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5

BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI,

PANAMA

EMMET R. BLAKE

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

VOLUME 36, NUMBER 5

Published by

CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

JUNE 25, 1958

BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI,

PANAMA

EMMET R. BLAKE
Curator, Division of Birds

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

VOLUME 36, NUMBER 5

Published by

CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

JUNE 25, 1958

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 58-12178

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS

si

Birds of Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama

INTRODUCTION

The earliest references to Chiriqui birds are those of Gould, who,
in 1850, described a new umbrellabird and six new hummingbirds
collected the previous year at David and on the Pacific slope of Vol-
can de Chiriqui by M. Warcewicz, a Polish botanist. During the
latter half of the century collections made by Enrique Arce" and
others in "Veragua" (present-day Veraguas and Chiriqui) revealed
the opulence of bird life in western Panama and were the basis of
important reports that stimulated a continuing interest in the region.

Arce" and his contemporaries, working chiefly in the lowlands, suc-
ceeded in collecting almost 450 forms in the two departments by the
year 1870. The relatively meagre representation of highland birds
taken by Arce" on the Pacific slope (below 6,500 feet) of Veraguas and
Chiriqui served to establish the character and affinities of the moun-
tain fauna, but no collections were made at high altitudes before the
present century.

The first and until recent years the only large collection of birds
from the upper slopes of Volcan de Chiriqui was made by W. W.
Brown, Jr., in 1901. During a period of about eight months (Janu-
ary-August) Brown collected more than 1,400 birds, chiefly in the
vicinity of Boquete and on the volcano to an altitude of 11,200 feet.
Bangs' fine report (1902) on this collection includes the descriptions
of fourteen new birds and lists a total of 260 forms, of which 215 were
collected in the highlands. Several short papers relating to the bird
life of Volcan de Chiriqui have since been published, but Bangs' re-
port has until now been our principal source of information about the
birds found on Panama's westernmost and greatest mountain.

The present report is based on a series of 1,611 specimens collected
over a period of twenty years (1932-52) by Senor Tolef B. Monniche
at altitudes exceeding 5,000 feet on Volcan de Chiriqui and nearby
mountains in extreme western Panama. Several hundred additional

499

500 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Monniche specimens that were either deposited in the National Mu-
seum of Panama or given to visiting ornithologists by the collector
have not been available for this study.

Most of the specimens listed below were taken in the vicinity of
Lerida, Senor Monniche's coffee plantation, and at higher elevations
on the eastern and northeastern (Pacific) slopes of the volcano. Birds
of both Subtropical and Temperate Zones are well represented. A
number of the specimens were collected north of the volcano, on the
southern or Pacific slope of the Cordilleras, and several score were
taken at high altitudes on Holcomb (=Boquete) Trail, in the Prov-
ince of Bocas del Toro. Of the 235 forms represented, 58 are addi-
tions to those collected by Brown at altitudes exceeding 4,500 feet.
However, it is noteworthy that Brown's mountain collection included
some 23 forms apparently overlooked by Monniche. Thus the two
collections, and several birds reported by others, bring to almost 265
the number of forms at present known from the Volcan de Chiriqui
massif.

For its locality the Monniche collection unquestionably is pre-
eminent both in size and in comprehensiveness. However, its real
importance lies elsewhere, and in several respects the collection prob-
ably is unique. Perhaps never before in tropical America has so large
and representative a collection been made, at all seasons over a period
of many years, by one man in a single area. Many species, includ-
ing certain rarities, were obtained in series of sufficient size to permit
objective study of several aspects of variation, and, in the case of
migrants, to determine with some degree of accuracy the dates of
arrival and departure.

The specimens are superior in preparation and for each there are
complete data, including a reference to altitude determined by a man
trained as a civil engineer and thoroughly familiar with his area. It
is to the lasting credit of Senor Monniche, a largely self-taught lay-
man isolated from encouraging influences, that he both practiced his
avocation with purposeful intelligence and at an advanced age (78)
made his collection permanently available to the scientific world.

In the course of this study I have had occasion to investigate the
relationships of numerous rare or questionable forms and have, in
some instances, reached conclusions differing from those currently
held. The new comparative material from a critical area has also
enabled me to verify certain findings of others, as indicated in the
following list.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 501

Odontophorus guttatus matudae=Odontophorns guttatus
Claravis mondetoura pulchra

( — Claravis m. mondetoura
Claravis mondetoura inca )

Piaya cay ana incincta= Piaya cayana thermophila

Centurus rubricapillus costaricensis= Centurus r. rubricapillus

Myiarchus tuberculifer bangsi= Myiarchus tubercalifer nigricapillus

Nuttallornis borealis cooperi= Nuttallornis borealis

Cyanolyca cucullata guatimalae= Cyanolyca cucullata mitrata

Cyanolyea argentigula blandita= Cyanolyca a. argentigula

Thryothorus modestus elutus=Thryothorus m. modestus

Vireo olivaceus insulanus=Vireo olivaceus flavoviridis

Hylophilus decurtatus pusillus= Hylophilus d. decurtatus

Oporornis tolmiei austinsmithi

( = Oporornis tolmiei
Oporornis tolmiei intermedia J

Myioborus miniatus acceptus= Myioborus miniatus aurantiacus

Thraupis virens diaconus=Thraupis virens cana

The following taxonomic changes seem appropriate in view of
pertinent information presented herein.

Ciccaba nigrolineata becomes C. huhula nigrolineata
Lampornis castaneoventris becomes L. c. castaneoventris
Lampornis cinereicauda becomes L. castaneoventris cinereicauda
Scytalopus chiriquensis becomes S. argentifrons chiriquensis
Turdus ignobilis plebejus becomes T. p. plebejus

The following birds taken at high altitudes on the northern or
Caribbean slope of the Cordilleras apparently are the first records
from Bocas del Toro.

Eupherusa nigriventris Serpophaga cinerea grisea

Trogon collaris puella Phainoptila melanoxantha melanoxantha

Pseudocolaptes lawrencii lawrencii Myioborus torquatus

Myrmeciza immaculata zeledoni Basileuterus tristriatus melanotis

Cephalopterus ornalus glabricollis Tangara dowii

Empidonax atriceps Chlorospingus opthalmicus novicius

Mitrephanes phaeocercus aurantiiventris Lysurus crassirostris .

When warranted, emphasis has been placed on a consideration of
the breeding periods and altitudinal preferences of resident birds, the
dates of arrival and departure of northern migrants, and related mat-
ters about which there is very little specific information for any trop-
ical area. I have, therefore, presented most of my data in detail, in
the interest of those who may wish to make similar studies elsewhere
in Middle America. It has seemed especially desirable to record all
of the specimens, their localities and associated dates, inasmuch as
the rapidly changing ecological conditions on Volcan de Chiriqui can
be expected to affect quite radically the future distribution of its
bird life.

502 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

COLLECTING LOCALITIES

In correspondence Senor Monniche has identified his collecting
localities as follows:

Alto de Chiquero: Local name of the plateau north of Rio Chiquero.

Bajo Mono: Upper valley of Rio Caldera.

Callejon de Palmas: A canyon on Casita Alta, north of Fila Lerida, sloping
eastward from the foot of Cerro Copete.

Callejon Seco: A canyon sloping eastward, the north rim of which forms the
southern boundary of Quiel.

Camiseta: Local name of a ridge south of Copete.

Camp Cylindro (not shown on map): Highest of three collecting sites on
Holcomb Trail when descending the northern or Caribbean slope (Bocas
del Toro) of the Cordilleras.

Camp Holcomb (not shown on map) : The second of three collecting sites on
Holcomb Trail when descending the northern or Caribbean slope (Bocas
del Toro) of the Cordilleras.

Casita Alta: A section of the Monniche properties adjacent to other properties
called Pena Blanca and Velo. Named for a small hut (altitude 7,000 feet)
that has been used as a base by visiting biologists. Maximum altitude
about 9,000 feet.

Cedral (not shown on map) : Lowest of three collecting sites on Holcomb Trail
on the northern or Caribbean slope (Bocas del Toro) of the Cordilleras.
Cedral is adjacent to a small stream in a fine, extensive forest.

Cerro Copete (see Copete).

Chiquero: Upper valley of Rio Chiquero, which flows into Rio Caldera at

Bajo Mono.
Conejo: Local name of a valley leading southward at western end of Hortigal.

Copete (also called La Campana) : One of the foothills of Volcan de Chiriqui.
Copete has a maximum altitude of about 10,000 feet. It is east of the
summit of Volcan de Chiriqui and west of the Monniche properties of
Casita Alta and Pena Blanca.

Cordilleras: The central chain of mountains extending east and west and form-
ing the Continental Divide. The southern slope is in Boquete district,
Province of Chiriqui, the northern slope in the Province of Bocas del Toro.
Volcan de Chiriqui is south of the Cordilleras, from which it is separated
by Rio Caldera and Rio Chiriqui. Monniche specimens from the Cordil-
leras were taken at or near the point crossed by Holcomb Trail.

El Velo (see Velo).

Fila Lerida: A narrow ridge sloping eastward from the foot of Cerro Copete
at the southern boundaries of Casita Alta and the southern side of Que-
brada Velo.

Holcomb Trail (also known as Boquete Trail) : A trail connecting Boquete and
Bocas del Toro, constructed in 1910(?) by an American engineer (Holcomb)
in the employ of the Panamanian government. The three collecting sites

#<

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ioqoo

MAP SHOWIN

ij^CERRO P

HAP SHOWING COLLECTING LOCALITIES IN REGION OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUf, EXTREME WESTERN PANAMA

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUf, PANAMA 503

on this trail (Camp Cylindro, Camp Holcomb, Cedral) are in Bocas del
Toro at altitudes exceeding 4,800 feet.

Horqueta: The coffee district located on the southern slope of Cerro Horqueta.

Hortigal: Local name of the valley between Copete and Camiseta.

La Campana (see Copete).

Lerida: Name of the Monniche plantation and of the surrounding region, in
the District of Boquete. The plantation is about 43^ air miles west and
northwest of the town of Boquete.

Loma Larga: Local name of a long slope ascending westward from Conejo.
From the summit (10,500 feet) the terrain drops by precipices to Potrero
Muleto.

Peha Blanca: A section of the Monniche properties adjacent to other properties
called Casita Alta and Velo. Maximum altitude about 9,500 feet.

Potrero Muleto: An extinct crater at an altitude of 10,000 feet, south and west
of the summit of Volcan de Chiriqui, the crater of which is north and west
of its summit.

Quebrada Velo: A creek flowing between Lerida and Casita Alta.

Quiel: Outlying section of the town of Boquete, District of Boquete.

Rio Caldera: A river of the Boquete district.

Rio Chiquero: A stream flowing into the Rio Caldera at Bajo Mono. The
southern rim of the Chiquero Valley is the northern boundary of Pefia
Blanca and Velo.

Velo (also known as El Velo): A section of the Monniche properties, which
total about 900 acres, in the eastern foothills of Volcan de Chiriqui.

Volcan: Common designation for Volcan de Chiriqui, more correctly known
as Volcan de Baru. The summit, or highest point of the rim, is 11,975 feet
above sea level (U.S. Navy map).

LIST OF SPECIES

Tinamus major fuscipennis Salvadori. Great Tinamou.

Tinamus fuscipennis Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27: 500 — Escon-
dido River and San Rafael, Nicaragua.

Camp Holcomb: d\ July 15, 1933. Altitude 5,000 feet.

