green above with a whitish mid-nerve, gray-green beneath, 3-8.5 cm. long, 1.4-3 cm. wide. Raceme densely flowered, spicate, cylindrical, up to 7 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter; rachis pubescent. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-7 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide near the base. Flowers small, with pubescent pedicellate ovaries that are up to 6 mm. long. Sepals lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate or tapering to a narrowly subobtuse apex, 1-nerved, 4.8-5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide below the middle. Petals adherent to the dorsal sepal, semirhombic, narrowly cuneate at the base, obtuse to subacute, 1-nerved, about 4.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide across the dilated middle portion. Lip produced at the base into a slightly bilobed saccate spur, about 7 mm. long including the spur; lamina thin, when spread out ovate (sometimes narrowly so), obtuse to acute, usually with the margins slightly undu- FIG. 38. Erythrodes ovatilabia. 1, plant (X 1); 2, flower, side view (X 5); 3, dorsal sepal (X 5); 4, lip, partly spread out (X 5); 5, lateral sepal (X 5); 6, petal (X 5). Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 143 144 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 late, 3-nerved, 4 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide at the base. Column short, thick, about 2.5 mm. long. Erythrodes ovatilabia is one of the few American species in the genus having a simple lip. Its nearest ally, E. secunda Ames, from Mexico, is a much smaller plant with small ovate-subcordate leaves and a laxly few-flowered secund inflorescence. The essentially oval lip of E. secunda has a thickened disk and a somewhat constricted crisped apex. The petals are also spatulate instead of being semi- rhombic as in E. ovatilabia. Chiquimula: Upper slopes of Montana Tajuran, in vicinity of El Barriol, Steyermark 30826. San Marcos: Slopes of barrancas tributary to and bordering Rio Vega, between San Rafael at north- east portion of Volcan Tacana and Guatemala-Mexico line, Steyer- mark 36363 (in part). Erythrodes purpurea Ames, Orch., Fasc. V: 28. 1915. Physurus purpurea Ames, Orch., Fasc. II: 259. 1908 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Cubilgiiitz, June, 1904, H. von Turckheim 8759). P. luniferus Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 199. 1918 (type: Guate- mala, bank of the Sacinia River, between Mazatenango and San Francisco, January, 1875, Bernoulli & Cario 669). P. argyrostictus Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 440. 1920 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Cubilgiiitz, April, 1913, H. von Turckheim 4054). Erythrodes lunifera Ames, Orch., Fasc. VII: 71. 1922. In leaf mold or rich soil of wet dense forests, up to 1,300 meters alt. Rather common in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica. Plant erect or ascending, slender, 1.2-3 dm. tall; scape leafy, pubescent above with brown articulated hairs. Leaves with short petioles that are about 2 cm. long, obliquely ovate, lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate, usually dark or pale green flecked with white or reticulate with white or deep green, 3-9 cm. long, 1-3.3 cm. wide. Raceme loosely flowered, cylindrical, 5-20 cm. long, up to 2 cm. in diameter. Bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, incurved, scarious, 5-10 mm. long. Flowers white or greenish white. Sepals somewhat pubescent with articu- lated hairs on the outer surface, usually with a tuft of hairs localized near the apex; dorsal sepal linear-liguliform, obtuse, longitudinally concave, 4-5.2 (rarely 3) mm. long, about 1.8 mm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate, obtuse, 4-5.5 mm. long, 1.2-1.8 mm. wide. Petals linear to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, slightly oblique, minutely ciliate along the margin above the middle, 4-5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. Lip 6-8.5 mm. long including the saccate spur; lamina linear with the sides upturned, abruptly dilated or divided and reflexed at the apex into two oblong retrorsely recurved lateral lobules that are minutely ciliate, with a short mucro in the shallow sinus at the apex, 3.8-6 mm. wide across the apical lobules when spread out. Capsule ovoid, about 8 mm. long. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 145 This species is variable in its habit. Most of the plants have short peduncles while others have peduncles up to 13.5 cm. in length. The leaves are usually green flecked with silver-white or reticulate- veined with darker green or white. However, they may be variously pigmented as in the case of plants of other species in the genus, such as E. querceticola. Several South American segregates approach E. purpurea very closely and it is possible that with further study they may be combined with this species. Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 7678; 8463. Amatitlan: Pacaya, J. R. Johnston 1573. Escuintla: Finca Monterrey, south slope of Volcan de Fuego, Standley 64565. Finca El Zapote, Margaret W. Lewis 216. Huehuetenango: Forested slopes in vicinity of Ixcan, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 49429. Pete*n: Low forest between Finca Yalpemech and Chinaja, Steyermark 45439. Suchite- pequez: Finca Moca, F. W. Hunnewell 14670; A. F. Skutch 2112. Erythrodes querceticola (Lindl.) Ames, Orch., Fasc. V: 29. 1915. Physurus querceticola Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. PL 505. 1840. P. vaginatus Hook. Ic. PI. t. 449. 1842 (type: Guatemala, G. U. Skinner). Erythrodes vaginata (Hook.) Ames, Orch., Fasc. V: 29. 1915. Physurus humidicola Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 198. 1918 (type: Guatemala, Chilion near Mazatenango, August, 1867, Ber- noulli & Cario 477). P. trilobulatus Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 199. 1918 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Huehuetenango, between Sta. Cruz Almor and Ixcan, September, 1876, Bernoulli & Cario 852). Figure 39. In deep humus and leaf mold of shady barrancas and ravines, and in dense thickets among rocks. Widespread and rather common along the Gulf Coast from Florida to Texas, the West Indies, Mexico and Central America to northern South America(?). Plant slender or rarely stout, glabrous throughout, 6-43 cm. tall; stem leafy, erect or ascending, light green or brownish green. Leaves with short petioles; lamina ovate, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, acute to acuminate, broadly rounded to subcordate at the base, thin, light or dark green, usually with whitish reticulate veins, drying dull gray-green, straw-color or purplish brown, 1.5-8 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide below the middle; petiole thin, translucent, surrounding the stem at the base, about 2 cm. long. Raceme few- to many-flowered, loose or dense, 1.5-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. in diameter. Bracts broadly ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, usually scarious, 4.5-7 mm. long. Flowers subsessile, yellowish green or white. Dorsal sepal narrowly ovate-oblong to lanceolate, subacute to obtuse, concave, 3-4 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals somewhat obliquely ovate, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute, 3-4.5 mm. long, 146 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 1-2 mm. wide. Petals obliquely linear to linear-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, 3-4.5 mm. long, 1-1.3 mm. wide. Lip 5-7 mm. long including the saccate spur; lamina panduriform, with a conspicuous sinus on each side above the middle, the basal half suborbicular, concave, thickened and partly embracing the column, the upper half suborbicular-obcordate and shallowly or conspicuously 3-lobulate at the apex, 2-2.5 mm. wide across the divergent and broadly rounded lateral lobes, apical lobe triangular-apiculate and strongly reflexed. Spur saccate, descending, provided with three conspicuous nerves. Capsule ellipsoid, 7-9 mm. long. This species is extremely variable, being represented by several types of habit and numerous variations in the form of the apical portion of the lip of the flowers. Alta Verapaz: Pansamala, Turckheim 1015. Cubilgiiitz, Turck- heim 8003; Turckheim II 204. Chimaltenango : Lower and middle southwestern slopes of Volcan Fuego, above Finca Montevideo, along Barranca Espinazo and tributary of Rio Pantaleon, Steyermark 52116. Izabal: Along Rio Bonita, Steyermark 41735. Quezal- tenango: Colomba, Skutch 1350. Volcan Zunil, Skutch 980. Erythrodes querceticola var. venustula (Ames) Correll, Lloydia 10: 210. 1947. Physurus venustulus Ames, Orch., Fasc. II: 261. 1908 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Cubilgiiitz, December, 1903, H. von Turckheim 8591). Epiphytic. Rare in Guatemala and Costa Rica. Variety venustula is best distinguished from the typical form of the species by its long floral bracts, which are foliaceous, 6-20 mm. long and mostly exceeding the flowers at anthesis. The variety is usually epiphytic in habitat, whereas typical E. querceticola is apparently entirely terrestrial. This distinction, however, is arbitrary because terrestrial and epiphytic plants are often found in the same species. The plants of variety venustula are weak and drooping, perhaps because of their epiphytic habitat. The apical lobule of the lip of the variety is scarcely or not at all 3-lobed and prominently apiculate as in the species. The flowers may be tinged with red. Izabal: Epiphyte on branch along Rio Tameja, Cerro San Gil, alt. 50 meters, Steyermark 41814. Guatemala: Epiphytic, Turckheim II 881. Erythrodes stictophylla (Schltr.) Ames, Orch., Fasc. VII: 76. 1922. Physurus stictophylla Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 249. 1911 FIG. 39. Erythrodes querceticola. 1, plant (X 1); 2, flower, side view (X 5); 3, dorsal sepal (X 5) ; 4, petal (X 5) ; 5, lateral sepal (X 5) ; 6, lip and spur, front view (X 5); 7, fruits (X 1). Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 147 148 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, in rotten leaves in high woods near Coban, November, 1907, H. von Turckheim II 1894). In dense forest, up to 1,400 meters alt. Guatemala. Plant erect or ascending, 1.4-2.5 dm. tall; scape slender, densely silky pubes- cent. Leaves on the lower half of the stem, with short petioles that are about 1.5 cm. long, obliquely ovate or lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate, dark green mottled with white, glabrous, 2.5-5.5 cm. long, 1.3-2.6 cm. wide. Raceme loosely few-flowered, 4-7 cm. long, about 2 cm. in diameter. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, incurved, glabrous, scarious, 6-9 mm. long. Flowers greenish white, marked with reddish brown. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, obtuse, longitudinally concave, 5.2-6 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely linear-lanceolate or linear- elliptic, obtuse, 5.5-6.5 mm. long, 2-2.3 mm. wide. Petals obliquely narrowly linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, conspicuously dilated on the outer margin, 5-5.2 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. Lip 7.5-9 mm. long including the short saccate spur; lamina pandurate, obtuse, conspicuously constricted at the middle, the lower half obovate-obcordate and about 2.5 mm. wide, the apical half orbicular-ovate to orbicular-cordate, strongly reflexed in natural position and 3.5-4.2 mm. wide. Column short, about 3 mm. long. Capsule cylindrical, about 6 mm. long. This species is distinctive in that the apical lobule of the lip is much larger than the basal half and the petals are conspicuously dilated on the outer margin. The scape of this species is also densely silky-pubescent, approaching a tomentum. Alta Verapaz: Finca Volcan, Wilson 318. Erythrodes Tuerckheimii (Schltr.) Ames, Orch., Fasc. VII: 77. 1922. Physurus Tuerckheimii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 2: 132. 1906 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, in high woods near Cubilgiiitz, July, 1903, H. von Turckheim 733). P. polygonatus Ames, Orch., Fasc. II: 259. 1908 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Cubilgiiitz, April, 1900, H. von Turckheim 7678). Terrestrial in mountain forests, up to 1,800 meters alt. Rare in Guatemala and Honduras. Plant erect or ascending, slender, 2.5-4 dm. tall; stem pubescent with brown articulated hairs. Leaves on the lower part of the stem, with short petioles, obliquely ovate, oblong-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate, glabrous, 3-7 cm. long, 1.5-3.2 cm. wide. Raceme loosely or densely flowered, cylindrical, 6-10 cm. long, about 1 cm. in diameter. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, 7-11 mm. long. Flowers small, pink or brownish marked with white. Sepals sparingly pubescent on the outer surface; dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, obtuse, 2.5-3.2 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide; lateral sepals elliptic-oblong, obtuse, slightly oblique, 3-4 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Petals obliquely oblanceolate or linear-spatulate, obtuse, 3.2-4 mm. long. Lip about 5 mm. long including the saccate spur; lamina oblong or broadly elliptic with the margins upturned, somewhat constricted above and then expanded into a deflexed AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 149 terminal lobule; terminal lobule ovate-subreniform, obtuse or mucronate, with the margins minutely papillose, about 2 mm. long and 3 mm. wide. This species differs from E. vesicifera, to which it is closely allied, mainly by its smaller flowers and differently formed lip. The lip of E. Tuerckheimii is an oblong-elliptic type with an ovate-subreni- form apical lobule; whereas the lip of E. vesicifera is of a cuneate type with the apical lobule more or less 3-lobulate or transversely linear with a rather prominent mucro and separated from the rest of the lip by a short isthmus. Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 8463. Erythrodes vesicifera (Reichb. f.) Ames, Orch., Fasc. VII: 78. 1922. Physurus vesicifer Reichb. f . Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. 63. 1866. Figure 40. In leaf mold and rich soil of dense wet forest and on mossy banks, up to 2,400 meters alt. Rather widespread in Mexico and Central America. Plant erect or ascending, slender, 1.4-3.6 dm. tall; stem pubescent with brown or whitish articulated hairs. Leaves on the lower part of the stem, with short petioles, obliquely ovate to lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate, variously pigmented and mottled, usually green or bronze-green, mostly undulate-crenulate along the margins, 3.5-7 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide. Raceme loosely or densely flowered, 4-15 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, incurved, scarious, 6-10 mm. long. Flowers white. Sepals and petals usually conspicuously ciliate along the margins. Sepals elliptic to linear-oblong, obtuse or acute, 5-6 mm. long, 2-2.2 mm. wide. Petals obliquely oblong or oblong- oblanceolate, obtuse, 5-6 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Lip 7-9 mm. long including the saccate spur; lamina 2-3.5 mm. wide below the middle, cuneate to narrowly triangular-ovate, constricted above to form a short narrow isthmus and then expanded into an apical lobule that is more or less 3-lobulate or with a transversely linear lobule having a rather prominent mucro; lobule up to 3 mm. wide. Santa Rosa: Santa Rosa and Dept. Quiche", San Miguel Uspantan, Heyde & Lux 3498. Jumaytepeque, Heyde & Lux 3854. QUESTIONABLE AND EXCLUDED SPECIES Erythrodes loxoglottis (Reichb. f.) Ames. Physurus loxoglottis Reichb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. 64. 1866 (type: Guatemala, in a barranca near Guatemala, Wendland). It has not been possible to place this nondescript species satisfactorily. It is very closely allied to E. vesicifera and may well be placed with it for the present. Erythrodes maculata (Hook.) Ames was reported from Guatemala by J. D. Smith, Enum. PI. Guat. 7: 50. 1905 (as Physurus maculatus FIG. 40. Erythrodes vesicifera. Plant (X %). Right (top to bottom) : column (enlarged) ; lip, spread out ( X 5) ; flower, side view, partly spread open ( X 4) ; petal (X 5); dorsal sepal (X 5); lateral sepal (X 5). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 150 AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 151 Hook.). However, an examination of the specimen (Turckheim 8003) upon which this report was based revealed that it is E. querceti- cola, to which E. maculata may eventually be referred. 17. TROPIDIA Blume Terrestrial, coarse, slender, leafy and often branching herbs with thick fibrous roots on a short rhizome. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, mem- branaceous, strongly veined and plicate. Inflorescence a compound raceme of numerous small flowers. Lateral sepals connate at the base to form an inconspicu- ous sac or mentum. Petals and dorsal sepal similar. Lip entire, sessile, with a broadly saccate base, canaliculate, parallel to and partly embracing the column. Column short, straight; anther and rostellum about equal in length; anther erect, lying against the rostellum; pollinia 2, granulose, sectile. Capsule spreading. This is a small genus of about thirty-five species, which are natives mainly of the East Indies, Malaya, China and Japan. It is repre- sented in this hemisphere by one species. Tropidia polystachya (Sw.) Ames, Orch., Fasc. II: 262. 1908. Serapias polystachya Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1415. 1799. Figure 41. In well-drained stony soil of open woods, shaded hills and in humus and peaty soil in brushwood, up to 500 meters alt. Wide- spread but not common in southern Florida, the West Indies, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica and the Galapagos Islands. Plant leafy, glabrous throughout, 2.5-5.3 dm. tall. Leaves distichous, on the upper part of the stem, oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, acute to long-acuminate, thin, drying grayish, 6-28 cm. long, 1.5-5.5 cm. wide. Raceme compound, terminal, on a slender naked peduncle, 3-9 cm. long (flowers rarely occurring also in the axils of leaves along the stem). Bracts subulate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate with a prominent midrib and hyaline margins, 2-4 mm. long (bracts subtending each branch of the inflorescence much longer, narrowly lanceolate, otherwise similar to the floral bracts). Flowers greenish white or reddish. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, acute, strongly concave, 6-7 mm. long, 2-2.3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals somewhat obliquely oblong-elliptic, acute, gibbous at the base, 6-7 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Petals narrowly ovate to linear-oblong, truncate to subacute at the apex, 5.5-6.2 mm. long, 2-2.3 mm. wide. Lip 4.5-6.5 mm. long, cymbiform, concave-saccate with basal margins strongly involute, thickened with a median groove at the base, constricted near the middle and with the apex thin and somewhat expanded, broadly rounded and often retuse-apiculate; disk pubescent at the middle, with two intramarginal ridges that converge near the apex. Column 3-4 mm. long, terete. Capsule oblong-ellipsoid, prominently 6-ribbed, becoming black at maturity. Guatemala (fide Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. Am. 36: 437. 1918). FIG. 41. Tropidia polystachya. Plant (X M); 1, column, to show anther (a) and upper part of ovary ( X 4) ; 2, dorsal sepal ( X 4) ; 3, petals (X 4) ; 4, column, front- ventral view and upper part of ovary (X 4) ; 5, lateral sepals (X 4) ; 6, lip, from above (X 4). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 152 AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 153 18. COR YMBORCHIS Thou. Terrestrial coarse tall leafy herbs, sometimes branching, with thick woody roots clustered on the short rhizome. Sheaths decaying below, spathaceous or passing into leaves above. Leaves ample, plicate, chartaceous, with the petioles sheathing the stem. Flowers rather small, subsessile, in short terminal or axillary subcorymbose panicles. Bracts small, ovate. Sepals and petals linear to oblanceo- late. Lip erect from the base of the column and parallel with the column, free, broadly ovate to spatulate, canaliculate, recurved at the apex. Column long, erect, clavellate, terminated by two lobules or auricles; stigma at the base of an erect acuminate rostellum; clinandrium short. Anther erect, narrow, nearly as long as the rostellum, acuminate, with the cells contiguous; pollinia granular, attached to a subulate stalk that depends from a peltate gland of the rostellum; on the fall of the pollinia the rostellum remains bifid. Capsule cylindrical, sub- terete, crowned by the remains of the perianth. In this genus there are about a dozen species, which are widely dispersed through the tropics of the world. Two of them are to be found in the western hemisphere. Corymborchis forcipigera (Reichb. f.) L. 0. Wms. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 12, no. 7: 237. 1946. Macrostylis forcipigera Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 96. 1854. Corymborchis cubensis Acufia in Bol. Tc. 60, Est. Exp. Agron. Santiago de Las Vegas 51. 1939; emend, and validated by Correll in Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 8: 125, fig. 1. 1940. Figures 42, 43. 1 Terrestrial in rich soil and humus of shaded dense forests and thickets, up to 1,300 meters alt. Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica and the West Indies. Plant simple, tall, stout, erect, up to 2 meters tall, leaf-sheaths, peduncles and lower surface of the young leaves usually lepidote with brownish scales. Stem terete, occasionally geniculate at the base. Leaves large, crowded on the upper part of the stem, elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, dis- tichous, sessile, plicate and conspicuously many-nerved, 15-45 cm. long, 3-7.5 cm. wide. Inflorescences one to three lax corymbose panicles, arising in the axils of the uppermost leaves, up to 12 cm. long; peduncle slender, usually somewhat lepidote, up to 8.5 cm. long. Floral bracts ovate-triangular to lanceolate, acute to acuminate, concave and clasping at the base, 3-18 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide near the base, those subtending the branches of the inflorescence longest. Flowers greenish white or white, arcuate, spreading. Sepals canaliculate, fleshy-thickened, conspicuously dorsally carinate along the mid-nerve; dorsal sepal linear to linear- oblanceolate, acute to shortly acuminate, incurved, 12-19 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide above the middle; lateral sepals linear-oblanceolate, acute or abruptly and shortly acuminate, in natural position prominently falcate-recurved, 10-15 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide above the middle. Petals obliquely linear to oblanceolate, acute or abruptly and shortly acuminate, somewhat dilated and concave at the 1 Figures 42 and 43 were combined after the manuscript had been set in type. FIGS. 42, 43. Corymborchis forcipigera. 1, plant (X Ve); 2, upper flowering portion of plant (X }/) ; 3, lip, spread out ( X 3). C. flava. 4, lip, spread out ( X 3). The only other species of Corymborchis occurring in this hemisphere, from Costa Rica southward. Drawn by D. E. Tibbitts. 154 AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 155 apex with the margins crisped, thinner than the sepals, conspicuously dorsally carinate along the mid-nerve, 11-13.5 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide above the middle. Lip in natural position arcuate-decurved above the middle, when spread out linear-spatulate, acute, cucullate-concave and rounded at the base, dorsally carinate along the thickened mid-nerve, 11-14 mm. long; basal portion linear, canaliculate, 6-8 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide; apical portion dilated, ovate to oval, reflexed, with the margins usually undulate-crisped, 5-6 mm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide; disk with an intramarginal linear callus on each side extending from the base to about the middle of the apical portion. Column clavellate, terete below, 10-12 mm. long. Capsule cylindrical, ribbed, 1.5-2 cm. long. Alta Verapaz: Near Pansamala, Turckheim 1021. Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 8601. Solola: South-facing slopes of Volcan Atitlan, above Finca Moca, Steyermark 47928. The following collections are sterile but probably represent this species: Alta Verapaz: Montana Yxocubvain, 2J/6 miles west of Cubilgiiitz, Steyermark 44989. Izabal: Cerro San Gil, damp rain- forest, along Rio Frio, Steyermark 39898. 19. STELISSwartz Small epiphytic caespitose herbs with a solitary leaf at the apex; secondary stems provided with loosely clasping sheaths. Roots fibrous, clustered, from a short creeping stem. Leaves fleshy or coriaceous, subsessile or petiolate. Flowers minute or small, numerous, on one or more long slender racemes that rise in the axil of the leaf. Sepals subequal or with the dorsal sepal longest, spreading or cleistogamous, more or less connate; lateral sepals slightly oblique. Petals much shorter than the sepals, with thickened margins. Lip sessile, variously shaped, simple or 3-lobed, about as long as the petals. Column without a foot, short, thickened above; rostellum Ungulate; anther terminal, operculate; pollinia 2, waxy, pyriform. Capsule small, ovoid to cylindrical, 3-angled. In this genus there are more than two hundred species, all natives of tropical America where they occur from Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil and Peru. Because of the usually very small petals and lip, which are fleshy and pliable, the species of Stelis are difficult to study in herbarium specimens. Flower-color of the species seems to be extremely variable. Flowers of the same species growing in sun or shade often vary in color, accordingly, from greenish yellow to purplish. 1. Dorsal sepal much longer than the lateral sepals, spreading conspicuously, 2-4 mm. long S. despectans. 1. Dorsal and lateral sepals subequal. 2. Column about twice as long as the petals S. ovatilabia. 2. Column about equal to the petals in length. 3. Lip with a tuft of cilia on each side at the base, minutely mucronate at the apex S. tenuissima. 3. Lip without a tuft of cilia on each side at the base. 156 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 4. Lip not of an ovate, rhombic or reniform type, or with an apiculate or acuminate apex, or with the sepals conspicuously ciliate along the margins. 5. Lip with an acuminate apex or with a conspicuous deltoid-acuminate apicule. 6. Lip 1 mm. long, truncate or broadly rounded, long-apiculate. S. guatemalensis. 6. Lip less than 1 mm. long, not truncate. 7. Lip suborbicular-obovate with a prominent deltoid acuminate apicule; sepals glabrous S. hymenantha. 