This bird was accompanied by two juveniles. It agrees in every
respect with birds from the coastal lowlands of Bocas del Toro (Crica-
mola), but the altitude is without precedent for this essentially low-
land bird.

The fuscipennis-robustus-percautus complex represents a color
cline in which the more southern birds are conspicuously darker and
browner (less olive) than those from the north. Mexican and Guate-
malan specimens are readily distinguished from those of southern

504 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Nicaragua southward, but birds from the intervening region tend to
be variable and represent an intermediate population for which the
name robustus has been consistently used.

The range of robustus, as emended by Wetmore (1943, p. 229),
extends from east central Guatemala to northern Nicaragua. How-
ever, it is noteworthy that the influence of fuscipennis is reflected in
birds from the Caribbean lowlands as far north as Honduras. Indeed,
several specimens in Chicago Museum from Copan and Santa Bar-
bara agree more decidedly with representative fuscipennis than with
robustus. At the other extreme, two British Honduras birds (Belize
and Manatee Lagoon) approach but are not wholly typical of the
pale northern form, percautus.

Nothocercus bonapartei frantzii (Lawrence). Highland Tinamou.

Tinamus frantzii Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9: 140 —
Cervantes, Costa Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: d 1 , 2 9, April 19-May 17. Quebrada Velo:
a 71 , August 8. Gonads enlarged. Altitude 5,400-6,500 feet.

Griscom, writing in 1935, noted the absence of recent records from
Volcan de Chiriqui. The Monniche specimens, of which three were
taken in 1933 and the fourth in 1939, attest to the persistence of this
tinamou locally despite continuing ecological changes wrought by
man in recent years.

Crypturellus soui modestus (Cabanis). Little Tinamou.

Crypturus modestus Cabanis, 1869, Jour. Orn., 17: 312 — Costa Rica.

Horqueta: d\ May 10, 1933. Gonads enlarged. Altitude 5,300
feet.

Essentially a bird of lowland forests, heretofore unreported in the
vicinity of Cerro Horqueta, or at altitudes exceeding 4,800 feet in
Panama.

Phalacrocorax olivaceus olivaceus (Humboldt). Olivaceous
Cormorant.

Pelecanus olivaceus Humboldt, 1805, Rec. Obs. Zool. Anat. Comp., 1: 47 —
Banco, Rio Magdalena, Colombia.

Lerida: d\ October 3, 1936. Altitude 5,300 feet.

Davidson (1938, p. 256) observed individuals on several occasions
on the Caldera River, near Boquete, at an altitude of 3,800 feet. The
Lerida specimen, from an unprecedented altitude, is the first collected
in the Province.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 505

Ardea herodias herodias Linnaeus. Great Blue Heron.

Ardea herodias Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1: 143 — Hudson Bay.

Lerida: d\ November 19, 1946. Altitude 5,300 feet.

This race, and possibly another as yet undetermined, regularly
winter in Panama. Individuals have been found at Barro Colorado
at all seasons, but I have been unable to learn the basis of Griscom's
statement (1935, p. 294, footnote) that the species has been found
breeding in the Canal Zone. The Lerida specimen is the first of record
from Chiriqui Province.

Accipiter bicolor bicolor (Vieillot). Bicolored Hawk.

Sparvius bicolor Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 10: 325 —
Cayenne.

Cedral: d\ July 14, 1933. Gonads slightly enlarged. Altitude
4,800 feet.

Heretofore known in Bocas del Toro from a single specimen col-
lected by Wedel at Fruitdale, Almirante Bay region, February 17,
1929.

Accipiter striatus velox (Wilson). Sharp-shinned Hawk.

Falco velox Wilson, 1812, Amer. Orn., 5: 116 — Schuylkill River, near Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania.

Quiel: immature d\ October 24, 1937. Altitude 5,300 feet.

A specimen collected by Enrique Arc6 on the southern slope of
Volcan de Chiriqui in the late 1860's is the only previous record of
this hawk in Panama. The species winters regularly in the highlands
of Costa Rica.

Buteo jamaicensis costaricensis Ridgway. Red-tailed Hawk.

Buteo borealis var. costaricensis Ridgway, 1874, in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway,
Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 3: 285— Costa Rica.

Chiquero: 9, October 22. Horqueta: d 71 , August 20. Lerida:
3 d\ 4 9 , May 11-October 22. Gonads slightly enlarged May 11-
October 22. Altitude 5,000-5,600 feet.

Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte. Swainson's Hawk.

Buteo Swainsoni Bonaparte, 1838, Geog. Comp. List Bds. Europe and North
America, p. 3 — ex Audubon, pi. 372, "Colombia River" = Fort Vancouver,
Washington.

Lerida: d\ 9 , April 8, 1932. Altitude 5,800 feet.

506 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

The enormous flocks that migrate through Central America in
April and October have been graphically described by several ob-
servers. The Lerida birds bring to a total of three the number of
specimens actually collected in Panama.

Buteo platypterus platypterus (Vieillot). Broad-winged Hawk.

Sparvius platypterus Vieillot, 1823, Tabl. Enc. Meth. Orn., livr. 93, p. 1273—
near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Lerida: 3 d", 9, October 29- January 1. Quiel: 9, January 1.
Gonads slightly enlarged October 29, January 1. Altitude 5,300 feet.

Leucopternis albicollis costaricensis W. L. Sclater. White Hawk.

Leucopternis gheisbreghti costaricensis W. L. Sclater, 1919, Bull. Brit. Orn.
CI., 39: 76— Carrillo, Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: 9 , October 31, 1936. Altitude 4,100 feet.

Essentially a bird of the forested lowlands but once observed as
high as 4,500 feet on Boquete Trail, Bocas del Toro. I find no previ-
ous record of its occurrence on the Pacific slope of Volcan de Chiriqui.

Leucopternis princeps princeps Sclater. Barred Hawk.

Leucopternis princeps Sclater, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865: 429, pi. 24
— Tucurrique, Costa Rica.

Quiel: 9 , July 9, 1939. Gonads slightly enlarged. Altitude 5,000
feet.

The extreme rarity of this hawk is well known. In Panama it has
been recorded previously only from Cebaco Island (Veraguas), Bo-
quete Trail (Bocas del Toro), and Boquete. Except in length of tail
(205 mm.), the Quiel specimen is distinctly larger than the Ecuado-
rean race (zimmeri) as characterized by Friedmann.

Spizastur melanoleucus (Vieillot). Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle.

Buteo melanoleucus Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 4: 482 —
Guiana.

Lerida: 9, June 10, 1946. Velo: 2 d\ May 26, 1932, and Sep-
tember 1, 1939. Altitude 5,200-5,400 feet.

This series almost doubles the number of specimens known from
Panama, where the species had been previously reported only in Ver-
aguas, at Lion Hill and on the Banana River. Since so conspicuous
a bird is not likely to be overlooked, it is evident that this species is
one of the rarest of Central American hawks.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 507

Spizaetus ornatus vicarius Friedmann. Ornate Hawk-Eagle.

Spizaetus ornatus vicarius Friedmann, 1935, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 25, no. 10,
p. 451 — Manatee Lagoon, Honduras.

Horqueta: <?, September 10, 1932. Altitude 5,100 feet.

Spizaetus tyrannus serus Friedmann. Black Hawk-Eagle.

Spizaetus tyrannus serus Friedmann, 1950, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Ill, no. 16,
p. 1 — Rio Indio, Canal Zone, Panama.

Lerida: cf, May 20, 1933. Altitude 5,400 feet.

The first specimen of record from Chiriqui. This bird, in white-
throated subadult plumage, has heavily barred (not mainly whitish)
under wing coverts, belly and thighs. I have been unable to compare
it with tyrannus of comparable age.

Micrastur semitorquatus naso (Lesson). Collared Forest-Falcon.

Carnifex naso Lesson, 1842, Echo du Monde Sav., 6, sec. 2, col. 1085 — Realejo,
Nicaragua.

Lerida: 9, December 5. Quiel: 9, gonads slightly enlarged
September 1. Altitude 5,300 feet.

There is but one previous record (Boquete) of this species in
Chiriqui.

Falco sparverius sparverius Linnaeus. American Sparrow Hawk.

Falco sparverius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1: 90 — America=South
Carolina.

Lerida : 2 <?, 2 9 , October 23-November 29. Altitude 5,300 feet.

Chamaepetes unicolor Salvin. Black Guan.

Chamaepetes unicolor Salvin, 1867, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867: 159, 160 —
"Veragua"=Calovevora, Panama.

Bajo Mono: d\ April 22. Cordillera: cf , July 14. Lerida: 2 d" ,
October 15. Rio Caldera: 2 d\ April 1, 6. Gonads enlarged April 1-
22. Altitude 6,000-6,600 feet.

This guan is characteristic of the Subtropical Zone and undoubt-
edly is most abundant at high altitudes. Nevertheless, there is evi-
dence that it occurs at low elevations both in Panama and in Costa
Rica. A female in Chicago Museum was taken near Boquete by
H. J. Watson at an altitude of 3,500 feet (April 3, 1903) and a male,
collected on Cerro Santa Maria, Guanacaste, by Austin P. Smith is
labeled 3,000 feet (October 19, 1930).

508 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Odontophorus leucolaemus Salvin. White-throated Wood-Quail.

Odontophorus leucolaemus Salvin, 1867, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867: 161 —
Cordillera de Tole, Veraguas, Panama.

Camp Cylindro: d\ July 14. Camp Holcomb: 9, June 26.
Gonads slightly enlarged. Altitude 5,000 and 5,200 feet.

This species has been reported on the Caribbean slope of Chiriqui
but I find no record of its occurrence in Bocas del Toro. Both speci-
mens are typical examples of the plumage phase characterized by an
immaculate white throat, boldly barred breast, and black chest with
concealed white spots and bars.

Odontophorus guttatus (Gould). Spotted Wood-Quail.

Ortyx guttata Gould, 1837 (1838), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 5: 79— "Bay of
Honduras."

Lerida: 3 d\ June 1-December 7. Quiel: 2 9 , May 7, June 27.
Gonads enlarged June 27; slightly enlarged May 7 and December 7.
Altitude 5,200-6,200 feet.

In view of considerable negative evidence I am not prepared to
accept matudae of southeastern Chiapas as separable. On examina-
tion, each of its characters proves to be decidedly variable and either
duplicated or approached in a large series of the nominate race now
before me.

As unquestioned examples of matudae I have two males from Es-
cuintla, Chiapas, a locality only a few miles distant from Mount
Madre Vieja, the type locality. In the character of its throat streaks
and ventral spotting one bird agrees perfectly with the description of
the type. However, the second Escuintla specimen lacks the notably
broad white throat streaks credited to matudae and in this respect
differs not at all from guttatus. The white spots on the under parts
of the second bird are tear-like but more rounded than in the first,
and agree very well with the elliptical spotting not uncommon in
guttatus. In color and pattern of the upper parts both Escuintla
birds are indistinguishable from guttatus.

The variability both of throat streaking and of ventral spotting
in this species is well illustrated by two adult December males taken
at El Ocote (near Ocozocoantla), Chiapas, and hence referable to
guttatus. One specimen has the narrow white throat streaks and
round ventral spots characteristic of the nominate form; the second
bird has even broader throat streaks than either of the Escuintla
specimens {"matudae"), and ventral spots that are quite elliptical or
tear-shaped. A black-throated Honduras specimen, in which minute

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 509

white streaks — hardly more than shaft lines — are restricted to the
malar area, and a Campeche bird with conspicuously broadened gular
streaks further emphasize the variability of this "character."

A juvenile male (June 1) from Lerida, provisionally referred to
guttatus, emphasizes the importance of collecting young birds with a
parent to insure correct identification. This bird agrees in part with
Friedmann's description of the erythristic phase but has an immacu-
late, creamy white throat, as has a considerably younger bird from
Chiapas. Two Costa Rica juveniles in the Conover Collection, iden-
tified as guttatus and agreeing with that species in part, nevertheless
are mutually so dissimilar as to extend the limits of variability be-
yond credibility.

Charadrius vociferus vociferus Linnaeus. Killdeer.

Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1: 150 — South
Carolina.

Lerida: d\ 2 9, October 31-December 13. Altitude 5,300 feet.

Capella gallinago delicata (Ord). Wilson's Snipe.

Scolopax delicata Ord, 1825, in reprint, Wilson, Amer. Orn., 9: ccxviii — Penn-
sylvania.

Lerida: d\ February 21. Altitude 5,300 feet.

Columba fasciata crissalis Salvadori. Band-tailed Pigeon.

Columba crissalis Salvadori, 1893, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21: 294 — Boquete de
Chitra, Veraguas, Panama.

Lerida: d\ 9 , March 3, November 23. Peha Blanca: d\ Novem-
ber 11. Quiel: d\ 9 , March 23, May 9. Gonads enlarged March 3-
May 9. Altitude 5,200-6,800 feet.

The November male from Pena Blanca is molting and has only a
few white feathers representing a collar, and a scattering of bronzy
feathers on the hindneck. It is much duller below than breeding
males but brighter and more purplish than females.

Columba subvinacea subvinacea (Lawrence). Ruddy Pigeon.

Chloroenas subvinacea Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9: 135 —
Dota, Costa Rica.

Casita Alta: d\ October 23. Horqueta: 9, July 29. Lerida:
2 9 , March 7, August 9. Pena Blanca : d" , 9 , October 11. Gonads
slightly enlarged August 9. Altitude 5,200-7,500 feet.

510 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

This pigeon occurs chiefly at intermediate altitudes, being re-
placed in the lowlands by nigrirostris, a bird of very similar appear-
ance and habits. Both ruddy and band-tailed pigeons have been
reported as low as 4,000 feet on Volcan de Chiriqui, but the latter is
more essentially a Subtropical representative.

Columbigallina talpacoti rufipennis (Bonaparte). Ruddy
Ground-Dove.

Chamaepelia rufipennis Bonaparte, 1855, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40:
22 — Cartagena, Colombia.

Quiel: d\ 2 9, October 24, November 8. Gonads slightly en-
larged. Altitude 5,000-5,300 feet.

Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez). Blue Ground-Dove.

Peristera pretiosa Ferrari-Perez, 1886, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9: 175 — Jalapa,
Vera Cruz.

Horqueta: 3 d\ 2 9, May 7- July 29. Lerida: cf, October 24.
Gonads enlarged May 7-July 29; slightly enlarged October 24. Alti-
tude 5,000-5,300 feet.

Claravis mondetoura mondetoura (Bonaparte). Maroon-chested
Ground-Dove.

Peristera mondetoura Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42:
765 — Caracas, Venezuela.

Lerida: 2 9, July 22, December 5. Gonads slightly enlarged;
cf juvenile, November 1. Altitude 5,300-6,400 feet.

I concur with Hellmayr and Conover in the opinion that the pro-
posed races of southern Central America and northwestern South
America are unrecognizable. Study of material now available re-
veals the characters thus far designated for pulchra, umbrina, and
inca as merely manifestations of individual variation. While the
status of the more northern races, ochoterena and salvini, is less cer-
tain, I have little confidence in either and consider the latter partic-
ularly suspect.

The juvenile collected November 1 has the appearance of a bird
less than two months old. Its inner rectrices are grayish as in the
adult male, and the feathers of the under parts narrowly edged with
buff, not minutely freckled as in Ridgway's description.

Leptotila verreauxi verreauxi (Bonaparte). White-tipped Dove.

Leptotila verreauxi Bonaparte, 1855, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40: 99 —
Colombia.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 511

Camiseta: juvenile, July 3. Horqueta: 2 <?, May 9, 21. Lerida:
d\ 9, May 26, November 2. Gonads enlarged May 9 and 26;
slightly enlarged November 2. Altitude 5,300-6,000 feet.

Oreopeleia chiriquensis (Sclater). White-faced Quail-Dove.

Geotrygon chiriquensis Sclater, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 24: 143 — David,
Chiriqui, Panama.

Camiseta: sex? July 3. Lerida: 3 d\ 3 9 , March 3-October 19.
Velo: cf, February 2. Gonads enlarged February 2- April 25. Alti-
tude 5,300-6,000 feet.

I am much in favor of reducing monotypic species of limited dis-
tribution to subspecific rank when it is justified but I am following
the traditional treatment of chiriquensis as a full species in the belief
that Hellmayr underestimated the value of its distinctive characters.
Field studies are needed to clarify the relationship of albifacies, chir-
iquensis, and linearis, but on present evidence I consider Peters'
treatment more realistic than any of the others.

In Panama, chiriquensis is restricted to the western portion of the
Pacific slope, where, unlike the Costa Rica population, it occurs both
at sea level (David, Calobre, etc.) and at very high altitudes (10,000
feet).

Aratinga finschi (Salvin). Crimson-fronted Parakeet.

Conurus finschi Salvin, 1871, Ibis, p. 91, pi. 4 — Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama.

Lerida: d", 9 , sex? November 23. Quiel: c?, 9 , November 15.
Gonads slightly enlarged November 23. Altitude 5,000-5,300 feet.

In Chiriqui finschi has been reported only at Divala and Bugaba,
both in the lowlands. Griscom includes both coastal slopes of west-
ern Panama in its range, but unfortunately mentions no localities.

Pyrrhura hoffmanni gaudens Bangs. Sulphur-winged Parakeet.

Pyrrhura hoffmanni gaudens Bangs, 1906, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19: 103 —
Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama.

Chiquero: cf, 9 , November 2. Cordilleras: d\ May 12. Lerida:
d\ 9, June 13. Gonads enlarged May 12. Altitude 5,100-6,500 feet.

A male in breeding condition has yellowish streaks on its crown
but the occiput lacks the red-tipped feathers indicative of full matu-
rity. Immature gaudens and hoffmanni are virtually indistinguish-
able.

512 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Bolborhynchus lineola lineola (Cassin). Barred Parakeet.

Psittacula lineola Cassin, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 372 — National
Bridge, Mexico=Puente National, Vera Cruz.

Lerida: d\ 9 , December 6, 22, 1939. Gonads slightly enlarged.
Altitude 5,500 feet.

This parakeet is uncommon to rare throughout its range. Two
males collected at 2,000 feet(?) on the Caribbean slope of Volcan de
Chiriqui by W. W. Brown, June 12, 1901, appear to be the only pre-
vious records for Panama. Although traditionally credited to the
Subtropical Zone, lineola has also been found as low as 2,000 feet in
Costa Rica (Angostura).

Pionopsitta haematotis haematotis (Sclater and Salvin). Brown-
hooded Parrot.

Pionus haematotis Sclater and Salvin, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860:
300 — Vera Paz, Guatemala.

Pena Blanca: <?, August 15. Gonads enlarged. Altitude 6,200
feet.

Two of seven birds from Divala, in the Chiriqui lowlands, were
found by Peters (1931, p. 313) to have certain characters of coccini-
collaris, the very distinctive race of eastern Panama. The Monniche
specimen is wholly typical of the nominate race, as are two birds from
Cricamola on the Caribbean coast.

This widespread parrot has seldom been reported in Panama, but
to the northward it occurs commonly in humid lowland forests to an
altitude of 3,000 feet. I find no previous reference to its presence at
altitudes exceeding 5,000 feet.

Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wilson). Black-billed Cuckoo.

Cuculus erythropthalma [sic] Wilson, 1811, Amer. Orn., 4: 16, pi. 28, f. 2 — near
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Lerida: d\ October 16, 1938. Gonads slightly enlarged. Altitude
5,300 feet.

This species has been reported as a migrant in the Canal Zone and
in Darien, but apparently never before in western Panama and sel-
dom elsewhere in Central America.

Piaya cayana thermophila P. L. Sclater. Squirrel Cuckoo.

Piaya thermophila P. L. Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859: 368—
tierra caliente of Mexico and Guatemala=Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 513

Lerida: <?, sex? June 10 and November 11. Velo: cf, 3 9,
May 26-September 16. Gonads enlarged June 10, 18; slightly en-
larged September 16. Altitude 5,200-6,700 feet.

The characters of incincta are decidedly variable, and, in my opin-
ion, of no geographic significance. In any case, birds from the Pacific
slope of western Panama agree in every respect with thermophila as
represented by several score more northern specimens now before me.

Squirrel cuckoos occur on both coastal slopes of Costa Rica to an
altitude of 6,500 feet, but hitherto none has been reported in Panama
above 4,000 feet. Only one Monniche specimen (November 11) was
taken above 5,300 feet.

Crotophaga ani Linnaeus. Smooth-billed Ani.

Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1 : 105 — America, Africa=
Jamaica.

Velo: o% November 11, 1932. Altitude 5,200 feet.

It is interesting that this conspicuous resident has been reported
in western Panama only in fall and winter (November 11-Janu-
ary 22). Only one of the five previous Chiriqui localities of record
(Barriles) is as much as 4,200 feet above sea level.

Tyto alba guatemalae (Ridgway). Barn Owl.

Strix flammea var. Guatemalae, 1873, Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5: 200 —
Chinandega, Nicaragua.

Quiel: d\ October 13, 1938. Gonads enlarged. Altitude 5,100
feet.

This owl has seldom been reported in Panama and virtually noth-
ing is known of its status. The Monniche specimen is the first of
record from the vicinity of Volcan de Chiriqui, if not from the en-
tire province.

Ciccaba virgata centralis Griscom. Mottled Owl.

Ciccaba virgata centralis Griscom, 1929, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69: 159 —
Chivela, Oaxaca.

Lerida :3d", 9 , October 1-November 26. Quiel: cf, 9 , April 7,
June 29. Gonads slightly enlarged April 7, June 29. Altitude 5,300-
5,500 feet.

Both sexes, in both light and dark color phases, are represented
in this series. One of the most common forest owls in the region.

514 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Ciccaba huhula nigrolineata Sclater. Black-and-white Owl.

Ciccaba nigrolineata Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859: 131 — south-
ern Mexico = Oaxaca.

Quiel: <?, August 28, 1937. Altitude 5,200 feet.

C. nigrolineata and the equally distinctive wood owl, C. huhula,
of northern South America east of the Andes are either wholly or
essentially allopatric and traditionally have been treated as mono-
typic species. That the two are, in reality, more closely related is
suggested by the composite appearance of the bird once known as
Syrnium [= Ciccaba] spilonotum (type locality "Bogota"), a present
synonym of nigrolineata.

The incidence, in east-central Colombia, of birds referable to
"spilonotum" points to a close genetic bond between nigrolineata and
huhula. Of special interest is a specimen taken at Belen, Caqueta,
where the respective ranges might be expected to meet. This bird,
in the pattern of its upper parts, is indistinguishable from huhula,
yet the barring of the under parts agrees in every respect with nigro-
lineata as represented by the "spilonotum" plumage phase.