7. Lip rhombic-lanceolate, inner surface of the sepals short-pubes- cent. 8. Petals broadly cuneate, rounded-truncate at the apex. S. rubens. 8. Petals obliquely obovate-cuneate with a conspicuous apicule at the apex S. rubens var. oxypetala. 5. Lip not acuminate at the apex. 9. Lip narrowly oblong or oblong-quadrate. 10. Lip truncate and sinuately tridentate or apiculate at the apex. S. cleistogama. 10. Lip obtuse with 2 median and marginal falcate calli or lobes curving inward toward the center of the disk. . . .S. microchila. 9. Lip not oblong or oblong-quadrate; sepals usually ciliate on the margins. 11. Lip with a minute erect apiculate process on the anterior margin, thick-fleshy, quadrate to semiglobular or rhombic. 12. Lateral sepals 5-nerved S. leucopogon. 12. Lateral sepals 3-nerved S. Endresii. 11. Lip without an apiculate process. 13. Lip oval or occasionally ovate S. ciliaris. 13. Lip broadly reniform S. chihobensis. 4. Lip of an ovate, rhombic or reniform type, subtruncate, broadly rounded or obtuse at the apex; sepals glabrous. 14. Floral bracts large, amplexicaul-peltiform with spreading, somewhat revolute margins S. parvula. 14. Floral bracts ovate-cucullate or tubular, not conspicuously spread- ing. 15. Plants large, up to 43 cm. tall; secondary stem more than 4 cm. long; lip semiorbicular to subreniform, broadly rounded or obtuse at the apex S. purpurascens. 15. Plants small, less than 20 cm. tall; secondary stem less than 4 cm. long; lip not suborbicular or reniform. 16. Lip somewhat cuneate or rhombic-ovate, subtruncate or broadly obtuse at the apex, about 0.5 mm. long. 17. Petals obovate-cuneate, from a narrow base; lip with 2 approximate calli in the middle of the disk; sepals often with revolute margins S. gracilis. 17. Petals broadly flabellate from a wide base; lip with a large fleshy subquadrate callus above the middle of the disk; sepals with incurved margins S. Johnsonii. 16. Lip not rhombic-cuneate, 0.75-1 mm. long, with a transverse callus near the base of the disk. 18. Lip triangular-ovate, bidentate at the base; leaves usually linear S. bidentata. 18. Lip from a broad, flat base, subrhomboidal, not toothed at the base; leaves usually oblanceolate S. perplexa. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 157 Stelis bidentata Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 358. 1912 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, near Tactic, Turckheim 511; near Coban, Turckheim 1842). Figure 44. Epiphytic on trees, up to 1,800 meters alt. Mexico and Guate- mala. FIG. 44. Stelis bidentata. 1, flower (X 21); 2, lip (X 25); 3, petal (X 25). Drawn by Blanche Ames. Plant densely caespitose, glabrous, up to 15 cm. tall; secondary stem erect, short, with one or two sheaths, 1.5-4 cm. long. Leaves erect, linear or narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse and obliquely bidentate or tridentate at the apex, somewhat oblique, tapering into the very short petioles, 3-8 cm. long, 2.5-7 mm. wide. Inflorescence including the peduncle up to 11 cm. long, loosely few-flowered, slender, filiform. Bracts scarious, broadly ovate-cucullate, shortly acuminate, 1.5-3 mm. long. Flowers small, purplish or white with a greenish, purplish or reddish brown infusion. Pedicellate ovaries ascending, slender, about as long as the bracts. Sepals orbicular-ovate, obtuse, concave, 3-nerved, 1.5-2.2 mm. long, 1.8-2 mm. wide; lateral sepals coherent below the middle. Petals cuneate to suborbicular-rhombic, broadly obtuse, concave, thickened at the apex, 1 mm. 158 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 long, about as wide as long. Lip fleshy, triangular-ovate, obtuse, bidentate at the base, deeply concave in front and at the base, somewhat divided near the base by a transverse bilobed callus, about 1 mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide. The flowers of this species are usually closed during the day, but open at night. FIG. 45. Stelis chihobensis. 1, flower (X 11); 2, petal (X 21); 3, column (X 21); 4, lip (X 21). Drawn by Blanche Ames. Amatitlan: Pacaya, Johnston 1311. Finca Moca, J. Bequaert 48. Moca, Margaret W. Lewis 73. Stelis chihobensis Ames, Sched. Orch. 1: 3. 1922 (type: Guate- mala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Chihob, Johnson 939). Figure 45. Epiphytic on trees, up to 1,000 meters alt. Guatemala and Costa Rica. Plant caespitose, glabrous, up to 22 cm. tall; secondary stem erect, rather stout, provided with 3 bracts, 4-9 cm. long. Leaves including the short sulcate petiole 4-9.5 cm. long; lamina ligulate, linear-elliptic, obtuse and obliquely tri- dentate at the apex, 5-12 mm. wide. Inflorescence including the short peduncle up to 13 cm. long, loosely many-flowered. Bracts obliquely tubular, acute, shorter STEJLIS FIG. 46. Stelis ciliaris. Plant (X 1); 1, flower (about X 9); 2, petal (about X 13); 3, lip (about X 16); 4, column and lip, front-side view (about X 13). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 159 160 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 FIG. 47. Stelis ciliaris. 1, flower (about X 9); 2, lip, front view (about X 16); 3, lip, front-side view (about X 16); 4, column (anther removed; much enlarged) ; 5, petal (about X 22). Drawn by Blanche Ames. FIG. 48. Stelis ciliaris. 1, flower (about X 9); 2, lip, front-side view (about X 15); 3, lip, front view (about X 15); 4, petal (X 17). Drawn by Blanche Ames. than the pedicellate ovary, about 1.5 mm. long. Flowers small, distichous, bright pale green or yellow. Pedicellate ovary about 2 mm. long. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, glandular-pubescent, the margins minutely ciliolate, about 2 mm. long and 2 mm. wide. Petals subrhomboidal from a wide base, a little less than 1 mm. long. Lip very fleshy, broadly reniform from a short claw, rounded in front, concave, traversed by a thick transverse ridge near the middle, minutely papillose, about 1 mm. long and 1 mm. wide. Column fleshy, dilated toward the summit. Capsule obliquely ellipsoid-pyriform, becoming black with age, about 7 mm. long. This species is distinguished from closely related species by its distinctly ciliolate sepals. Represented from Guatemala only by the type collection. Stelis ciliaris Lindl. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 353. 1836. Figures 46-48. On trees in very humid forests, up to 1,000 meters alt. Wide- spread in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, British Honduras and Costa Rica. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 161 Plant caespitose, glabrous, 1-3 dm. tall; secondary stem short, stout, provided with tubular sheaths, up to 3 cm. long. Leaves linear to elliptic-oblanceolate, obtuse and obliquely tridentate or retuse at the apex, tapering into the short petiole, often oblique, erect, 3.5-15 cm. long, 1-3.2 cm. wide. Inflorescence includ- ing the rather long peduncle up to 27 cm. long, exceeding the leaves, slender, loosely many-flowered. Bracts short, obliquely tubular, reddish, 1-2 mm. long. Flowers deep maroon, purplish, showy, small. Pedicellate ovary slender, about 3 mm. long. Sepals broadly ovate to orbicular-elliptic, broadly rounded to subacute, 3-nerved, mostly conspicuously ciliate on the margins, 2-4 mm. long, 2-2.8 mm. wide. Petals broadly cuneate, flabellate or subreniform, thickened along the solitary central vein and above, from a narrow base, 0.75-1.25 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide at the apex. Lip oval or ovate, subtruncate or obtuse and recurved at the apex, fleshy, the lower margins upturned, 1-2 mm. long, about as wide as long; disk with a mammillate callus on each side at the base. Column short, mottled with purple. Capsule obliquely ellipsoid, prominently 6-ribbed, about 1 cm. long. The illustrations show flowers from three different specimens to demonstrate variability in this species. FIG. 49. Stelis cleistogama. 1, column, side view (X 38); 2, petal (X~38); 3, flower, sepals broken apart and spread out (X 20); 4, lip, front view (X 38); 5, lip, front-side view (X 38). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 162 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Alta Verapaz and Chiquimula (eastern portions) : Chocon Planta- tion, Watson 361. Izabal: Vicinity of Quirigua, Standley 23900. Pete"n: La Libertad, Sabana San Francisco, Lundell 2141. Stelis cleistogama Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 203. 1918 (type: near Guatemala, July, 1866, Bernoulli & Cario 505). Figure 49. Epiphytic. Rare in Guatemala. Plant slender, about 30 cm. tall, glabrous; secondary stem erect, 8-9 cm. long. Leaves erect, oblanceolate-ligulate, obtuse, tapering gradually into the short petiole, 7.5-10.5 cm. long including the petiole, 1.5-1.8 cm. wide. Inflorescence slender, erect, loosely many-flowered, about 10 cm. long. Bracts cucullate, apiculate. Flowers small, cleistogamous. Sepals ovate, obtuse to acute, 3-nerved, glandulose on the inner surface, about 2 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide. Petals broadly cuneate-obovate, obtuse and thickened verruculose at the apex, 3-nerved, about 0.75 mm. long and 1 mm. wide. Lip oblong-quadrate, truncate and sinuately tridentate or apiculate at the apex, about 0.75 mm. long and 0.5 mm. wide; disk with a thickened transverse callus above the middle, which is excavated in front. Column short, thick, about as long as the petals. This species is distinguished from other species of Stelis found in Guatemala by its oblong-quadrate lip. Represented from Guatemala only by the type collection. Stelis despectans Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 453. 1910. Figure 50. Epiphytic on trees in forests and open lands. Guatemala and Costa Rica. Plant small, glabrous, caespitose, 4-19 cm. tall; secondary stem slender, concealed by stramineous sheaths, 0.5-5 cm. long. Leaves erect, linear to linear- oblanceolate, subobtuse and minutely tri cuspidate at the apex, 1.5-9 cm. long including the short petiole, 3-6 mm. wide. Inflorescence 1-2, slightly exceeding the leaves, loosely many-flowered, up to 12 cm. long including the short peduncle; raceme fractiflex. Bracts ovate-cucullate to lanceolate-cucullate, apiculate to acuminate, about 1.5 mm. long. Flowers small, spreading-ringent, nodding, pale green to yellow. Pedicellate ovary arcuate-decurved, slender, 2-2.5 mm. long. Sepals adherent at the base, 3-nerved; dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic to elliptic- lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, ascending, the lower half concave, recurved above the middle, much longer than the lateral sepals, 2-4 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely ovate-oblong to suborbicular, obtuse to subacute, strongly concave, 1.5-3.2 mm. long, 1.2-2 mm. wide. Petals obliquely rhombic-obovate with obtuse angles to broadly flabellate with a broadly rounded apex, fleshy- thickened along the apical margin, concave, 1-nerved, 0.5-0.75 mm. long, 0.5-0.8 mm. wide. Lip orbicular-ovate-cucullate to subcordate-cucullate, narrowed above to an obtuse or acute apex, with a thin membranous callus stretched across the lower half to form a hood, 3-nerved, about 0.75 mm. long and 0.5 mm. wide. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 163 Column short, thick, 3-lobed at the apex. Capsule obliquely pyriform-ovoid, conspicuously ribbed, 3-4 mm. long. Guatemala (fide Schlechter). FIG. 50. Stelis despectans. 1, petal (X 36); 2, column, front view (X 36); 3, flower (X 12); 4, lip, front-side view (X 36); 5, lip, side view (X 36). Drawn by Blanche Ames. Stelis Endresii Reichb. f. Gard. Chron. 1373. 1870. Figure 51. Epiphytic on trees and shrubs in forests, up to 1,600 meters alt. Widespread from Mexico through Central America to Panama, Brazil and Peru. Plant caespitose, glabrous, up to 2.5 dm. tall. Secondary stem slender, uni- foliate, up to 5 cm. long, partly concealed by tubular scarious sheaths. Leaf elliptic-ligulate to oblanceolate, obtuse to rounded at the apex, coriaceous, epetio- late or with a short petiole, 8-12 cm. long, up to 2 cm. wide above the middle. Raceme laxly flowered, up to 2.4 dm. long including the peduncle, exceeding the leaf. Floral bracts infundibuliform, acute, about 2 mm. long, shorter than the pedicellate ovaries. Flowers pinkish, reddish green or purplish red. Sepals sub- equal, broadly ovate to suborbicular, broadly obtuse, glandular-papillose within, 2.5-4.5 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; dorsal sepal 5-nerved; lateral sepals slightly 164 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 oblique, 3-nerved. Petals broadly cuneate to flabellate, broadly rounded at the thickened apex, 3-nerved, 0.6-1 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide at the apex. Lip very fleshy, semiglobular or rhombic, 0.5-1 mm. long and wide, with an erect apicule at the apex and a thickened ridge along the middle of the upper surface, with the margins more or less erect to form a thin rim along the sides and in front. Column dilated upward. FIG. 51. Stelis Endresti. 1, flower (about X 7); 2, lip, side view (X 20); 3, lip, front view ( X 20); 4, petal ( X 20); 5, column (anther removed; about X 20). Drawn by Blanche Ames. This species is allied to S. leucopogon. However, that species usually has larger flowers in which the lateral sepals are always distinctly 5-nerved, and the lip is differently formed. No specimen has been seen from Guatemala. However, since Guatemala is included in the area of distribution of this species it is included here. Stelis gracilis Ames, Orch., Fasc. II: 266. 