The concept of a single species with two well-marked races that
tend to merge in Colombia is further strengthened by a second exam-
ple of apparent intermediacy in Chicago Natural History Museum.
This specimen, from Rio Barrero, Colombia, has certain characters
of "spilonotum" and was so listed by Cory (1918, p. 35). However,
on examining this bird critically I find that it differs considerably
from the accepted concept of "spilonotum," especially in the barring
of the under parts, and in several respects it approaches huhula.

Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis (Gmelin). Pauraque.

Caprimulgus albicollis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, p. 1030 — Cayenne.

Lerida: <?, 2 9, October 21-28. Pena Blanca: <?, March 22.
Gonads enlarged March 22. Altitude 5,300-6,000 feet.

Caprimulgus carolinensis Gmelin. Chuck-Will's- Widow.

Caprimulgus carolinensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, p. 1028 — Virginia
and Carolina= South Carolina, ex Catesby.

Bajo Mono: 9, March 3, 1932. Lerida: d\ October 16, 1937.
Altitude 5,100-5,300 feet.

Only twice before recorded on the Volcan de Chiriqui massif,
where presumably it is a yearly visitant.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 515

Caprimulgus saturatus (Salvin). Dusky Nightjar.

Antrostomus saturatus Salvin, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870: 203 —
Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama.

Volcan de Chiriqui: 9 , August 31, 1937. Altitude 10,200 feet.

In Panama this form is uncommon to rare and has been found
only on Volcan de Chiriqui where Arce" collected the type on the
southern slope at an altitude not exceeding 6,500 feet. In Costa
Rica, where it is more abundant, saturatus has been reported from
5,000 to 10,000 feet above sea level.

Chaetura vauxi richmondi Ridgway. Vaux's Swift.

Chaetura richmondi Ridgway, 1910, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23: 53 — Guayabo,
Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: d% November 3, 1932. Lerida: d\ September 21,
1936. Altitude 5,300-5,800 feet.

These specimens agree in every respect with a series of richmondi
from Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica. I have seen no ex-
amples of the Azuero Peninsula race, ochropygia, which is presumed
to intergrade with richmondi in Chiriqui.

The status of this swift in Panama has until now been uncertain
since the only previous record for the country is questionable. Both
Ridgway and Griscom included western Panama in the range of rich-
mondi, apparently on the authority of Salvin (1889, p. 367), whose
reference, under Chaetura gaumeri, to a Chiriqui specimen "differing
in no way from Cozumel birds" does not inspire confidence. This
early record was not accepted by Peters, who specified Costa Rica
as the southernmost limits of richmondi. The Monniche specimens
are thus the first authentic records from Panama.

Threnetes ruckeri ventosus Bangs and Penard. Band-tailed
Barbthroat.

Threnetes ruckeri ventosus Bangs and Penard, 1924, Occ. Papers Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., 5: 77 — Pozo Azul, Costa Rica.

Cordillera (Bocas del Toro): d\ June 26, 1933. Gonads slightly
enlarged. Altitude 5,000 feet.

The discovery of this hummingbird at a high altitude on the
northern slope of the central range is unexpected. In Panama the
species is found chiefly in the Pacific lowlands but nevertheless is
reputed to occupy both slopes of Chiriqui (!) and Veraguas.

516 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Phaethornis guyi coruscus Bangs. Green Hermit.

Phaethornis guyi coruscus Bangs, 1902, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3: 26 —
Boquete, 4,500 feet, southern slope of Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama.

Cordillera (Chiriqui) : 9 , June 26. Horqueta: 3 d 1 , 9, May 16.
Velo: d\ May 9. Gonads enlarged May 16. Altitude 5,000-5,300
feet.

Eutoxeres aquila salvini Gould. White-tipped Sicklebill.

Eutoxeres Salvini Gould, 1868, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 1: 456 — Veragua,
Panama.

Camp Holcomb: cf, July 15, 1933. Gonads enlarged. Altitude
5,000 feet.

In Panama this rare bird has previously been found only in the
lowlands and foothills of Veraguas, the scene of extensive collecting
over a period of many years. Its discovery in Bocas del Toro is not
unexpected, however, since in Costa Rica salvini is most numerous
on the Caribbean slope. Additional field work in Bocas del Toro
obviously is much needed and can be expected to clarify many pres-
ent distributional discrepancies.

Campylopterus hemileucurus mellitus Bangs. Violet Sabre-
wing.

Campylopterus hemileucurus mellitus Bangs, 1902, Proc. New Engl. Zool.
CI., 3: 28 — Boquete, 4,800 feet, southern slope of Volcan de Chiriquf,
Panama.

Chiquero: 2 d\ October 16, November 7. Cordilleras: 9 , May 14.
Horqueta: cf , 9 , June 18, July 29. Lerida: 5 cT, 9 , June 28-Octo-
ber 10. Quebrada Velo: 5 d\ May 2-November 23. Quiel: d\ 9,
October 13, 18. Gonads enlarged March 26- June 18. Altitude 5,100-
6,500 feet.

Bangs originally referred to mellitus as a "very well marked race,
at once distinguished [from hemileucurus] by its larger size, longer
bill" and various color differences. Peters recognized the southern
form without comment, although it was not accorded a place in
Griscom's 1935 report on the ornithology of Panama.

In comparing the Monniche birds with a much larger series from
southern Mexico I find no differences of color and, indeed, very little
other basis for the describer's enthusiasm. Except in length of bill,
the measurements of northern and southern birds completely overlap.
Nevertheless, I am inclined to recognize mellitus by reason of slightly

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 517

but consistently longer bill, as evidenced by the following measure-
ments of the exposed culmen: mellitus: 10 cf , 29-31 mm. (30 mm.);
hemileucurus: 10 cf , 27-28 mm. (27.4 mm.).

Florisuga mellivora (Linnaeus). White-necked Jacobin.

Trochilus mellivorus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 121 — India (error=
Surinam, ex Edwards, p. 35, pi. 35, upper fig.).

Quiel: 3 cf, 9 , November 7, 8. Gonads slightly enlarged. Alti-
tude 5,000 feet.

Colibri delphinae (Lesson). Brown Violet-Ear.

Ornismya Delphinae Lesson, 1839, Rev. Zool., p. 44 — Santa Fe de Bogota,
Colombia (designated by Berlepsch and Hartert, 1902).

Lerida: cf , 9 , January 24 and November 1. Quiel: cf , Novem-
ber 7. Gonads enlarged January 24. Altitude 5,000-5,300 feet.

Apparently rare in Panama, where previously reported only in
Veraguas (Pico CaloveVora) and Darien (Cana).

Colibri thalassinus cabanidis (Heine). Green Violet-Ear.

Petasophora Cabanidis Heine, 1863, Jour. f. Orn., 11: 182 — Costa Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: 9 , May 13. Lerida: 15 cf , March 17-Novem-
ber 26. Quiel: 2 cf, 9, November 15. Velo: 2 9, May 24 and
November 15. Gonads enlarged March 17-November 26. Altitude
5,000-6,200 feet.

Panterpe insignis Cabanis and Heine. Fiery-throated Humming-
bird.

Panterpe insignis Cabanis and Heine, 1860, Mus. Hein., Th. 3: 43, note —
Costa Rica.

Cordillera (Bocas del Toro): cf, 9, July 13. Cordilleras (Chiri-
qui): cf, 2 9, June 26 and November 7. Copete (peak): cf, 9,
July 5. Fila Lerida: 2 cf , sex? July 24, 29. Volcan: 2 cf , July 28.
Gonads enlarged June 26- July 28. Altitude 6,000-10,200 feet.

Amazilia edward niveoventer (Gould). White-bellied Humming-
bird.

Trochilus (?) niveoventer Gould, 1850 (1851), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 18,
1850: 164— David, Panama.

Horqueta: 2 cf, 9, May 10. Jarramilla (Boquete): cf, May 14.
Lerida: 11 cf , 10 9 , March 20-December 2. Quiel: 2 cf , 9 , Novem-

518 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

ber 7, 25. Velo : cf , June 24. Gonads enlarged March 20-October 24.
Altitude 4,000-5,500 feet.

A single specimen of this series was taken below 5,000 feet (Jarra-
milla). Although most numerous at medium elevations, niveoventer
has also been found at sea level on the Azuero Peninsula in February
and at 1,500 feet in March.

Amazilia tzacatl tzacatl (de la Llave). Rufous-tailed Humming-
bird.

Trochilus Tzacatl de la Llave, 1833, Registro Trimestre, 2, no. 5, p. 48 —
Mexico.

Lerida: 2 cf, 9, sex? September 24-November 25. Gonads
slightly enlarged. Altitude 5,200-5,300 feet.

Eupherusa eximia egregia Sclater and Salvin. Stripe-tailed Hum-
mingbird.

Eupherusa egregia Sclater and Salvin, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868:
389 — Castello and Calovevora, Panama.

Horqueta: 9 , May 21. Lerida: 4 cf , 9 , March 20-October 27.
Quiel: d\ November 7. Altitude 5,000-5,400 feet.

Eupherusa nigriventris Lawrence. Black-bellied Hummingbird.

Eupherusa nigriventris Lawrence, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 232 —
Costa Rica.

Camp Holcomb: cf, July 15, 1935. Gonads slightly enlarged.
Altitude 5,000 feet.

The first specimen of record from Bocas del Toro.

Elvira chionura (Gould). White-tailed Emerald.

Trochilus (Thaumatias?) chionura Gould, 1850 (1851), Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
pt. 18, 1850: 162— David, 2,000-3,000 feet, Chiriqui, Panama.

Chiquero: 9, March 25. Horqueta: cf, May 21. Lerida:
4 cf , 2 9, October 2-November 23. Velo: cf, 9, June 18. Gon-
ads slightly enlarged November 23. Altitude 5,100-5,500 feet.

Peters mistakenly restricted this species to Panama, although its
presence in Costa Rica is fully authenticated. The relationship of
chionura and cupreiceps invites further inquiry by reason of two
atypical males in Chicago Natural History Museum. One, possibly
a hybrid, was taken in Chiriqui, much beyond the range of cupreiceps
as presently known. It agrees with cupreiceps in the coloring of the

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 519

upper parts, but has the black-tipped tail of chionura and a white
median line on the belly. The throat and breast are heavily necked
with bright copper-bronze, unlike either chionura or cupreiceps. The
second specimen, from Guayabo, Costa Rica, obviously is referable
to cupreiceps but differs from typical examples in having the rectrices
broadly tipped with black as in chionura.

Lampornis calolaema (Salvin). Purple-throated Mountain-Gem.

Oreopyra calolaema Salvin, 1864 (1865), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864: 584 —
"Volcan de Cartago," i.e. Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica.

Boquete: d\ July 1. Velo: d\ October 29. Gonads slightly
enlarged July 1. Altitude 5,400-5,600 feet.

My views on the relationship of calolaema, castaneoventris, and
cinereicauda are diametrically opposed to those of Berlioz (1949),
who attributes their differences to polymorphism. In my opinion,
each is a distinct form, more or less closely related to the others, as
set forth in the following pages.

The Monniche specimens agree in minute detail with a series of
Costa Rica males and dispel any remaining doubt that calolaema is
resident southward to the mountains of western Panama. The pres-
ence of this hummingbird on Volcan de Chiriqui, where L. castaneo-
ventris also occurs in great abundance, not only tends to validate
previous Panama records (Cordillera de Tol£, Cordillera del Chucu,
Volcan de Chiriqui, Calovevora, Calobre, Veraguas) questioned by
Peters, but also eliminates the concept of a subspecific relationship.