1908 (type: Guate- mala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Cubilgiiitz, August, 1900, H. von Turck- heim 7681). Figures 52, 53. Epiphytic on trees along moist ridges and in dense tropical forests, up to 1,100 meters. Mexico to Costa Rica. Plants densely caespitose, glabrous, mostly less than 15 cm. tall; secondary stem slender, erect or ascending, 1.5-4 cm. long. Leaves linear-oblong to linear- oblanceolate, obtuse, rigid, pale green, somewhat oblique, 5-13 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide. Inflorescence including peduncle slender, filiform, about as long as or exceeding the leaves, up to 15 cm. long. Bracts tubular, obliquely truncate, apiculate, about 1 mm. long. Flowers minute, greenish white. Pedicellate ovary \ STELIS aracilis cAmes FIG. 52. Stelis gracilis. Plant (X 1); 1, flower (X 6); 2, dorsal sepal (X 8); 3, lateral sepal (X 8); 4, petal (X 16); 5, column (X 16); 6, lip (X 16). Original drawing by Oakes Ames; redrawn by D. E. Tibbitts. 165 166 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 slender, exceeding the bracts, about 2 mm. long. Sepals similar, ovate, subacute, the margins revolute, 3-nerved, about 2 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide. Petals cuneate, fleshy, especially at or near the apex, about 0.5 mm. long and 1 mm. wide at the apex. Lip fleshy, ovate-rhombic to somewhat cuneate, about as long FIG. 53. Stelis gracilis. 1, lip (X 32); 2, anther (greatly enlarged); 3, petal ( X 32) ; 4, column, front view ( X 32) ; 5, petals, lip, and column, front-side view (X 24); 6, flower, side view (X 12). Drawn by Blanche Ames. as the petals, somewhat concave in front; disk with 2 approximate calli in the middle. Column short, triangular; margin of the clinandrium crenate-dentate. Capsule obliquely cylindrical, prominently 6-ribbed, about 5 mm. long. Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim II 1891. Chama, Johnson 247. Stelis guatemalensis Schltr. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7: 541. 1899 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Huehuetenango, near Yalambohoch, Seler 2316). S. patula Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 359. 1912 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, near Coban and Pansamala, H. von Turckheim 698; II 1916; II 1478). Figure 54. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 167 Epiphytic on oaks and pines and on trees in dense rain forests, up to 1,400 meters. Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica. Plants densely caespitose, glabrous, up to 35 cm. tall; secondary stem slender, terete, erect, provided with two sheaths, 5-15 cm. long. Leaves linear-oblong, obtuse and obliquely tridentate at the apex, tapering into the short terete petiole, occasionally oblique, coriaceous, 5-14 cm. long including petiole, 1-2 cm. wide. FIG. 54. Stelis guatemalensis. 1, flower (X 17); 2, interior parts of flower (X 25); 3, lip (X 40); 4, petal (X 40). Drawn by Blanche Ames. Inflorescence of 1-3 spikes, subsessile, slender, loosely flowered, up to 25 cm. long. Bracts tubular, obliquely truncate, apiculate, scarious, 1.8-2.5 mm. long. Flowers small, nodding, spreading, greenish white or reddish. Pedicellate ovary slender, arcuate-decurved, a little longer than the bracts. Sepals bilabiate, concave, with involute margins, the lateral ones more or less coherent almost to the apex; dorsal sepal oblong, obtuse to subacute, 3-nerved, 2.5-3.2 mm. long, 2-3.3 mm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely ovate to ovate-oblong, subacute, 2.5-3.2 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Petals minute, rhombic-orbicular, with obtuse angles, 0.75-1 mm. long, about as wide as long. Lip fleshy, semioblong-cuneate to suborbicular, truncate or broadly rounded and apiculate at the apex, concave, with a hooded bilobed 168 FIELD IANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 callus on the center of the disk, about 1 mm. long, nearly as wide as long. Column short, dilated above, trilobed. Capsule obliquely cylindrical. Alta Verapaz: Trece Aguas, near Senahu, H. Pittier 351. Chama- Coban road, Johnson 301; 553. Rio Coban, between Coban and San Pedro, Johnson 649. Huehuetenango: Cerro Negro, two miles east of Las Palmas, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 51705. Stelis hymenantha Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 291. 1912 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, near Coban, H. von Turck- heim II 1968). Figure 55. 6. FIG. 55. Stelis hymenantha. 1, lip, front view (X 39); 2, column, side view ( X 56) ; 3, column, front view ( X 56) ; 4, petal ( X 63) ; 5, flower, side view ( X 21) ; 6, lip, side view (X 39). Drawn by Blanche Ames. Epiphytic on trees in oak-pine forests and in dense humid forests, up to 2,800 meters alt. Rather common from southern Mexico to Panama. Plant densely caespitose or fasciculate, glabrous, 7-27 cm. tall; secondary stem rather stout, terete, erect, covered by two long tubular scarious sheaths, 1.5-8 cm. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 169 long. Leaves erect, linear-oblanceolate, obtuse and obliquely tridentate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 4-10 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide. Inflorescence including the short peduncle up to 15 cm. long, solitary, loosely few- to many-flowered, as long as or exceeding the leaves. Bracts tubular-cucullate, subobtuse to acuminate, mostly exceeding the pedicellate ovary, 1.8-3 mm. long. Flowers pale greenish white or greenish yellow, small, slightly nodding, spreading. Pedicel 1.5-2 mm. long, arcuate above the middle. Sepals orbicular-ovate to ovate-elliptic, obtuse to shortly acuminate, connate near the base, shallowly concave, 3-nerved, 1.5-1.7 mm. long, about 1.2 mm. wide. Petals cuneate-obovate, thickened and sub- truncate at the apex, somewhat concave, about 0.5 mm. long and 0.3 mm. wide. Lip suborbicular-obovate with a prominent deltoid acuminate apicule, concave, the margins and apicule curved upward, 0.5-0.75 mm. long, usually about as wide as long; disk with two somewhat semilunate calli on each side near the base, which are often rather indistinct from one another. Column small, dilated above, obtuse, bilobed. Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, 3-angled, 6-ribbed, 4-5 mm. long. Alta Verapaz: Pansamala, Turckheim 1012. On road from Chama to Coban, Johnson 506. Rio Coban-Coban San Pedro, Johnson 610. Chiquimula: Middle slopes of Montana Norte to El Jutal, on Cerro Brujo, southeast of Concepcion de las Minas, Steyermark 31053. Huehuetenango: Cerro Pixpix, above San Ildefonso Ixta- huacan, Steyermark 50581. Izabal: Cerro San Gil, uppermost ridges and summit, Steyermark 41958. Quezaltenango: Fuentes Georginas, western slope of Volcan de Zunil, Standley 67342. Densely forested damp white sand quebrada, El Pocito, south of San Martin Chile Verde, on road to Colomba, Standley 85083. San Marcos: Barranca Eminencia, road between San Marcos and San Rafael Pie" de la Cuesta, in upper part of the barranca between Finca La Lucha and Buena Vista, Standley 86483. Between town of Tajumulco and Tecutla (nine miles south and west of Tajumulco), northwestern slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyermark 36774. Along Quebrada Canjula, between Sibinal and Canjula, Volcan Tacana, Steyermark 36045. Suchitepequez: Volcan Santa Clara, between Finca El Naranjo and upper slopes, Steyermark 46645. Volcan de Ipala, Pittier 1870. Stelis Johnsonii Ames, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 35: 87. 1922 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Chama, Johnson 252). Figure 56. Epiphytic on trees, up to 300 meters alt. Guatemala. Plant somewhat caespitose, glabrous, 8.5 cm. tall; secondary stem erect, when young concealed by two elongated tubular sheaths, 1-1.2 cm. long. Leaves 2.5-4 cm. long, up to 6 mm. wide, oblanceolate, obtuse and minutely bidentate at the apex with a cusp in the sinus, narrowed toward the base into a sulcate petiole that is about 4 mm. long. Inflorescence including the peduncle up to 7.5 cm. long, 170 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 solitary or rarely two, loosely few-flowered, filiform. Bracts obliquely funnel- shaped, acute to acuminate, 1.5-2 mm. long. Flowers minute, few, reddish, odorless, not spreading. Pedicellate ovary up to 2.5 mm. long, exceeding the bracts. Sepals adherent at the base, triangular-ovate, obtuse, conspicuously 3-nerved, about 1.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide. Petals flabelliform, thickened at the apex, 3-nerved, about 1 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide near the apex. Lip rhombic in outline, triangular in side view, margins erect, thickened at the apex, provided FIG. 56. Stelis Johnsonii. 1, flower (X 16); 2, lip, front view (X 39); 3, petal (X 21); 4, lip, side view (X 39). Drawn by Blanche Ames. with a large fleshy subquadrate callus above the middle of the disk, about 0.5 mm. long. Column short, slender near the base, dilated upwards. This species is allied to S. bidentata, from which it is distinguished by the differently shaped lip. Represented from Guatemala only by the type collection. Stelis leucopogon Reichb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. 95. 1866. S.Bernoullii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 201. 1918 (type: Guatemala, Hacienda de las Nubes, Costa Grande, November, 1877, Bernoulli & Cario}. Figure 57. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 171 Epiphytic on trees, up to 1,500 meters. Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama. Plant rather large, glabrous, caespitose, erect, up to 43 cm. tall; secondary stem stout, provided with tubular sheaths, 1.5-15 cm. long. Leaves very thick and coriaceous, subsessile or with a broad short petiole, narrowly elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, obtuse and retuse at the apex, occasionally oblique, 7-16.5 FIG. 57. Stelis leucopogon. 1, flower (X 8); 2, petal (X 16); 3, column (X 20); 4, lip, side view (X 24); 5, lip, front view (X 24). Drawn by Blanche Ames. cm. long, 1-3.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence 1 or 2, rather stout, loosely many-flowered, up to 30 cm. long including the peduncle, subtended by a closely appressed or complanate spathaceous bract that is up to 2 cm. long. Bracts funnel-shaped, obliquely truncate, acute or apiculate. Flowers large for the genus, purplish and greenish, appearing almost simultaneously and remaining open for only a short time during the day. Pedicellate ovary slender, ascending or recurved, 6-8 mm. long. Sepals deltoid-ovate to rhombic-ovate, obtuse, fleshy-thick, 5-nerved, 3.5-8 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide. Petals broadly flabellate to cuneate, much thickened and truncate-rounded at the apex, glabrous or somewhat glandular- puberulent, 1-1.5 mm. long, 1.25-2.5 mm. wide at the apex. Lip quadrate to subquadrate-ovate, somewhat obliquely truncate at the apex, rounded beneath, 172 FIELDI AN A: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 with a minute erect apiculate process on the anterior margin, fleshy, 0.75-1.3 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; disk concave, with a longitudinal, somewhat T-shaped slightly raised callus on the basal half in the center. Column short, thick, about 1 mm. long. Capsule obliquely cylindrical, about 1.5 cm. long. This species varies considerably in the size of the sepals. It has the largest flowers of all the Stelis found in Guatemala. The leaves are large, and when dry are very tough, rigid and coriaceous. Solola: Western slope of Volcan Atitlan, Hatch. Quezaltenango : Palma, Skutch 1433. Finca Moca, Bequaert 49. Moca, Lewis 74; Bates 4. Stelis microchila Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 289. 1911 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, near Pansamala, July, 1886, H. von Tilrckheim 700). Figure 58. Epiphytic in wet mountain forests, up to 1,650 meters. Occa- sional in Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama. FIG. 58. Stelis microchila. 1, lip, front-side view (X 63); 2, column, front- side view (X 30); 3, column, front view (X 30); 4, lip, front view (X 63); 5, petal (X 33); 6, flower (X 15). Drawn by Blanche Ames. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 173 Plant small, densely caespitose, glabrous, 4.5-15 cm. tall; secondary stem very short, 0.5-1.5 cm. long. Leaves erect, linear-oblanceolate to narrowly spatulate, obtuse and minutely tricuspidate at the apex, tapering into the very short petiole, 2-5 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, mostly oblique. Inflorescence filiform, rather densely flowered, 2-4 times as long as the leaves. Bracts ovate-cucullate, acuminate, hyaline, 1-2.5 mm. long. Flowers small, reddish-brown or bronze-green, spreading. Pedicellate ovary recurved, 2-2.5 mm. long or slightly longer. Sepals mostly 1- nerved or 3-nerved, the lower fourth adherent, usually coarsely glandular-pubes- cent; dorsal sepal elliptic to ovate-oblong, obtuse, rarely apiculate, 1.3-3 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely orbicular-ovate, obtuse, 1.5-2.3 mm. long, 1.2-2 mm. wide. Petals broadly cuneate to subreniform-quadrate, broadly rounded to obtuse, thickened along the apical margin, from a broad base, 3-nerved, 0.75-1 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lip small, fleshy, narrowly oblong, obtuse, with two median and marginal falcate calli or lobes curving inward toward the center of the disk, 0.5-0.75 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide. Column short, thick. Capsule ellipsoid, prominently 6-ribbed, about 4 mm. long. Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim 2494. Coban, Johnson 729. Mountains east of Tactic, on road to Tamahu, Standley 71340. Near Coban, Standley 71658. Tactic, Johnston 1862. Along Rio Carcha, between Coban and San Pedro Carcha, Standley 89823; 89919. Mountains along road between Tactic and the divide on road to Tamahu, Standley 91399. Huehuetenango : Vicinity of Maxbal, about 17 miles north of Barillas, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48783. Stelis ovatilabia Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 211. 1918 (type: Guatemala, near Palohuero, Costa Cuca, April, 1878, Bernoulli & Cario 583). Figures 59, 60, 61. Epiphytic on trees in mixed pine-oak forests, up to 3,800 meters. Uncommon in Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica. Plant usually very small, densely caespitose, glabrous, 5-23 cm. tall; secondary stem mostly short and slender, 1-11 cm. long. Leaves erect, linear to linear- spatulate, obtuse and inconspicuously retuse at the apex, 2-13 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide. Inflorescence slender, up to 10 cm. long including the peduncle, subtended by a conduplicate sheath that is up to 7 mm. long. Bracts ovate-cucullate, clasp- ing the rachis, acute to acuminate, 1.5-2.5 mm. long. Flowers greenish white, small. Pedicellate ovary slender, about 2 mm. long. Sepals broadly ovate to oval, obtuse, fleshy, 3-nerved, 1.5-2 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. Petals sub- orbicular to subreniform, oblique, 1-nerved, fleshy-thickened at the obtuse apex, about 0.5 mm. long and wide. Lip ovate, obtuse, in natural position trulliform, subtruncate and usually auriculate at the base, 3-nerved, somewhat thickened transversely at the base in front of the very short claw, shallowly concave in front, 0.75-1 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Column dilated at the apex, almost twice as long as the petals, about 1 mm. long. Capsule ovoid, conspicuously 6-ribbed, 2-4 mm. long. FIG. 59. Stelis ovatilabia. 1, plant (X 1); 2, raceme (X 4); 3, flower, front view ( X 11); 4, lip ( X 22); 5, flower, side view ( X 11); 6, column (anther removed; X 21); 7, petal (X 21). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 174 AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 175 Stelis ovatilabia is distinguished from other species in Guatemala in having an elongated column that is almost twice as long as the petals. The illustrations show flowers from three different speci- mens to demonstrate variability in this species. Amatitlan: Volcan Pacaya, Shannon 3670. Chimaltenango: Tecpam, Bates 19. Chichavac, Skutch 374. Calderas, Johnston 1470; 1471. Guatemala: Slopes of Volcan de Pacaya, between FIG. 60. Stelis ovatilabia. 1, flower (about X 13); 2, column, front view (X 20); 3, lip, front view (X 20); 4, lip, side view (X 20); 5, petal (X 22). Drawn by Blanche Ames. FIG. 61. Stelis ovatilabia. 1, flower (about X 11); 2, column, front-side view (anther removed; about X 22); 3, lip (about X 20) ; 4, lip from the type (about X 20); 5, petal (about X 24); 6, column with petal attached (about X 18). Drawn by Blanche Ames. San Francisco Sales and the base of the active cone, Standley 80762. Solola: Volcan Atitlan, south-facing slopes, Steyermark 47401. Suchitepequez : Volcan Santa Clara, between Finca El Naranjo and upper slopes, Steyermark 46683; 46646. Stelis parvula Lindl. Fol. Orch. (Stelis) 7. 1858. Epiphytic on trees in forest, up to 1,900 meters alt. Uncommon in Guatemala and Nicaragua. Common in Costa Rica. Plant slender, short, glabrous, 5-14 cm. tall; secondary stem ascending or erect, 1-4.5 cm. long, concealed by tubular loosely appressed brownish sheaths. 176 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Leaves including the petiole 2-6.5 cm. long; lamina linear, elliptic or linear-ob- lanceolate, obtuse and tridenticulate at the apex, abruptly tapering into the rather long petiole, 5-13 mm. wide. Inflorescence including the peduncle 6-10 cm. long, slender, densely flowered. Bracts large for the plant, amplexicaul-peltiform, dilated into an oblique suborbicular-ovate lamina with revolute margins, apiculate, 1.5-3.2 mm. long. Flowers white, greenish yellow or purplish, minute. Pedicel- late ovary slender, about 1.5 mm. long. Sepals deltoid-ovate, rounded-obtuse to subacute, adherent at the base, conspicuously 3-nerved, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, 1.5- 2.7 mm. wide. Petals orbicular-obovate to transversely elliptic-rhombic, truncate to obtuse and fleshy-thickened at the obscurely verruculose apex, 3-nerved, 0.5-1.3 mm. long, about as wide as long. Lip ovate-subcordate or rhombic with obtuse angles and upturned lateral margins, 0.75-1.2 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide; disk with a tuberous callus on each side below the middle, the calli coherent to form a transverse ridge. Column minute, dilated. Capsule obliquely ellipsoid, about 6 mm. long, prominently 3-angled and 6-ribbed. This species is distinctive in having unusually large floral bracts that are amplexicaul-peltiform with spreading, somewhat revolute margins. Alta Verapaz: Road Chama to Coban, Johnson 320. Stelis perplexa Ames, Sched. Orch.l: 7. 1922 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, banks of Chisaxte River, below Secanquim, May 9, 1905, H. Pittier 308). Epiphytic, up to 900 meters alt. Uncommon in Guatemala and Honduras. Plant caespitose, glabrous, up to 16 cm. tall; secondary stem erect, rather stout, about 2.5 cm. long, when young concealed by tubular sheaths, monophyllous. Leaves ligulate, linear or narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse, often minutely and ob- liquely tridentate at the apex, 3-9 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide. Inflorescence including the short peduncle up to 14 cm. long, exceeding the leaves, loosely few- to many- flowered. Bracts surrounding the rachis, obliquely funnel-shaped or ovate- cucullate, obtuse to acute, 1.5-2.3 mm. long. Flowers usually about 4 mm. apart, small, light green. Pedicellate ovary exceeding the bracts, up to 3 mm. long. Sepals orbicular-ovate, obtuse to acute, coherent below the middle, fleshy, 3-nerved, 2-3 mm. long, 2-2.2 mm. wide. Petals broadly rhomboid from a wide base, obtuse-angled at the summit and thickened, narrowly triangular in cross section at the tip, scarcely 1 mm. long and 1 mm. wide at the tip, 3-nerved. Lip subrhomboidal from a wide base, obtuse-angled at the tip, 0.75-1 mm. long, 0.75-1 mm. wide, much thickened, with a transversely thickened callus in the middle of the disk, apical half of lip in front of the callus strongly concave; callus dilated at each side, constricted at the center. Column dilated above, equaling the petals. This species differs from S. gracilis, to which it is closely allied, in its broader sepals and stouter peduncles. Alta Verapaz and Chiquimula (eastern portions) : Watson 221C. Chiquimula: Volcan Quezaltepeque, 3-4 miles northeast of Quezal- tepeque, Steyermark 31475. Izabal: 40 miles from coast, Lewis 6. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 177 Stelis purpurascens A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. se"r. 3, 3: 18. 1845. S. curvata Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 358. 1912 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Cubilguitz, July, 1907, H. von Turckheim II 1889). S. Carioi Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 202. 1918 (type: Guatemala, near Guatemala, November, 1865, Ber- noulli & Cario). S. fulva Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: FIG. 62. Stelis purpurascens. 1, flower (X 11); 2, column (X 18); 3, petal (X 18); 4, lip (X 26). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 388. 1918 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Cubilguitz, May, 1913, H. von Turckheim 4064). Figure 62. Epiphytic on trees in damp forests, up to 1,800 meters alt. Rather common and widespread in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Costa Rica. Plant stout, glabrous, somewhat caespitose, up to 43 cm. tall; secondary stem erect or ascending, 4-19 cm. long. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, oblong or oblong- lanceolate, obtuse and retuse at the apex, sessile or subsessile, usually oblique, 5-20 cm. long, 0.7-4 cm. wide. Inflorescence 1-2, up to 33 cm. long including the peduncle, loosely many-flowered, arising from a prominent conduplicate lanceo- STBLLS '.be ScMr. FIG. 63. Stelis rubens. Plant (X 1); 1, flower (about X 11); 2, petal (X 20); 3, lip, from above (X 20); 4, lip, side view (X 20); 5, column (anther removed; X 20); 6, lip, side view (drawn from the type of S. Tuerckheimii; about X 20); 7, flower (drawn from the type of S. rubens; about X 11); 8, petal (X 20); 9, lip, side view (X 20); 10, lip, from above (X 20). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 178 AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 179 late sheath, which is up to 2.5 cm. long. Bracts ovate-cucullate, clasping the rachis, acute, acuminate or apiculate, 1.5-5 mm. long. Flowers spreading, reddish brown, purplish or purplish green. Pedicellate ovary recurved, about 3 mm. long. Sepals orbicular-ovate, ovate-elliptic or subrhombic, obtuse to subacute, adherent to about the middle, 3-6-nerved with the nerves mostly carinate on the outside, 2-4 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Petals small, cuneate-obovate to broadly flabellate, subtruncate-obtuse at the apex, with the apical margin thickened and more or less verrucose, about 1 mm. long, 0.9-1.25 mm. wide. Lip fleshy, semiorbicular to subreniform, broadly rounded or obtuse at the apex, occasionally with a slight protuberance at the apex, about 1 mm. long, about as wide as long; disk 3-nerved, provided with a transverse somewhat constricted fleshy ridge below the middle. Column short, about as long as the petals. Capsule obliquely ellipsoid, promi- nently 3-ribbed, 8-10 mm. long. This species is extremely variable. It is very similar in habit to Stelis leucopogon but is distinguished from that species by its smaller flowers. Alta Verapaz: Chama, Johnson 240. Amatitlan: Pacaya, John- ston 1384. Guatemala: Large swamp east of Tactic, Standley 92342. Volcan de Pacaya, above Las Calderas, Standley 58496. Quezaltenango: Above Mujulia, between San Martin Chile Verde and Colomba, Standley 85563. Santa Rosa: Laguna de Carrizal, Heyde & Lux 4627. Suchitepequez : Southwestern lower slopes of Volcan Zunil, in vicinity of Finca Montecristo, southeast of Santa Maria de Jesus, Steyermark 35256. "Guatemala," Bates 13. Stelis rubens Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 564. 1910 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, near Cubilgiiitz, September, 1904, H. von Turckheim II 1061). S. Tuerckheimii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 564. 1910 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, near Cubilgiiitz, August, 1904, H. von Turckheim II 79). Figure 63. Epiphytic on trees, up to 1,100 meters alt. Rare in Mexico, Guatemala and British Honduras. Plant slender, caespitose, glabrous, up to 23 cm. tall; secondary stem very slender and short, 1-4 cm. long. Leaves erect, narrowly linear-oblong, obtuse and minutely tridentate at the apex, tapering into the petiole, 4-13 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. Inflorescence filiform, somewhat flexuose, up to 21 cm. long. Bracts ovate- cucullate, subtruncate to acute, occasionally apiculate, 1-1.2 mm. long. Flowers minute, spreading, white or yellowish green tinged with purple. Pedicellate ovary slender, recurved, 1.5-2.2 mm. long. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse to apiculate, coherent below the middle, minutely papillose-puberulent on the inner surface, 3-nerved, 1.3-2 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide; dorsal sepal suberect-recurved. Petals fleshy, broadly cuneate, rounded-truncate at the apex, thickened on the apical margin and rarely apiculate, about 0.5 mm. long, about as wide as long. Lip obscurely 3-lobed or rhombic-lanceolate, arcuate with a sharply upturned acute tip, fleshy, the lateral lobes rounded and erect, apical lobe narrowly lanceo- 180 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 late or triangular-cymbiform, about 0.75 mm. long; disk with a thickened sub- orbicular-elongate tubercle in the middle. Column short, the apical margin erose- denticulate. Izabal: 40 miles from coast, Lewis 5. Stelis rubens var. oxypetala (Schltr.) Ames, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 2, no. 1: 23. figs. pp. 6-7. 1934. S. oxypetala Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 203. 1918 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Pete"n, near Faclus, September, 1877, Bernoulli & Carlo 624). Fig- ure 64. Variety oxypetala differs from the typical form of the species in the unusual, thin texture of the petals, which are obliquely obovate-cuneate with a conspicuous apicule at the apex. The apical margin is also usually irregularly crenulate. The plants and flowers are usually larger than those of typical S. rubens. Represented from Guatemala only by the type collection of S. oxypetala. Stelis tenuissima Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 204. 