Lampornis calolaema X castaneoventris

Quebrada Velo: d\ March 2, 1933. Altitude 5,400 feet.

The modified characters of both calolaema and castaneoventris are
evident in this specimen, which has the appearance of being a hybrid.
The violet of the throat, which presumably reflects the influence of
calolaema, is considerably diluted and becomes barely perceptible as
a vague gloss medially and anteriorly where the feathers are tipped
with buff or pale brown. Immediately below the feather tips, which
provide the throat coloring, each feather is distinctly whitish (not
dusky as in typical calolaema), but much less purely white than is
characteristic of castaneoventris.

Ridgway's description (1911, p. 503) of an unusual type of throat
coloring found in some specimens from the immediate vicinity of
Volcan de Chiriqui approximates the condition of the Monniche bird.

520 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

While Ridgway referred his atypical birds to castaneoventris, it is sig-
nificant that he ignored Salvin's reference (1870, p. 205) to the occur-
rence of calolaema on Volcan de Chiriqui, although conceding its
presence elsewhere in western Panama beyond the range of castaneo-
ventris. As closely related species, sympatric in part, occasional
hybridization between calolaema and castaneoventris is likely, and in
my opinion accounts for the rare type of throat coloring that here-
tofore has been dismissed as evidence of variability in castaneoventris.
The characters of both species are, in fact, remarkably stable.
A series of male calolaema from Costa Rica, where castaneoventris
does not occur, shows virtually no variation in throat coloring, and
none tending toward castaneoventris. Of the 38 males from Volcan
de Chiriqui examined, 35 deviate in no way from castaneoventris as
traditionally characterized, two specimens are as readily referable to
calolaema, and but one (hybrid?) is not characteristic of either.

Lampornis castaneoventris castaneoventris (Gould). White-
throated Mountain-Gem.

Trochilus (?) castaneoventris Gould, 1850 (1851), Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
pt. 18, 1850: 163— Cordillera de Chiriqui, 6,000 feet, Panama.

Alto de Chiquero: 5 d\ 4 9, February 1-October 11. Bajo
Mono: d", 9, March 23 and November 17. Cordillera (Bocas del
Toro): 9, July 13. Cordilleras (Boquete): 5 d\ 3 9, May 15.
Horqueta: d\ June 18. Lerida: 7 d\ 2 9, May 13-December 2.
Quebrada Velo: d\ June 15. Quiel: 2 d\ February 5 and March 3.
Velo: 13 d" , 4 d\ sex? February 23-October 29. Gonads enlarged
May-November; slightly enlarged December 2-February 23. Alti-
tude 5,200-6,800 feet.

I am unable to distinguish between the females of calolaema and
castaneoventris, so have listed under the latter, by far the more
abundant of the two in Panama, all specimens that may belong
to either.

The present certainty that both birds coexist on Volcan de
Chiriqui, if not more widely, clearly obviates the concept of their
conspecificity. I find no evidence in support of the opinion held by
some that the two merely represent the diverse plumages of a single
form. If my premises are conceded, the affinities of cinereicauda
can profitably be reconsidered. This form is strikingly similar to
castaneoventris, from which it differs only in the color of the tail.
Although a closer relationship between these birds seems obvious,
they hitherto have been treated as distinct species by reason of the

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 521

fact that calolaema co-exists with cinereicauda in Costa Rica and of
necessity has been considered a race of castaneoventris (Peters, 1945,
p. 83, footnote 3).

A basic objection to the recognition of cinereicauda as a geo-
graphical representative of cinereiventris rests on the reputed oc-
currence of both on Volcan de Chiriqui. Their sympatric relation-
ship is widely accepted, but requires verification. Peters (loc. cit.),
recognizing this, wisely restricted the range of cinereicauda to Costa
Rica, where its occurrence is well documented. Thus, it is now
possible and in my opinion desirable to merge cinereicauda and
cinereiventris in a single species and formalize their close relationship.

Heliodoxa jacula henryi Lawrence. Green-crowned Brilliant.

Heliodoxa henryi Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 18: 402 —
Angostura, Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: 9 , March 22. Velo: 9 , June 15. Altitude 5,200,
5,300 feet.

Reported as much as 7,500 feet above sea level on Volcan de
Chiriqui, but most numerous at lower altitudes in the adjacent
foothills.

Eugenes fulgens spectabilis (Lawrence). Magnificent Humming-
bird.

Heliomaster spectabilis Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8: 132 —
Chiriqui, Panama.

Velo: d\ December 6, 1932. Gonads slightly enlarged. Altitude
5,300 feet.

Previously reported in Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui) only at
altitudes exceeding 6,000 feet. Although essentially a bird of the
higher mountains, stragglers have been found as low as 5,000 feet in
Costa Rica, where apparently the bird is much more abundant than
in Panama.

Heliothryx barroti (Bourcier). Purple-crowned Fairy.

Trochilus Barroti Bourcier, 1843, Rev. Zool., p. 72 — Cartagena, Colombia.

Alto de Chiquero: d\ 9, May 1 and October 11. Lerida: d\
3 9 , July 1-October 13. Gonads enlarged May 1 and October 13.
Altitude 5,300-5,400 feet.

This species has been taken up to 7,000 feet above sea level on
the Pacific slope of Volcan de Chiriqui, but elsewhere is restricted
almost solely to the humid Tropical Zone.

522 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

These birds, and many others of the Monniche collection, reveal
how largely erroneous are our present concepts of the zonal affinities
of tropical species. Some, traditionally considered Subtropical repre-
sentatives, prove to be equally common in the lowlands. Others,
generally conceded to be characteristic of the Tropical Zone, never-
theless may be found at high altitudes even during the breeding
season. Until much more is known about Middle American birds,
extreme caution obviously should be exercised in assigning zonal
representatives.

Selasphorus flammula Salvin. Rose-throated Hummingbird.

Selasphorus flammula Salvin, 1864, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864: 586 —
Volcan de Cartago, i.e. Volcan de Irazti, Costa Rica.

Casita Alta: 3 c? , October 9. Lerida: 9 , November 5. Volcan:
cf, August 12. Gonads slightly enlarged August 12. Altitude
6,800-10,200 feet.

Berlioz (1949, pp. 5-6) has discussed adequately the polymorphic
nature of this species, and evidence that it commonly finds expres-
sion in a plumage phase represented by the bird previously known
as torridus Salvin. Rose-throated hummingbirds are uncommon
below timber-line and in Panama have hitherto been reported only
above 10,000 feet.

It is interesting that birds with distinctly reddish-purple gorgets
(flammula, as traditionally known) appear to be restricted to Costa
Rica, while the striking variant ("torridus") occurs both in Costa
Rica and on Volcan de Chiriqui. As Berlioz noted, the gorget of
"torridus" is remarkably variable. This is well illustrated by the
four males listed above, none of which, however, have the reddish-
purple gorget by which flammula was distinguished in the past.

Selasphorus scintilla (Gould). Scintillant Hummingbird.

Trochilus (Selasphorus) scintilla Gould, 1850 (1851), Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1850: 162— Volcan de Chiriqui, 9,000 feet, Panama.

Alto de Chiquero: 9 , immature, March 24. Lerida: 10 d 71 , 12 9 ,
March 17-December 2. Quiel: 2 cf, 9, May 25, November 15.
Velo: cf, 9, April 5, June 24. Gonads enlarged September 24-
November 25; March 3. Altitude 5,000-6,400 feet.

Evidence of a fall and winter breeding period suggested by the
above dates of gonadal activity is verified by three nests with in-
cubating eggs collected by Mr. Monniche on November 4 and De-

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 523

cember 12, 1932. Descriptions of these and other Volcan de Chiri-
qui nests and eggs have been published (Blake, 1956) .

Pharomachrus mocino costaricensis Cabanis. Quetzal.

Pharomacrus costaricensis Cabanis, 1869, Jour. f. Orn., 17: 313 — Costa Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: 2 d\ 9, March 13-April 10. Bajo Mono:
2 cf , March 25, 28. Lerida: d\ May 10. Rio Caldera: 2 d\ March
14 and May 2. Velo: d\ February 26, 1952. Gonads enlarged.
Altitude 5,500-6,800 feet.

Quetzals have been found as low as 4,000 feet on Volcan de
Chiriqui but usually they frequent much higher altitudes. The most
recent Monniche specimen was taken at Alto de Chiquero in Febru-
ary, 1952; the others were taken prior to 1940.

Trogon collaris puella Gould. Bar-tailed Trogon.

Trogon puella Gould, 1845, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 13, 1845: 18—
Escuintla, "South America" = Guatemala.

Bajo Mono: 9, June 18. Camp Cylindro: cf, July 16, 1933.
Cordilleras: d\ May 12. Lerida: cf, 9, October 23. Gonads en-
larged May 12-July 16. Altitude 5,300-6,500 feet.

The Camp Cylindro specimen is the first of record from Bocas
del Toro.

Trogon aurantiiventris aurantiiventris Gould. Orange-bellied
Trogon.

Trogon aurantiiventris Gould, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 24, 1856:
107 — near David, Panama.

Alto de Chiquero: 2 & , 2 9, February 27-November 10. Bajo
Mono: cf, October 11. Camp Cylindro: 9, sex? July 14. Camp
Holcomb: d\ July 14. Lerida: 3 d\ 3 9 , February 20-December 13.
Quiel: 2d 1 , 9, February 24 and November 25. Gonads enlarged
February 20- July 14. Altitude 5,100-6,600 feet.

Chloroceryle americana isthmica (Goldman). Green Kingfisher.

Ceryle americana isthmica Goldman, 1911, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 56, no. 27,
p. 1 — Rio Indio, near Gatun, Canal Zone.

Horqueta: 2 d\ 9 , April 5-July 26. Gonads enlarged April 5.
Altitude 5,200-5,300 feet.

524 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Electron platyrhynchum minor (Hartert). Broad-billed Mot-
mot.

Prionirhynchus platyrhynchus minor Hartert, 1898, Nov. Zool., 5: 498 —
Panama.

Cedral: d\ July 14, 1933. Altitude 4,800 feet.

Momotus momota lessonii Lesson. Blue-crowned Motmot.

Momotus lessonii Lesson, 1842, Rev. Zool., p. 174 — Realejo, Nicaragua.

Alto de Chiquero: d\ November 10. Horqueta: 9, April 5.
Lerida: 3 d 71 , 9 , immature, January 13-September 23. Quiel: 2 d\
February 19 and June 25. Gonads enlarged February 19- June 17.
Altitude 5,200-6,000 feet.

Eubucco bourcierii salvini (Shelley). Red-headed Barbet.

Capito salvini Shelley, 1891, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 19: 108 (in key), 119, pi. 5,
f. 4 — Costa Rica to Chiriqui.

Alto de Quiel: 9, October 15. Horqueta: 2 d\ May 16 and
July 25. Lerida: cf, 9, March 7 and December 16. Gonads en-
larged March 7-May 16. Altitude 5,200-5,500 feet.

This species and the following occur only at medium altitudes in
western Panama, but in Costa Rica both occupy the lowlands (above
1,000-1,500 feet) as well as the Subtropical forests. This pattern of
distribution is repeated so frequently, especially among birds re-
stricted to these countries, that it cannot be explained solely as
evidence of fortuitous collecting.

Semnornis frantzii (Sclater). Prong-billed Barbet.