1918 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Quezaltenango, Sta. Maria Ikibal, May, 1878, Bernoulli & Cario 590). Figure 65. Epiphytic on trees in forests, up to 2,250 meters alt. Rare in Mexico and Guatemala. Plant slender, glabrous, densely caespitose, 9-14 cm. tall; secondary stem slender, 1-5 cm. long. Leaves linear to semiterete, obtuse, obliquely and minutely tridenticulate at the apex, erect to strongly recurved above the middle, 3-7 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide. Inflorescence filiform, loosely many-flowered, up to 11 cm. long including the peduncle. Bracts obliquely ovate-cucullate, acute or apiculate, 1.2-1.5 mm. long. Flowers minute, purplish brown or yellowish. Pedicellate ovary slender, about 1.5 mm. long. Sepals orbicular-ovate, obtuse to subacute, the lower third coherent, 1-3-nerved, concave, 1-1.5 mm. long, 1-1.2 mm. wide. Petals obliquely orbicular-quadrate to broadly cuneate-reniform, broadly rounded to obtuse at the apex, 1-3-nerved, shallowly concave, 0.5-1 mm. long, 0.75-1 mm. wide. Lip suborbicular to orbicular-rhombic, minutely mucronate, with the obtuse- rounded lateral margins upturned and a tuft of cilia on each side at the base, 3-nerved, 0.75-1 mm. long, 0.5 mm. or more wide; disk with a thickened and fleshy ovate callus on the lower half. Column short, thick, dilated at the triangular obtuse apex. FIG. 64. Stelis rubens var. oxypetala. Plant (X 1); 1, a portion of the raceme (about X 2); 2, column, with the petals and lip attached (X 20); 3, petal (X 20); 4, column and lip, side view showing the protuberant stigma, the obliquely erect rostellum, and the anther (X 20); 5, flower (about X 8); 6, pollinia (much en- larged); 7, lip (much enlarged). Drawn by Blanche Ames. 181 182 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 This species may be distinguished from other species of Stelis found in Guatemala by the two tufts of cilia on each side at the base of the lip and by the extremely slender, often semiterete leaves. Quezaltenango: Finca Pirineos, lower south-facing slopes of Volcan Santa Maria, between Santa Maria de Jesus and Calahuache', FIG. 65. Stelis tenuissima. 1, flower (X 23); 2, petal (X 30); 3, column, front-side view (X 40); 4, lip, front view (X 40); 5, lip, front-side view (X 40). Drawn by Blanche Ames. Steyermark 33190. Montana Chicharro, on lower southeast-facing slopes of Volcan Santa Maria, 2-4 miles south of Santa Maria de Jesus, Steyermark 34305. Region of Las Nubes, south of San Martin Chile Verde, Standley 83838. 20. PHYSOSIPHON Lindl. Small epiphytic caespitose herbs with a solitary leaf at the apex; secondary stems erect or ascending, provided with tubular sheaths. Roots fibrous from a short creeping stem. Leaves fleshy or coriaceous, narrowed at the base. Flowers small, in elongate racemes that rise in the axil of the leaf. Sepals connate for more than half their length to form an obliquely 3-angled inflated tube that is spreading or ventricose at the base and constricted at the mouth, free above and spreading. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 183 Petals and lip minute compared to the sepals, enclosed at the base of the sepaline tube. Lip articulated to the base or foot of the column, 3-lobed (in ours) or entire, fleshy, canaliculate. Column small, erect-arcuate, subterete, 3-lobed; anther terminal, operculate, incumbent; pollinia 2, ovoid, ceraceous. Capsule small, ellipsoid. This is a small genus of perhaps a half dozen species which are found in tropical America. It is very closely allied to Masdevallia and Pleurothallis. Sepals less than 5 mm. long P. minor. Sepals more than 5 mm. long P. tubatus. Physosiphon minor Rendle, Journ. Bot. 38: 275. 1900. Epiphytic on trees, up to 2,300 meters alt. Rare in Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica. Plant densely caespitose, up to 13 cm. tall, provided at the base with several sheaths that conceal the secondary stem and the lower part of the peduncle and petiole; sheaths brownish, tubular, loosely appressed, dilated at the mouth, up to 1.5 cm. long; roots fibrous, whitish, smooth, slender. Secondary stem slender, up to 2 cm. long, erect, unifoliate. Leaf shortly petioled; lamina oblong-elliptic to narrowly elliptic, obliquely tridenticulate at the rounded to obtuse apex, sulcate above, fleshy-coriaceous, up to 6 cm. long (including the petiole) and 1.3 cm. wide. Peduncle usually one, occasionally as many as three, filiform, provided with several short scarious bracts; raceme laxly flowered, with as many as fifteen flowers. Floral bracts ovate-cucullate, embracing the rachis, obliquely truncate, up to 3 mm. long. Flowers pale yellow on the upper half, deep maroon at the base, subdistich- ous, with slender pedicellate ovaries that exceed the bracts. Sepals united to above the middle to form a tube that is about 2 mm. long, 3-nerved, prominently keeled on the back, 3.5-4 mm. long; free part ovate-oblong, acute, about 1 mm. wide. Petals obliquely cuneate-oval to elliptic-cuneate, with the margins irregular at the obtuse apex, 1-nerved, membranaceous, 1 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide. Lip 3-lobed, arcuate in natural position, 3-nerved, about 2 mm. long and 1 mm. wide; lateral lobes small, thin, erect, rounded; mid-lobe very fleshy-thickened, suborbicular, obtuse, with the margin obscurely erose. Column with a prominent foot, sulcate on the ventral surface, irregularly toothed at the apex, about 3 mm. long including the concave foot. Huehuetenango: Northwest of Cuilco, two-thirds of the way up Cerro Chiquihui. above Carrizal, Steyermark 50803. Physosiphon tubatus (Lodd.) Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6: 188. 1861. Stelis tubatus Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1601. 1830. Physosi- phon guatemalensis Rolfe, Kew Bull. 197. 1891 (type: Guatemala). Figure 66. Epiphytic on trees, especially oaks, in wet or dry forests, up to 3,500 meters alt. Rather common in Mexico and Guatemala. FIG. 66. Physosiphon tubatus. 1, two flowering plants (X 1); 2, petal (X 10); 3, lip, spread out ( X 10) ; 4, lip and column, side view ( X 10) ; 5, column, front view (X 10). Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 184 AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 185 Plant glabrous, erect or ascending, caespitose, 0.75-4.7 dm. tall; secondary stem stout, encased by scarious tubular sheaths, 1.5-12 cm. long. Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, obtuse and minutely retuse at the apex, with a short sulcate petiole, fleshy, 4-15 cm. long including the petiole, 1.5-3 cm. wide. Inflorescence stout, with numerous approximate flowers, 8-42 cm. long including the peduncle. Bracts tubular-spathaceous, acute or acuminate, scarious, dorsally carinate, 3-6.5 mm. long. Flowers vary in color from greenish yellow to brick red. Sepals 6-22 mm. long, including the sepaline tube; free part spreading, elliptic-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or acute and mucronate, 3-nerved, dorsally carinate along the mid-nerve, 3-10 mm. long, 0.8-3 mm. wide. Petals small, enclosed at the base of the sepaline cup, obliquely obovate-spatulate to oblong-cuneate, subtruncate, obtuse or obscurely 3-lobed at the apex, prominently 1-nerved, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, 0.6-1 mm. wide. Lip small, 3-lobed, somewhat arcuate and canaliculate, conspicuously dorsally carinate along the 3 nerves, the upper part clasping the column, 2-3.2 mm. long, 1-2.2 mm. wide across the lateral lobes when spread out; lateral lobes semiquadrate, truncate, turned upward; terminal lobe ovate, obtuse, crenulate along the margin, often papillose on the upper surface; disk fleshy-thickened below the lateral lobes. Column slender, semiterete, arcuate, 3-lobed at the apex, 2-3.2 mm. long. Capsule ellipsoid, 3-angled, 8-10 mm. long. This species is extremely variable, particularly in the length of the sepals and in flower color. A complete series was found in the size of the flowers, from 6 to 22 mm. long. It is known as "monja." Amatitlan: Near Lake Atitlan, road from Panajachel, Margaret Ward Lewis 81. Chimaltenango: Johnston 1245. Guatemala: Calderas, Porter 3. Huehuetenango: Aguacatan, Skutch 1918. Aguacatan, Johnston 1707. Above Democracia on trail towards Jutal, Steyermark 51036. Aguacatan road, 10 km. east of Huehue- tenango, Standley 82101. Quiche": Cune"n, Heyde & IMX 3490. San Marcos: Finca Vergel, near Rodeo, Standley 68948. Santa Rosa: Volcan Jumaytepeque, Heyde & Lux 4620. Solola: Volcan Atitlan, south-facing slopes, Steyermark 47430. Zacapa: Sierra de las Minas, between Santa Rosalia de Marmol and San Lorenzo, Steyermark 43153. 21. MASDEVALLIA Ruiz & Pavon Epiphytic herbs with creeping rhizomes; secondary stem short, terminated by a solitary leaf, enclosed by scarious sheaths. Leaves fleshy, coriaceous, linear or oblanceolate. Peduncle scapose, 1-several-flowered, arising at the base of the petiole. Flowers small or large, variously colored. Sepals connate or connivent to form a tube at the base, free portion spreading, terminated by a cauda or shortly acuminate. Petals much smaller than the sepals, linear-oblong, dolabriform or rhombic-quadrate. Lip small, polymorphic, articulated to the foot of the column, subsessile or with a slender claw. Column erect or curved, with or without wings, produced into a short foot at the base, apex entire or variously toothed; anther terminal, operculate, incumbent, 1-celled; pollinia 2, ceraceous. 186 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 This is a large and complex genus of some 250 species, which are natives of tropical America. They are commonly found at high elevations in cool mountain regions. Some of the species of Masde- vallia are extremely variable in regard to the sepals. It is quite possible that growth of the sepals continues after anthesis and after fertilization has occurred, thus causing the apical portion and caudae to become farther elongated. At one time this was an exceptionally popular genus with orchid fanciers and some of the rarer and more attractive species commanded fabulous prices. 1. Lip strongly constricted near the middle, pandurate; apical lobule calceolate- saccate. 2. Lip about 5 mm. long; apical lobule about 2 mm. wide M. pusilla. 2. Lip more than 8 mm. long; apical lobule 5-6 mm. wide M. erythrochaete. 1. Lip not strongly constricted near the middle; apical portion not calceolate- saccate. 3. Petals linear-oblong; lip linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, cordate at the base, not broadest above the middle. 4. Free part of the lateral sepals more or less abruptly caudate . M. floribunda. 4. Free part of the sepals triangular, shortly acuminate, not caudate. M. tubuliflora. 3. Petals not linear-oblong; lip oblong-spatulate to flabellate or obscurely trilobed and ovate. 5. Petals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, 1 mm. or less wide .... M. chontalensis. 5. Petals not as above, 2 mm. or more wide. 6. Sepals long-caudate; column wings long, narrow, decurved. M. linearifolia. 6. Sepals shortly acuminate; column wings obtuse or acute. . . .M. Simula. Masdevallia chontalensis Reichb. f. Otia Bot. Hamb. 17. 1878. Epiphytic on trees in forests, up to 2,000 meters alt. Rare in Guatemala, rather widespread in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama. Plant caespitose, glabrous, 5.5-11 cm. tall. Secondary stem short, up to 1 cm. long, unifoliate, concealed by tubular chartaceous sheaths. Leaf erect, fleshy- coriaceous, grass-green above, pale green beneath, linear-elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, minutely tridenticulate at the obtuse apex, tapering to a short petiole, 2-8.5 cm. long, 3-9 mm. wide. Inflorescence regularly 2-flowered, exceed- ing the leaves. Floral bracts infundibuliform, obtuse-apiculate, scarious, 3-5 mm. long. Flowers white, tipped with yellow; pedicellate ovaries about 5 mm. long. Sepals united to near the apex to form a sepaline tube, 3-nerved, tapering at the apex to form thickened semiterete caudae; sepaline tube 1.1-1.7 cm. long including the caudae; caudae up to 8 mm. long. Petals with a short claw, obliquely ovate- lanceolate, obtuse-apiculate at the apex, 2.6-3.6 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, provided on the inner surface with a fleshy nipple and an intramarginal linear callus on the anterior margin. Lip broadly oblong-spatulate, dilated near the apex, obtuse, erose on the apical margin, decurved above the middle in natural position and with the lateral margins slightly reflexed, 3-4.2 mm. long, 1.3-1.8 mm. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 187 wide; disk longitudinally sulcate in the center with the canal bordered by thickened ridges. Column 3 mm. long, erose on the thin apical margin. Capsule light green, obliquely ellipsoid, 6-ribbed, 1-2 cm. long. Izabal : Cerro San Gil, uppermost ridges and summit, Steyermark 41957. Masdevallia erythrochaete Reichb. f. Gard. Chron. 2: 392. 