Tetragonops frantzii Sclater, 1864, Ibis, p. 371, pi. 10 — near San Jose, Costa
Rica.

Bajo Mono: 3 a\ May 19-October 10. Cordilleras: 3 d\ 2 9,
May 12-November 19. Horqueta: cf, 9 , June 18 and September 2.
Gonads enlarged May 12-September 2. Altitude 5,200-6,600 feet.

Although I am here accepting the generic terminology that has
been favored since 1900, it nevertheless is incumbent upon me to
point out that Pan Richmond, 1899, not only has prior claim to
recognition, but also may shortly become incontrovertibly available
unless appropriate steps are taken to exclude Pan, of all authors,
from further zoological use.

By way of elaboration, it will be recalled that Semnornis Rich-
mond, 1900, first came into being as a result of the discovery that

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 525

Pan Richmond, 1899, was preoccupied by Pan Oken, 1816, a mam-
mal. Names published in Oken's Lehrbuch das Naturgeschichte (1815-
16) have long been in disfavor for obvious reasons. Recently, in
discussing the availability of Oken's names, Heming (1954, pp. 200-
201) concluded that they are fundamentally without status, since
Oken's system does not conform to the principles of binominal no-
menclature. With this one must agree. In the likely event that
Heming's major premise is accepted by the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature it follows that Pan Richmond, 1899,
will thereupon automatically replace Semnornis as the correct generic
designation of this and related species, in as much as the Commis-
sion's action relating to Oken will in no way invalidate Rich-
mond.

Aulacorhynchus prasinus maxillaris Griscom. Emerald Tou-
canet.

Aulacorhynchus caeruleogularis maxillaris Griscom, 1924, Amer. Mus. Nov.,
no. 141, p. 2 — Guayabo, Costa Rica.

Casita Alta: 9, March 9. Lerida: d\ March 9. Quiel: d\
June 29. Gonads enlarged. Altitude 5,300-6,800 feet.

One Monniche specimen, as well as three Costa Rican birds in a
series of sixteen, lacks the dark red prenarial spot on the maxilla that
serves in part to distinguish maxillaris from caeruleogularis of eastern
Chiriqui and Veraguas. I nevertheless recognize maxillaris, pending
a more thorough analysis of this and other characters.

Pteroglossus torquatus frantzii Cabanis. Collared Aracari.

Pteroglossus Frantzii Cabanis, 1861, Sitzungsb. Nat. Ges. Freunde Berlin,
Nov. — Aguacate, Costa Rica.

Velo: 9 , September 5. Altitude 5,300 feet.

An essentially lowland bird, restricted to the Pacific slope and
not previously reported in Panama above an altitude of 3,000 feet.

Selenidera spectabilis Cassin. Yellow-eared Toucanet.

Selenidera spectabilis Cassin, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 214 —
Cucuyos de Veragua, Panama.

Cedral: immature 9 , July 14. Altitude 4,800 feet.

This toucan is uncommon to rare wherever found and is virtually
unknown at altitudes exceeding 3,500 feet.

526 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Piculus rubiginosus uropygialis (Cabanis). Golden-olive Wood-
pecker.

Chloronerpes uropygialis Cabanis, 1862, Jour. f. Orn., 10: 321 — Cerro de la
Candelaria, Costa Rica.

Horqueta: 9 , May 9. Lerida: 2 cf , March 5 and June 14. Quiel:
cf , November 12. Velo: d\ October 3. Gonads enlarged March 6-
June 14. Altitude 5,200-5,400 feet.

Melanerpes formicivorus striatipectus Ridgway. Acorn Wood-
pecker.

Melanerpes formicivorus var. striatipectus Ridgway, 1874, in Baird, Brewer and
Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 2: 561, note — Birds, Costa Rica.

Casita Alta: cf , October 30. Lerida: 4 cf , 9 , June 27-Novem-
ber23. PenaBlanca: 9 , September 16. Quiel: cf, June 25. Gonads
enlarged June 27-September 16. Altitude 5,300-7,400 feet.

Centurus rubricapillus mbricapillus Cabanis. Red-crowned
Woodpecker.

Centurus rubricapillus Cabanis, 1862, Jour. f. Orn., 10: 328 — Barranquilla,
Colombia.

Horqueta: cf , May 16. Lerida: cf , 2 9 , March 19-September 21.
Quiel: cf, 9, September 17 and December 15. Gonads enlarged
March 19-May 16. Altitude 5,200-5,500 feet.

These birds agree both with a large series from eastern Panama
(Colon), northern Colombia and western Venezuela, and with the
five examples of costaricensis at my disposal. The Costa Rican race
is characterized as a smaller bird with paler, more olive (less ochra-
ceous gray) under parts, and less extensive red abdominal patch.
In the absence of a wholly representative series of costaricensis I can-
not now evaluate its color characters with finality. Their duplication
in more southern birds obviously weakens the concept of a separable
population showing absolute color differences, but it is conceded that
in a large series from Costa Rica an average color distinction possibly
can be demonstrated.

The measurements of Costa Rica birds largely overlap those of
the nominate form as otherwise represented, but the latter admit-
tedly averages slightly larger than costaricensis. In my opinion,
however, the Costa Rica form requires verification. Measurements
in millimeters (both sexes) : costaricensis, wing 105.4-113 (109.5), tail
48.3-54.7 (51.2); rubricapillus, wing 107.1-115.2 (110.3), tail 50.6-
55.1 (52.2).

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 527

Veniliornis fumigatus sanguinolentus (Sclater). Smoky-brown
Woodpecker.

Chloronerpes sanguinolentus Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 27, 1859:
60, pi. 151 — Omoa, Honduras.

Pefia Blanca: d\ August 15. Gonads enlarged. Altitude 6,200
feet.

Dendrocopos villosus extimius (Bangs). Hairy Woodpecker.

Dendrocopus villosus extimius Bangs, 1902, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3: 33 —
Boquete, 6,000 feet, Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama.

Casita Alta: d\ October 20. Camp Cylindro: 9, July 14. Co-
pete (summit): 9, July 8. Lerida: cT, 3 9, June 14-December 5.
Quiel: 9, June 25. Volcan: d% July 28. Gonads active June 14.
Altitude 5,200-10,200 feet.

Phloeoceastes guatemalensis guatemalensis (Hartlaub). Pale-
billed Woodpecker.

Picus guatemalensis Hartlaub, 1844, Rev. Zool., p. 214 — Guatemala.

Horqueta: cf, September 2. Lerida: cf, June 14. Altitude 5,300
feet.

Davidson (1938, p. 257) established the fact that this woodpecker
is at least moderately abundant in Chiriqui, where it was previously
known from but two specimens. The Monniche birds increase to six
the number of specimens reported from the Volcan de Chiriqui massif.

Dendrocincla homochroa acedesta Oberholser. Ruddy Wood-
creeper.

Dendrocincla acedesta Oberholser, 1904, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 56:
449 — Chiriqui, Panama.

Lerida: d\ 9 , February 21, November 23. Quiel: d", March 3;
gonads enlarged. Altitude 5,400 feet.

Costa Rica and Panama specimens of homochroa are readily dis-
tinguished from more northern examples on the basis both of color
and of size. The distinction between acedesta and its southern rela-
tive rests on supposed color differences so finely drawn as virtually
to discredit the separability of the two forms. However, in the ab-
sence of a wholly satisfactory representation of ruficeps it seems best
to accept both forms for the present. It is likely that recognition of
homochroa and ruficeps alone will eventually prove to be a more real-
istic treatment of this species.

528 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Sittasomus griseicapillus levis Bangs. Olivaceous Woodcreeper.

Sittasomus levis Bangs, 1902, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3: 46 — Boquete,
Panama.

Horqueta: d\ September 2. Quiel: 9, November 29. Gonads
slightly enlarged September 2. Altitude 5,300 feet.

The Chiriqui specimens at hand are consistently smaller than
those referable to sylvioides but no color variation of significance is
evident in the extensive series of both now before me. At best, levis
is a weak race, and not certainly separable.

Glyphorhynchus spirurus sublestus Peters. Wedge-billed
Woodcreeper.

Glyphorhynchus spirurus sublestus Peters, 1929, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69:
443 — Changuinola, Caribbean slope of northwestern Panama.

Cedral: d\ July 15, 1933. Gonads slightly enlarged. Altitude
4,800 feet.

Xiphorhynchus erythropygius punctigula (Ridgway). Spotted
Woodcreeper.

Dendrornis punctigula Ridgway, 1899, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11: 544 —
Naranjo, Costa Rica.

Camp Holcomb: c? , June 26, 1933. Gonads enlarged. Altitude
5,000 feet.

An exceptionally distinct race with notably constant characters.
In a series of seventeen specimens from Costa Rica and western Pan-
ama a single skin (Candelaria, Costa Rica) has the thickly spotted
pileum and boldly streaked back associated with parvus and eryth-
ropygius. Unfortunately, its plumage is badly "foxed" and the color
tone inconclusive.

In his table of wing measurements, Griscom (1937, p. 197) shows
that erythropygius (Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec)
apparently is consistently larger than either parvus or punctigula.
While I accept this statement, the following measurements invalidate
his further observations that Honduras birds are larger than those
from Guatemala, and that punctigula is intermediate in size to parvus
and erythropygius.

Wing Lengths

erythropygius: 3 adults, 122-125 mm. (after Griscom).

parvus: 19 adults, 104-119 mm. (110.6).

Chiapas: 11 adults, 104-119 mm. (113.5).

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 529

Guatemala: 4 adults, 104-115 mm. (109).
Honduras: 3 adults, 108-110 mm. (108.7).
Nicaragua: 1 adult, 113 mm.

punctigula: 17 adults, 103-119 mm. (109.5).
Costa Rica: 11 adults, 103-119 mm. (110).
Chiriqui: 6 adults, 103-112 mm. (109).

Lepidocolaptes affinis neglectus (Ridgway). Spot-crowned
Woodcreeper.

Picolaptes affinis neglectus Ridgway, 1909, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22: 73 —
Coliblanco, Costa Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: cf , March 24. Bajo Mono: 2 d\ 9 , March 23,
November 3. Casita Alta: d\ June 18. Cordilleras: d\ May 13.
Lerida: 5 cf, 4 9, sex? February 20-December 15. Quiel: 2 cf,
February 24, June 26. Velo: cf , 9 , September 5, October 2. Gon-
ads enlarged February 20-September 16. Altitude 5,100-8,000 feet.

Cranioleuca erythrops rufigenys (Lawrence). Red-faced Spine-
tail.

Synallaxis rufigenys Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9: 105 —
Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: cf, 9 , August 5, October 10. Cordilleras: 9, May 17.
Horqueta: d\ 9 , April 5, July 29. Lerida: cf , 9 , June 2, 27. Rio
Caldera: 9 , May 2. Velo: cf , sex? October 20, December 6. Gonads
active April 5-July 29. Altitude 5,200-6,500 feet.

The rufous pileum and cheeks and other plumage characteristics
of full maturity are not acquired before the second year. A Costa
Rica male taken January 3 has only a scattering of rufous feathers
on the crown. The sides of its head and its under parts are evenly
colored, but of a shade intermediate to first year birds and adults.
A brown-capped female collected near Boquete on July 29 had en-
larged ovaries, indicating that this form breeds while in subadult
plumage.

Margarornis rubiginosus rubiginosus Lawrence. Ruddy Tree-
runner.

Margarornis rubiginosus Lawrence, 1865, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8: 128 —
San Jose, Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: 3 cf , 9 , March 25, August 5. Casita Alta: 2 cf , 9 ,
June 1. Cordilleras: 9 , November 18. Gonads enlarged March 26-
May 2. Altitude 5,200-6,600 feet.

530 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Pseudocolaptes lawrencii lawrencii Ridgway. Buffy Tufted-
cheek.

Pseudocolaptes lawrencii Ridgway, 1878, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1: 253, 254 —
La Palma and Navarro.

Camp Cylindro: <?, July 14. Copete: 2 9, July 8. Gonads
active. Altitude 5,200-10,000 feet.

The Camp Cylindro specimen is the first of record for Bocas del
Toro and the Caribbean slope. Although largely confined to the
higher altitudes, lawrencii has been found at least 2,000 feet below
the minimum altitude of 6,000 feet designated by Peters.

Syndactyla subalaris lineata (Lawrence). Lineated Foliage-
Gleaner.

Anabazenops lineatus Lawrence, 1865, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8: 127 —
Angostura, Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: <?, October 10. Lerida: cf, 9 , March 17, August 20.
Pena Blanca: 9, October 18. Velo: d\ 9, October 20. Gonads
enlarged March 17; slightly enlarged August 20. Altitude 5,200-
6,000 feet.

Anabacerthia striaticollis variegaticeps (Sclater). Scaly-
throated Foliage-Gleaner.

Anabazenops variegaticeps Sclater, 1856 (1857), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 24,
1856: 289 — Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico.

Alto de Chiquero : d\ February 27. Camiseta: cf,July3. Lerida:
5 d\ 2 9 , June 2-October 17. Quiel: d\ 9 , November 13. Velo:
3 d\ 2 9 , June 30-October 15. Gonads slightly enlarged July 15, 31,
and November 13. Altitude 5,300-6,100 feet.

Philydor rufus panerythrus Sclater. Buff-fronted Foliage-
Gleaner.

Philydor panerythrus Sclater, 1862, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862: 110 —
Bogota.

Alto de Chiquero: d", March 13. Lerida: 9 , October 17. Velo:
d\ October 2. Gonads enlarged March 13. Altitude 5,400-5,500
feet.

Peters (1945, p. 131, footnote) and de Schauensee (1950, p. 683)
have suggested that Costa Rica and Panama birds possibly comprise
a distinct race for which the name Automolus rufescense Lawrence,
1867, is available. This calls for corroboration, and in the absence

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 531

of critical material I prefer to associate these birds with the previ-
ously described Colombian form.

Thripadectes rufobrunneus (Lawrence). Streak-breasted Tree-
hunter.

Philydor rufobrunneus Lawrence, 1865, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8: 127 —
San Jose, Costa Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: d\ April 23. Bajo Mono: d\ March 23.
Cordilleras: d\ May 13. Lerida: 2 d\ 9, August 3-October 22.
Quiel: cT, March 3. Velo: 9, February 23. Gonads enlarged
March 3-May 13; slightly enlarged August 3, September 19, Feb-
ruary 25. Altitude 5,300-6,700 feet.

Xenops rutilans septentrionalis Zimmer. Streaked Xenops.

Xenops rutilans septentrionalis Zimmer, 1929, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42: 82 —
Guayabo, Costa Rica.

Horqueta: d\ 9 , September 2, 1933. Altitude 5,300 feet.

A rare bird in Panama where known from perhaps half a dozen
specimens taken on the Pacific slope of Volcan de Chiriqui (Boquete,
Quiel, Barriles).

Dysithamnus mentalis septentrionalis Ridgway. Plain Ant-
vireo.

Dysithamnus mentalis septentrionalis Ridgway, 1908, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
21 : 193 — Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala.

Horqueta: d\ June 18, 1933. Gonads enlarged. Altitude 5,300
feet.

Myrmotherula schisticolor schisticolor (Lawrence). Slaty Ant-
wren.

Formicivora schisticolor Lawrence, 1865, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8: 172 —
Turrialba, Costa Rica.

Chiquero: d\ May 18. Lerida: 3 d\ April 30-August 12. Gon-
ads enlarged April 30-May 18. Altitude 5,100-5,600 feet.

As with Cranioleuca erythrops rufigenis, this form apparently
breeds before acquiring fully adult plumage. A male taken May 18
had enlarged gonads, although still in immature plumage except for
a black-mottled throat patch. A Nicaragua specimen in similar
plumage bears the date March 15 and presumably was hatched the
previous spring.

532 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Myrmeciza immaculata zeledoni Ridgway. Immaculate Ant-
bird.

Myrmeciza zeledoni Ridgway, 1909, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22: 74 — Guayabo,
Costa Rica.

Camp Holcomb: 9, June 26, 1933. Gonads slightly enlarged.
Altitude 5,000 feet.

Previously unknown in Bocas del Toro, although restricted to the
Caribbean slope (1,000-4,300 feet) in Costa Rica. Griscom (1935,
p. 335) considers zeledoni a bird of "arid scrub and gallery forest,"
but Carriker states that in Costa Rica, where it is very rare, it fre-
quents dense humid jungle.

Formicarius nigricapillus nigricapillus Ridgway. Black-headed
Antthrush.

Formicarius nigricapillus Ridgway, 1893, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16: 670 (in
key), 675 — Buena Vista, Costa Rica.

Cedral: d\ July 14, 1933. Altitude 4,800 feet.

An exceedingly rare bird, heretofore known in Panama only from
Chiriqui Lagoon and at an altitude of 1,500 feet on Boquete (= Hol-
comb) Trail. Veraguas specimens mentioned by earlier writers un-
doubtedly reflect erroneous identifications since it is now conceded
that nigricapillus apparently does not range beyond the Caribbean
slope in Central America.

Gymnopithys leucaspis olivascens (Ridgway). Bicolored Ant-
bird.

Pithys bicolor olivascens Ridgway, 1891, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 469 —
Santa Ana, Honduras.

Cedral: <?, July 14, 1933. Gonads enlarged. Altitude 4,800 feet.

A distinctly slate-gray area on each side of the occiput suggests
some degree of intergradation with bicolor of eastern Panama and
Colombia. Peters ultimately (1951, p. 247) assigned to olivascens all
Bocas del Toro examples of leucaspis but it is noteworthy that in an
earlier paper (1931, p. 321) he was strongly of the opinion that a
specimen of similar intermediate appearance taken on Boquete
(= Holcomb) Trail at an altitude of 3,500 feet was referable to bi-
color. The pattern of distribution in Panama is not yet clear but
it seems likely that Bocas del Toro is occupied largely if not solely
by leucaspis of intermediate character.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 533

Grallaria guatimalensis princeps Sclater and Salvin. Scaled
Antpitta.

Grallaria princeps Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869:
418 — Calovevora, Veragua, Panama.

Lerida: d\ September 22. Velo: 2 d\ September 25. Gonads
slightly enlarged September 22. Altitude 5,400-5,700 feet.

The five Chiriqui adults now before me agree very closely with
certain specimens from Chiapas and northern Central America. In
view of the pronounced individual variation of this species I am hesi-
tant to recognize princeps but concede that Chiriqui birds possibly
average slightly darker above and may tend to have heavier black
scallops than the nominate form.

Scytalopus argentifrons argentifrons Ridgway. Silvery-fronted
Tapaculo.

Scytalopus argentifrons Ridgway, 1891, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 475 —
Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: d\ May 13. Bajo Mono: 2 d\ July 23, Au-
gust 8. Cordillera: 9, November 17. Lerida: cf, February 25.
Pena Blanca: 9 , May 19. Velo: &, 9 , June 24, August 5. Gonads
enlarged February 25-August 5. Altitude 5,400-6,500 feet.

Critical examination of all Central American specimens of Scyta-
lopus in our larger museums convinces me that the birds of western
Panama and Costa Rica comprise a single species with two clearly
defined races, in contradiction to Peters' concept of two distinct
species supposedly co-existing in the vicinity of Volcan de Chiriqui.
All adults that I have seen from this area agree very closely with
Costa Rica specimens and are undeniably separable from Veraguas
and eastern Chiriqui birds.

As first remarked by Chapman (1915, p. 421) and now verified,
specimens from Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui tend to have larger
bills and less silvery (darker) foreheads than Costa Rica birds. This
slight deviation toward chiriquensis, obviously a clinal manifestation
in the northern population, is not sufficiently pronounced to justify
formal recognition.

Eisenmann (in litt.) informs me that shortly after publication of
the seventh volume of his Check-list Peters expressed the opinion that
argentifrons and chiriquensis would prove to be merely representative
forms of a single species. Peters' unfortunate error apparently stems
from his reliance upon Zimmer's listing (1939, p. 17) as chiriquensis

534 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

four Boquete specimens in the American Museum. Unknown to
Peters, these are immature birds which Zimmer assigned to that form
tentatively, but "subject to revision."

Attila spadiceus citreopygus (Bonaparte). Bright-rumped Attila.

Dasycephala citreopyga Bonaparte, 1854, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38:
657 — Nicaragua.

Lerida: d\ October 14. Altitude 5,300 feet.
Pachyramphus versicolor costaricensis Bangs. Barred Becard.

Pachyrhamphus versicolor costaricensis Bangs, 1908, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI.,
4: 26 — Irazu, Costa Rica.

Velo: d\ August 4, 1937. Immature. Altitude 5,500 feet.

Exceedingly rare, if museum specimens are a clue to abundance.
Heretofore known in Panama from a single specimen collected at
Boquete by Batty.

Pachyramphus albogriseus ornatus Cherrie. Black-and-White
Becard.

Pachyrhamphus ornatus Cherrie, 1891, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 338 —
Barranca, Costa Rica.

Velo: 2 9, May 25 and December 12, 1939. Gonads enlarged
May 25. Altitude 5,500 feet.

This becard is decidedly rare throughout its range. There is but
one previous record for Chiriqui (Boquete).

Tityra semifasciata costaricensis Ridgway. Masked Tityra.

Tityra semifasciata costaricensis Ridgway, 1906, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19:
119 — Bonilla, Costa Rica.

Lerida: d\ June 13. Quiel: cf, 9, March 21. Gonads enlarged
March 21. Altitude 5,200-5,300 feet.

Cephalopterus ornatus glabricollis Gould. Bare-necked Um-
brellabird.

Cephalopterus glabricollis Gould, 1850 (1851), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 18:
92, pi. 20— Cordillera of Chiriqui.

Cedral: & , 9, July 14, 1933. Altitude 4,800 feet.

Heretofore unknown on the Caribbean slope (Bocas del Toro) and
rare to uncommon elsewhere in Panama. Although reported as much

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 535

as 8,000 feet above sea level in Chiriqui (to 10,000 feet in Costa Rica),
this cotinga generally frequents heavy forest at much lower alti-
tudes. It is a matter of interest that the type of glabricollis, collected
in 1849 by M. Warcewicz, a Polish botanist, is the first bird specimen
of record from western Panama.

Procnias tricarunculata (J. and E. Verreaux). Three-wattled
Bellbird.

Casmorhynchus tricar unculatus J. and E. Verreaux, 1853, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2),
5: 193 — "Bocas del Toro" = north side of Isthmus of Panama.

Chiquero: d", February 27. Horqueta: 9, May 10. Lerida:
9 , August 21. Rio Caldera: d* , March 13. Velo: 6\ 9 , March 8,
August 22. Gonads enlarged. Altitude 5,300-6,000 feet.