1882. Epiphytic on trees, up to 1,250 meters. Rare in Guatemala and Costa Rica. Plant glabrous, caespitose; secondary stem obsolete, less than 5 mm. long, enclosed by large loose scarious sheaths. Leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, obtuse to acute and minutely tridentate at the apex, tapering into the long tri- angular-sulcate petioles, dorsally carinate along the mid-rib, 11-21 cm. long, 9-20 mm. wide. Peduncle horizontal or descending from the base of the petiole, recurved near the apex, provided with several tubular sheaths, 2-3-flowered, 9-28 cm. long. Sepals united near the base to form a wide shallow cup 4.5-9 cm. long from the base to the tip of the caudae; free portion ovate-deltoid, 1.1-1.5 cm. wide, long- caudate, the inner surface covered with small elongated papillae, white-yellow, spotted with crimson-purple; caudae 3.5-7 cm. long, crimson-purple. Petals oblong to oblong-obovate, broadly rounded-retuse and denticulate at the apex, white or pale pink and brown-spotted, 1-nerved, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; inner surface with a triangular lamella near the middle, papillose above the lamella. Lip pandurate, deeply constricted below the middle to form two lobes, arcuate- recurved and fleshy at the base, pale pink to almost white, 9-12.5 mm. long; basal portion canaliculate, rhombic-cuneate and about 4 mm. wide when spread out, the margins just below the constriction somewhat revolute, with two intra- marginal calli on the disk; apical portion calceolate, semiorbicular-saccate, with the three central veins lamellate and the branch veins of the lateral veins lamellate on the marginal half, 5-6 mm. wide. Column short, thick, recurved, toothed at the apex, narrowly winged, 3-4 mm. long. Guatemala (fide Schlechter). Masdevallia floribunda Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29: Misc. p. 72. 1843. M. Tuerckheimii Ames, Orch., Fasc. II: 265. 1908 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Cubilgiiitz, August, 1903, H. von Turckheim II 464). Epiphytic on trees in damp forests, up to 1,500 meters. Rather widespread in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. Plant glabrous, densely caespitose, up to 15 cm. tall; secondary stem short, erect or erect-spreading, up to 1 cm. long. Leaves oblanceolate to oblong-spatu- late, obtuse or broadly rounded and obliquely tridenticulate at the apex, narrowed into the slender sulcate petiole; fleshy, 4-14 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide above the middle. Peduncle 2.5-10.5 cm. long including the pedicellate ovary, slender, wiry, dull green streaked with crimson, 2-flowered. Bracts appressed, membranous, 188 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 apiculate, 1-1.5 cm. long. Sepals yellow- white with crimson spots, 3-nerved, more or less abruptly tapering into the caudae. The caudae brownish orange and 3-14 mm. long; dorsal sepal 11-21 mm. long, united to the lateral sepals for about 6 mm., ovate-oblong, free part subrotund, deltoid; lateral sepals 11-20 mm. long, united for 10-13 mm., oblong-elliptic, free part obliquely ovate to semiorbicular. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse-truncate and retuse, apiculate or toothed at the apex, with a pointed keel on the anterior margin, white, 5-5.5 mm. long, 1.2-1.5 mm. wide. Lip linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, cordate and thickened at the base, obtuse- rounded and reflexed at the apex, denticulate along the apical margin, 4.5-6 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, white with crimson spots; disk laterally and medianly bilamellate. Column green-purplish, suberect, thick, 4-5 mm. long. Capsule obliquely cylindrical, about 12 mm. long. This is an extremely variable species, particularly in the length of the caudae. The sepals may be abruptly or gradually tapering into the caudae. Alta Verapaz: Coban, Turckheim 3996. Izabal: Along slopes, Rio Frio, Steyermark 39966. The following collection is sterile but probably represents this species: Quezaltenango: Lower south-facing slopes of Volcan Santa Maria, between Finca Pirineos and Los Positos, between Santa Maria de Jesus and Calahuache", Steyermark 33714. Masdevallia linearifolia Ames, Sched. Orch. 5: 7. 1923 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Cubilgiiitz, August, 1900, H. von Turckheim 7784). Epiphytic on trees in dense tropical forests, up to 650 meters alt. Rare in Guatemala and Honduras. Plant small, glabrous, densely caespitose, 2-4 cm. tall; secondary stem con- cealed by scarious sheaths, up to 6 mm. long. Leaves linear to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse and obliquely tridenticulate at the apex, coriaceous, 1.2-3.2 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide near the apex. Peduncle with the pedicellate ovary 5-10 mm. long, fili- form, 1-flowered, subtended by several scarious apiculate sheaths. Flowers light yellow to brownish red, spotted with purple, more or less concealed among the secondary stems and leaves. Sepals united at the base, dorsally carinate along the nerves, 3-nerved lateral sepals united almost to the middle; dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, caudate-attenuate, thickened at the tip, concave, 5.5-8.5 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely ovate, triangular, caudate- attenuate, with a transversely thickened callus on the anterior half of the inner surface at mouth of tube orifice, 5.2-6 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Petals dolabriform, obtuse, 2-nerved, emarginate on the anterior margin, 2-2.2 mm. long, 2-2.2 mm. wide just below the apex; inner surface with a papilliform callus on or near the anterior margin below the middle on the upper half. Lip with a slender claw, obovate-unguiculate, sagittate, obtusely rounded, with the lateral margins erose or subfimbriate, 2-2.5 mm. long, 1.3-1.5 mm. wide; lateral basal auricles slender, retrorse, parallel with or appressed to the claw; disk with a prominent AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 189 complanate callus at the base of each auricle. Column slender, curved, with a deflexed or pendent triangular-acuminate acute wing on each side near the summit, 3 mm. long. Capsule obliquely obovoid-pyriform, conspicuously 3-angled, about 1 cm. long. This species is closely allied to Masdevallia Simula but is dis- tinguished from that species by its conspicuously caudate sepals, sharply toothed lip-plate and long, narrow decurved column wings. Represented from Guatemala only by the type collection. Masdevallia pusilla Rolfe, Kew Bull. 335. 1893. M. Johannis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 359. 1912 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, near Coban, November, 1907, H. von Turckheim II 1993). Epiphytic in damp forests, up to 1,600 meters. Rare in Guate- mala, Costa Rica and Ecuador. Plant caespitose, glabrous, 12-15 cm. tall; secondary stem short, enclosed by scarious sheaths. Leaves erect-spreading, ligulate, obtuse to subacute and tri- denticulate at the apex, tapering into the short petioles, dorsally carinate, 10-15 cm. long, 7-13 mm. wide. Peduncle slender, arcuate-deflexed, descending or hori- zontal from the base of the petiole, dull reddish green, provided with small distant tubular-amplexicaul bracts, 1-3-flowered, 6-12 cm. long. Bracts about 6 mm. long, acuminate. Sepals united near the base into an oblique semiorbicular tube, up to 3.2 cm. long from the base to the tip of the caudae, ovate-triangular to ovate- . oblong, with the inner surface covered with elongated papillae, pale yellowish green spotted with dark purple-brown; caudae variable in length, 8-22 mm. long. Petals obliquely oblong, obtuse-rounded and reflexed at the apex, irregularly denticulate along the apical margin, decurrent at the base, papillose on the inner surface near the apex, keeled along the solitary central vein, yellow-white with a pair of large purple blotches, 2.2-3.5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Lip con- stricted and reflexed above the middle, panduriform when spread out, 3-veined, 3.2-5 mm. long, with numerous light brown spots and some purplish lines near the base; basal portion with erect sides, canaliculate, when spread out orbicular- rhombic, with thickened calli along the lateral veins 3.2-3.5 mm. wide; apical lobe calceolate, semiorbicular-saccate, with thickened keels along the 3 nerves that branch out from the thickened constriction, about 2 mm. in diameter. Column short, thick, about 3 mm. long; clinandrium irregularly denticulate. This species is easily distinguished from Masdevallia erythrochaete, which it resembles in habit, by the very small apical lobe of the lip. Represented from Guatemala only by the type collection of M. Johannis. Masdevallia Simula Reichb. f. Gard. Chron. 1: 8. 1875. M. guatemalensis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 201. 1918 (type: Guate- mala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, near Cubilgiiitz, August, 1903, H. von Turckheim, II 490). Figure 67. 190 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Epiphytic in dense tropical forests, up to 600 meters. Uncommon in Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica. Plant small, glabrous, densely caespitose, 3-10 cm. tall; secondary stem short, less than 1 cm. long, enclosed by short scarious sheaths. Leaves erect or erect-spreading, narrowly linear to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse and tridenticulate at the apex, often tinged with purple, 2-10 cm. long, 1.5-5 mm. wide. Peduncle with the pedicellate ovary less than 1 cm. long, slender, 1-flowered. Flowers small, suberect. Sepals united at the base to form a short saccate tube, dorsally carinate along the three nerves, white marked with purple; dorsal sepal elliptic- oblong, tapering into the shortly acuminate apex, longitudinally concave, incurved at the apex, 6-12 mm. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely orbicular- FIG. 67. Masdevallia Simula. 1, plant (about X 1); 2, plant (X V. 3, 3: 16. 1845. P. incompta Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 24. 1854. P. longissima Lindl. Fol. Orch. (Pleurothallis) 31. 1859. Epiphytic on trees in open pine-oak forest and dense forests, up to 1,500 meters alt. Common in the West Indies and Mexico to Panama. Plant erect, slender, caespitose, glabrous, 12-60 cm. tall. Secondary stem terete, monophyllous, 4-18 cm. long, provided with several scarious fugaceous sheaths. Leaf oblong-elliptic, linear or oblanceolate, retuse and obtuse at the apex, usually marginate, up to 17 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide. Raceme solitary, slender, loosely many-flowered, up to 45 cm. long including the peduncle; peduncle provided with several scarious tubular bracts that are about 3 mm. long, with a complanate acuminate sheath at the base that is 1-2.5 cm. long. Floral bracts ovate-cucullate, apiculate, scarious, about 3 mm. long. Flowers ringent-nodding, translucent, yellow or greenish yellow, with slender arcuate pedicels that are about 1 cm. long. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, subobtuse to shortly acuminate and recurved at the apex, deeply concave, 3-nerved, 6-12 mm. long, 3-3.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals united their entire length or nearly so to form an elliptic or elliptic-suborbicular bidentate lamina; lamina longitudinally concave, 6-nerved, dorsally carinate along the central nerve of each sepal, 5-11.5 mm. long, 3.5-5.5 mm. wide. Petals with a short narrow claw, obliquely oblong- lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, obtuse-apiculate to subacute at the apex, 1-3-nerved with the lateral nerves usually joining the central nerve above, 5-11 mm. long including the claw, 1.7-4 mm. wide. Lip with a short claw, in natural position arcuate-decurved, canaliculate below with the margins of the lower half erect; when spread out oblong-pandurate, slightly constricted below the middle, broadly rounded at the apex, with the margins often irregularly crenulate, 3-nerved, 3.5-6.2 mm. long, 2-3.2 mm. wide, conspicuously constricted below the middle; portion below the constriction fleshy-thickened, orbicular-ovate to obcordate; portion above the constriction thin, flat, suborbicular to oblong-quadrate. Column short, irregularly toothed at the apex, 2-4 mm. long. Capsule ellipsoid, slender, about 1.5 cm. long. Some plants of this species have cleistogamous flowers for which the name P. Ghiesbreghtiana var. cleistogama L. 0. Wms. has been proposed . According to Hayes the species ' 'has a delicious fragrance . ' ' Amatitlan: Pacaya, Johnston 1406. Baja Verapaz: North of Santa Rosa, Standley 69871. Near Panajache", Lewis 156. Escuintla: Along Rio Guacalate, Standley 58281. Sacatepe*quez : Near Las Lajas, Standley 58300. Suchitepequez : Southern lower slopes of Volcan Zunil, vicinity of Finca Alvidas, east of Pueblo Nuevo, 230 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 Steyermark 35450. "Guatemala" : Skinner. "On trees, Nov. 1860," Hayes. Pleurothallis glandulosa Ames, Sched. Orch. 6: 60 (No- vember 3), 1923. P. vittariaefolia Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 26, 198 (November 25), 1923. Epiphytic on trees in forests, up to 1,000 meters alt. Widespread but not common from Mexico to Panama. Plant small, densely caespitose, 2-5 cm. tall. Secondary stem almost obsolete, monophyllous, up to 5 mm. long, concealed by a short white scarious sheath. Leaf erect, linear-subfiliform to narrowly linear-oblanceolate, obtuse and obliquely tridenticulate at the apex, coriaceous, glabrous, 2-4 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide. Peduncle 1-2-flowered, filiform, copiously glandular-puberulent, 1.5-4.5 cm. long, with a closely appressed scarious tubular sheath near the middle. Floral bract tubular, scarious, apiculate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, minutely papillose on the outer surface. Flowers greenish yellow or reddish yellow, with filiform puberulent pedicellate ovaries that are up to 8 mm. long. Dorsal sepal elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, concave, 3-nerved, dorsally carinate along the nerves with the carinae and margins glandular-papillose, 4.2-8 mm. long, 1.5-2.6 mm. wide. Lateral sepals united to about the middle, oblong-lanceolate to linear- lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, dorsally carinate along the nerves with the carinae and margins glandular-papillose, 4.2-8 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide above the point of coalescence. Petals obliquely obovate, dilated above on the anterior margin, contracted into the acute-mucronate tip, 2-nerved, glabrous, 1.7-3.1 mm. long, 1.1-2 mm. wide near the apex. Lip with a short claw, conspicuously arcuate in natural position, lanceolate to linear-oblong with a cordate or somewhat sagittate base, the basal lateral teeth suberect, broadly rounded or obtuse at the con- spicuously ciliate apex, 3-nerved, 2-4 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; disk fleshy- thickened below the lateral teeth, somewhat glandular. Column slender, 2-3 mm. long, 3-toothed at the apex, with broad wings on the anterior margins. Capsule obliquely obovoid, about 6 mm. long. Guatemala: Presa Forest, Finca Moca, south slope, Volcan Atitlan, Hatch & Wilson 344. Pleurothallis Grobyi Batem. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: t. 1797. 1835. P. marginata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 42. 1838 (type: Guatemala, Skinner}. P. choconiana S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 285. 1888 (type: Guatemala, in the Chocon forests and at the ruins of Quirigua, March and April, 1885, S. Watson). Figure 72. Epiphytic on trees in dense forests, up to 1,500 meters alt. Wide- spread in the West Indies, Mexico, Central America and northern South America. Plant erect or spreading, densely caespitose, glabrous, 3-15.5 cm. tall. Second- ary stem almost obsolete, monophyllous, less than 6 mm. long, concealed by a white scarious sheath. Leaf obovate, elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate, broadly AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA 231 rounded or obtuse and retuse at the apex, with a cusp in the sinus, coriaceous, conspicuously marginate, usually purplish on the lower surface, with a short sulcate petiole, up to 7 cm. long including the petiole, 3.5-11 mm. wide. Raceme solitary, loosely few-flowered, somewhat fractiflex, 2.5-15 cm. long including the long filiform reddish peduncle. Floral bracts minute, tubular-cucullate, apiculate, scarious, 1-2 mm. long. Flowers greenish white, yellow, marked with reddish purple, ringent, with filiform pedicels that are 3-5 mm. long. Dorsal sepal ovate- oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, concave, 3-nerved, 3.2-10 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals united to form an ovate-elliptic to lanceolate bidentate lamina; lamina 4-nerved, concave, 3.1-11.5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Petals obliquely obovate to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, 1-nerved, 1.1-2.5 mm. long, 0.5-0.8 mm. wide. Lip linear-ligulate to oblong, broadly rounded to obtuse at the apex, canaliculate, 3-nerved, 1.7-3 mm. long, 0.4-1.1 mm. wide; disk lightly carinate along the lateral nerves. Column somewhat winged on each side on the anterior margins, tridentate at the apex, 1.2-3 mm. long. Although the flowers of this species vary greatly in size, the floral segments are morphologically constant. Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, Turckheim 7673. Vicinity of Laguna Sapala (Chajvovuch), one mile southwest of Sibicte", Steyermark 44909. Chama, Johnson 971. Chiquimula: Montana Castilla, vicinity of Montana Cebollas, along Rio Lucia Saso, three miles southeast of Quezaltepeque, Steyermark 31306. Escuintla: Escuintla, Smith 2253. Near Escuintla, Hunnewell 14676. Izabal: Vicinity of Quirigua, Standley 23902; 24197 (in part). Rio Dulce, between Livingston and six miles up river, on north side (right side going up river), Steyermark 39430. Along Rio Bonita, Cerro San Gil, Steyermark 41692. Pete"n: La Libertad, Lundell 2339. Along Rio Santa Monica, between Cedral and Ceibal, Steyermark 46052. Forest between Finca Yalpemech along Rio San Diego and San Diego on Rio Cancuen, Steyermark 45344. Sacatep4quez : Near Barranca Hondo, southeast of Alotenango, Standley 64975. Osuna, Johnston 1569. Pleurothallis hastata Ames, Orch., Fasc. II: 268. 1908 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Cubilgiiitz, December, 1901, H. von Turckheim 501). P. scopula Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 28. 1910 (type: Guatemala, Dept. Alta Verapaz, epiphytic in high woods of Cubilguitz, May, 1903, H. von Turckheim II 1180). Figure 75. Epiphytic on trees in dense woods, up to 900 meters alt. Rare in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica. Plant small, glabrous, densely caespitose, up to 5.5 cm. tall. Secondary stem almost obsolete, up to 3.5 mm. long, monophyllous, concealed by a minute scarious fugaceous sheath. Leaf oblanceolate-spatulate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to acute and minutely tridenticulate at the apex, coriaceous, conspicuously 232 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 marginate, 1-3 cm. long including the slender sulcate petiole, 1.2-4 mm. wide. Peduncle filiform, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, few- or many-flowered. Floral bracts scarious, oblong with an aristate cauda at the apex, about 2 mm. long. Flowers fasciculate, green-purple, spotted at the base, opening one at a time, with filiform pedicels that are about 5 mm. long. Sepals ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, with a fleshy cauda that is about 2 mm. long, 3-nerved, dorsally carinate along the nerves, 5-7 mm. long including the cauda, 1-1.5 mm. wide; lateral sepals oblique, united for about 2 mm. Petals linear to narrowly lanceolate, acute to acuminate, oblique, irregularly serrate particularly along the anterior margin, 1-nerved, 2-3 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide. Lip with a short claw, somewhat 3-lobed, rhombic-ligulate or subhastate, obtuse to broadly rounded at the apex, 2-3.2 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide across the lateral lobes, 3-nerved, with a small retrorse tooth on each side of the claw; terminal lobe fleshy-thickened on the minutely papillose disk, oblong, with the thin margins irregularly toothed or shortly fimbriate; lateral lobes tri- angular, subacute, somewhat crenulate on the upper margins, fleshy-thickened on the disk between them. Column slender, about 2 mm. long. Capsule obliquely obovoid, about 7 mm. long. Represented from Guatemala only by the type collections. Pleurothallis hirsuta Ames, Orch., Fasc. II: 270. 1908. Epiphytic or on cliffs in dense mountain forests, at high elevations, up to 3,000 meters alt. Widespread in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. Plant caespitose, up to 15 cm. tall, glabrous except for the flowers. Secondary stem slender, terete below, trigonous above, unifoliate, provided below with two close-fitting sheaths, up to 11 cm. long. Leaf elliptic-oblong, tridenticulate at the obtuse apex, rigidly coriaceous, strongly keeled along the center on the back, up to 5.5 cm. long and 2 cm. wide. Peduncles one to three, filiform; raceme laxly few-flowered, exceeding the leaf. Floral bracts cucullate, mucronate at the dilated apex, shorter than the slender pedicel. Flowers hirsute, ringent, greenish yellow, mottled or spotted with deep purple. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic in outline, obtuse, deeply concave below, reflexed above, 3-nerved, with a dorsal keel that terminates in a mucro, hirsute on the inner surface near the margin, 6-7 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Lateral sepals arcuate-decurved, somewhat sigmoid in outline, united on the lower half to form a saccate mentum, spreading above, obliquely elliptic, subacute, with a dorsal keel that terminates in a mucro, hirsute on the inner surface above, 3-nerved, 4-4.5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide. Petals FIG. 75. Pleurothallis hastata. Flowering plant (X 1); 1, column, side view (X 8); 2, lip, front view (X 8); 3, lateral sepals (X 3); 4, lip, side view (X 8); 5, petal (X 6); 6, dorsal sepal (X 3). P. samacensis. Flowering plant (X 1); 1, flower, front-side view (X 4); 2, lip, front-side view (X 9); 3, column, side view (X 8). P. divexa (not found in Guatemala; native to Costa Rica). Flowering plant (X 1); 1, flower, front-side view, with lateral sepal pulled back (X 3); 2, petal (X 5); 3, lip, front-side view (X 10). P. abjecta. Flowering plant (XI); 1, lateral sepals (X 4); 2, petal (X 4); 3, dorsal sepal (X 4); 4, lip, front-side view ( X 7); 5, lip, front view (X 7); 6, column, side view ( X 5). Drawn by Eleonar B. Phillips. PLCUROTHALLIS 233 234 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 26 obliquely spatulate, fleshy at the obtuse apex, conspicuously 3-nerved with the nerves dorsally carinate, about 3 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide near the apex. Lip articulate with the column-foot, with a slender claw, arcuate at the base and again at the apex; lamina oblong, rounded at the apex, about 2 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide; disk with an intramarginal keel on each side below the middle, with a prominent mid-nerve; claw linear, adorned with a sulcate callus. Column winged, somewhat trilobulate at the apex and denticulate along the margins, with a prominent foot, about 3 mm. long. Capsule obliquely ellipsoid, 6-ribbed, sharply 3-angled, about 1 cm. long. The trigonous secondary stem is a unique characteristic of this species. Chiquimula: Volcan Quezaltepeque, 3-4 miles northeast of Quezaltepeque, Steyermark 31478. Huehuetenango: Cerro Huitz, between Mimanhuitz and Yulhuitz, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Steyermark 48615. Pleurothallis hondurensis Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 20. pi. 15. 1908. Figure 78. Epiphytic on trees in lowland forests especially along rivers, up to 600 meters alt. Rare in Guatemala and Spanish Honduras. Plant up to 2.5 dm. tall, from an elongated rhizome. Roots coarsely fibrous, whitish, spreading. Secondary stem 5-12 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, partly concealed by several tubular sheaths, the uppermost one very much elongated. Leaf solitary at apex of stem, coriaceous, 7.5-13 cm. long, 1.3-2 cm. wide above the middle, elliptic-lanceolate to oblanceolate, acute, longer than the racemes. Peduncles fasciculate in the axil of the leaf, enclosed at the base by a closely appressed sheath, 4-5 cm. long including the few-flowered raceme, rather stout. Floral bracts infundibuliform, acute, scarious, 1.5-2 mm. long. Flowers about eight, greenish white or yellowish striped with purple, with slender pedicellate ovaries that are about 3 mm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong, acute, 3-nerved, about 1 cm. long and 1 mm. wide. Lateral sepals coherent almost to the apex to form a lanceolate 6-nerved lamina; lamina 9 mm. long, with the central nerve of each sepal produced at the tip into a distinct keel. Petals oblong, acute, somewhat dilated above the middle, with the margins somewhat denticulate, about 3 mm. long and 1 mm. wide. Lip unguiculate, with a small retrorse lobule on each side of the base of the claw, expanded above into an oblong acute lamina that is truncate at the base; lamina fleshy, conspicuously 3-nerved, with the nerves prominent on the under surface, about 5 mm. long and 2 mm. wide near the middle. Column 2.5 mm. long, produced into a conspicuous foot. This species is apparently a heliophyte, and when exposed to strong sunlight the leaves become suffused with a bronzy purple hue. The flowers vary in coloration, but are normally yellowish, with distinct purplish stripes along the veins of the sepals. The petals are more or less hyaline, with a broad central band of carmine or rose-purple. AMES AND CORRELL: ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA . 235 Izabal: South-facing lower ridges of Cerro San Gil (El Armitano), opposite Cayuga, Steyermark 39484. Los Andes District, near Entre Rios, Margaret W. Lewis 33. Pleurothallis immersa Lind. & Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 224. 1855. P. lasiosepala Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 43. 1912 (type: Guatemala, near Pansamala and Rubelcruz, February, 1886, H. von Turckheim 859). Epiphytic on trees in open oak-pine forests, up to 1,500 meters alt. Widespread but not common in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica and northern South America. Plant rather large, erect, caespitose, glabrous except for the flowers, 18-47 cm. tall. Secondary stem short, stout, 2.5-7 cm. long, monophyllous, concealed by two brown tubular sheaths. Leaf oblong-oblanceolate, broadly rounded to obtuse and retuse at the apex, glabrous, coriaceous, 10-19 cm. long, 2-3.8 cm. wide. Raceme loosely many-flowered, conspicuously fractiflex, 17-40 cm. long including the slender peduncle; peduncle provided with several short scarious sheaths. Floral bracts ovate-cucullate, acute-apiculate, scarious, 3-5 mm. long. Flowers dusky greenish yellow or purplish brown with dark nerves, with slender pedicels usually extending at right angles to the rachis; pedicels persistent, 3-8 mm. long. Sepals densely pubescent on the inner surface. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, acute, cymbiform below the middle, conspicuously recurved above the middle, 3-nerved, strongly keeled dorsally below the middle, 8-14 mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide. Lateral sepals united almost to the apex to form an oblong-elliptic bifid lamina; lamina 6-nerved, dorsally carinate along the mid-nerve of each sepal, 8-13 mm. long, 4.2-5.5 mm. wide. Petals obovate-spatulate, subtruncate-obtu