Monniche's failure to collect any bellbirds during the peak of the
winter season tends to substantiate Carriker's observation (1910,
p. 326) that, in common with certain other fruit-eaters, this cotinga
engages in a seasonal migration from higher to lower altitudes and is
absent from its breeding grounds from early December until February.

Chiroxiphia lanceolata (Wagler). Lance-tailed Manakin.

Pipra lanceolata Wagler, 1830, Isis, p. 931 — "Guiana sive Cajenna."

Horqueta: 2 d\ May 7, 9. Gonads enlarged. Altitude 5,400 feet.

Not previously reported above an altitude of 4,000 feet in the
vicinity of Volcan de Chiriqui, but abundant at lower elevations.

Corapipo altera heteroleuca Hellmayr. White-ruffed Manakin.

Corapipo leucorrhoa heteroleuca Hellmayr, 1910, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 25: 87 —
Boquete, Chiriqui.

Alto de Chiquero and Quiel: 2 d", November 10. Altitude 5,300
feet.

This species resembles leucorrhoa of northern South America
superficially, and the two are considered conspecific by some authors.
In my opinion the striking differences in their wing formulae are
sufficiently fundamental to justify their separation.

A conspicuous indentation of the posterior border of the white
throat patch usually distinguishes male heteroleuca from altera, which
has a slightly rounded (usually) or straight border. The constancy
of this character has drawn comment, but it is interesting that one
of the Monniche birds, unlike five other Chiriqui males now before

536 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

me, is indistinguishable from a typical example of altera from Costa
Rica (Peralta, Cartago) in Chicago Natural History Museum.

Sayornis nigricans amnicola Bangs. Black Phoebe.

Sayornis amnicola Bangs, 1902, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3: 37 — Boquete,
Panama.

Horqueta: cf , July 29. Rio Caldera: d\ November 18. Gonads
enlarged July 29. Altitude 5,200-5,500 feet.

The characters of this race are remarkably stable and generally
there is no difficulty in separating it from either aquatica or latirostris.
Tropical forms of nigricans are presumed to be non-migratory, but
it is noteworthy that two March specimens from Ocosingo, Chiapas,
the northernmost limits of aquatica (Blake, 1949, p. 2), agree in
minute detail with typical examples of amnicola.

Tyrannus melancholicus chloronotus Berlepsch. Tropical
Kingbird.

Tyrannus chloronotus Berlepsch, 1907, Ornis, 14: 474 — Temax, Yucatan.

Lerida: 2 d% 3 9, May 9-November 21. Quiel: 9, June 30.
Velo: 9 , May 2. Gonads enlarged May 2- June 30. Altitude 5,100-
5,300 feet.

Legatus leucophaius leucophaius ( Vieillot) . Piratic Flycatcher.

Platyrhynchos leucophaius Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 27:
11 — "PAmerique meridionale" = Cayenne.

Horqueta: 2 d\ May 7, 9. Gonads enlarged. Altitude 5,300 and
5,400 feet.

Myiodynastes maculatus difficilis Zimmer. Streaked Flycatcher.

Myiodynastes maculatus difficilis Zimmer, 1937, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 963,
p. 9 — Bebedero, Costa Rica.

Horqueta: 9, July 29. Lerida: 5 <?, 2 9, sex? May 10-Octo-
ber 12. Quiel: d", 9, March 21. Gonads enlarged March 21-
June 18. Altitude 5,200-5,400 feet.

The characters of this race are so finely drawn as to approach the
nebulous. In a series of forty specimens representing virtually all
parts of its range I find every manner of variation, including dupli-
cation of the very characters attributed to nobilis and tobagensis.
Although clearly a weak race, difficilis possibly can be distinguished
from its relatives by virtue of average differences not apparent in the

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 537

material now before me. For the present, therefore, it seems best to
follow Zimmer's masterful revision (1937, pp. 6-17) of the species.

Myiodynastes hemichrysus (Cabanis). Golden-bellied Fly-
catcher.

Hypermitres hemichrysus Cabanis, 1861, Jour. Orn., 9: 247 — Costa Rica.

Camp Cylindro: cf, July 16. Lerida: 2 d\ 9, November 26.
Quiel: cf , September 27. Gonads enlarged November 26. Altitude
5,200-5,600 feet.

Hellmayr, disagreeing with most authors, considered hemichrysus
a geographical representative of chrysocephalus. Their similarity in-
dicates a fairly close relationship, but this is largely offset by their
striking differences. These appear to be constant and have led to my
present treatment, in the absence of any evidence of intergradation.

This flycatcher apparently is more abundant than has been gen-
erally realized. Carriker, writing in 1910, considered it one of the
rarest flycatchers in Costa Rica and knew of but three specimens
taken in the country. Nevertheless, several years earlier six exam-
ples were collected at Coliblanco by J. F. Ferry for Chicago Natural
History Museum and a survey of other institutions might be expected
to yield similar results. In his Panama list Griscom called hemichry-
sus "very rare," the few known specimens dating chiefly from early
explorations. The Monniche series (1933-38) is the most recent
known to me and represents additional localities that somewhat ex-
tend the vertical range as previously known.

Megarhynchus pitangua mexicanus (Lafresnaye). Boat-billed
Flycatcher.

Scaphorhynchus mexicanus Lafresnaye, 1851, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3: 473 —
Mexico.

Horqueta: 9 , July 26. Lerida: cf, 9 , December 5, 13. Quiel:
2 9 , November 5, 8. Velo: 9 , September 5. Gonads slightly en-
larged September 5 and December 13. Altitude 5,000-5,500 feet.

Myiozetetes similis columbianus Cabanis and Heine. Social
Flycatcher.

Myiozetetes columbianus Cabanis and Heine, 1859, Mus. Hein., 2: 62 — Puerto
Cabello, Venezuela, and Carthagena, Colombia.

Lerida: & , 2 9 , February 25, May 3. Gonads slightly enlarged.
Altitude 5,300 feet.

538 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

This flycatcher is characteristic of essentially open country in the
dry lowlands but has also been reported in a heavily forested region
(Azuero Peninsula) devoid of extensive clearings. I find no previous
record of its occurrence on the slopes of the Volcan de Chiriqui massif.

Myiarchus tuberculifer nigricapillus Cabanis. Dusky-capped
Flycatcher.

Myiarchus nigricapillus Cabanis, 1861, Jour. Orn., 9: 250, in text — "Costa
Rica" = Bonilla, Costa Rica.

AltodeChiquero:2 tf, 9 , May 1, July 23. Horqueta: 9, July 28.
Lerida: 2 <?, October 12, 23. Quiel: d\ November 23. Velo: 9,
November 25. Gonads enlarged May 1. Altitude 5,200-6,000 feet.

In this series the color of the pileum varies from sooty black to
deep black, the range of variation in birds from a single small area
thus encompassing the characters attributed to nigricapillus and
bangsi, respectively. Similarly, twenty-five Costa Rica specimens
from regions occupied by each of these forms are so variable as to
the color of the pileum that it is impossible to distinguish the birds
of one area from those of another. The integrity of bangsi has been
widely accepted, but I now see no alternative to merging it with
nigricapillus.

Nuttallornis borealis (Swainson). Olive-sided Flycatcher.

Tyrannus borealis Swainson in Richardson, 1832, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2: 141,
pi. 35 — Cumberland House, Banks of the Saskatchewan, etc.

Alto de Chiquero : d\ May 9. Horqueta: cT, September 2. Gon-
ads enlarged May 9. Altitude 5,300 and 6,200 feet.

In his list of Panama birds Griscom recognized two races of bore-
alis, both migratory in Central America. If it is conceded that this
species is polytypic, measurements of the Monniche specimens (wing
109, 111 mm.; tail 74, 74 mm.) are referable to cooperi, the larger
western form.

Olive-sided flycatchers are known in Middle America chiefly as
migrants but have occasionally been taken in Costa Rica in winter
(January 8, 31). Typical migration dates for the several countries
are as follows: Mexico (southern), August 3-19. Guatemala, May 15;
August 26-October 19. El Salvador, April 24-May 2; August 28.
Costa Rica, April 11-May 31; August 22-November 2.

Contopus virens (Linnaeus). Eastern Wood-Pewee.

Muscicapa virens Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1: 327 — Carolina.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 539

CasitaAlta: cf, October 9. Horqueta: cf, May 16. Lerida: 9,
May 16. Gonads enlarged May 16. Altitude 5,300 and 7,000 feet.

Contopus sordidulus veliei Coues. Western Wood-Pewee.

Contopus veliei Coues, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 61 — "moun-
tains of the Colorado Territory."

Chiquero: cf, 9, April 23. Lerida: cf, May 14. Pena Blanca:
October 2. Quid: 9, September 17. Altitude 5,200-6,000 feet.

Phillips and Parkes (1955, pp. 245, 246) are here followed in re-
jecting the use of richardsonii for the western wood-pewee.

It is extremely difficult if not impossible to allocate with certainty
many individuals of this species collected in regions where two or
more races occur together during migration. In treating veliei and
sordidulus I have therefore arbitrarily assigned to the former all
males with wing measurements exceeding 84 mm. and all females
with wings greater than 81 mm.

The periods during which this flycatcher is to be expected in
Central America extend at least from March 27 (Boquete) to May 15,
and from August 26 to November 21.

Contopus sordidulus sordidulus Sclater. Mexican Wood-Pewee.

Contopus sordidulus Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27: 43 — southern
Mexico and Guatemala.

Bajo Mono: cf, 9 , November 17. Lerida: cf, 9 , sex? October
6-12. Quiel: cf , September 17. Gonads slightly enlarged Novem-
ber 17. Altitude 5,300-5,500 feet.

All examples of sordidulus with wings measuring less than 85 mm.
(cf ) and 82 mm. ( 9 ) are here arbitrarily referred to the small resi-
dent race.

Contopus fumigatus lugubris Lawrence. Greater Pewee.

Contopus lugubris Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8: 134 —
Barranca, Costa Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: 9 , May 13. Bajo Mono: 9 , July 23. Hor-
queta: cf, 9, July 28, 29. Lerida: 9 , December 15. Quiel: cf, 9,
October 18, November 5. Gonads enlarged May 13-July 23. Alti-
tude 5,200-6,200 feet.

Empidonax flavescens flavescens Lawrence. Yellowish Fly-
catcher.
Empidonax flavescens Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8: 133 —
Barranca, Costa Rica.

540 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Bajo Mono: 5 d\ 2 9, March 23-November 25. Callejon de
Palmas: 9 , October 23. Chiquero: 9 , April 23. Lerida: 2d", 2 9,
March 5-November 23. Quiel: 9 , September 27. Velo: 3 d\ 2 9 ,
sex? April 13-June 30. Gonads enlarged March 23-June 21; slightly
enlarged July 23. Altitude 5,200-6,700 feet.

Empidonax albigularis australis Miller and Griscom. White-
throated Flycatcher.

Empidonax albigularis australis Miller and Griscom, 1925, Amer. Mus. Nov.,
no. 159, p. 5 — San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua.

Lerida: 2 d\ June 23, 27. Velo: d\ 9, June 15. Gonads en-
larged. Altitude 5,300-5,400 feet.

A very rare flycatcher, heretofore known in Panama from a single
specimen collected at Chiriquicito. An old record for the Canal Zone
(Lion Hill) is almost certainly erroneous.

Empidonax atriceps Salvin. Black-capped Flycatcher.

Empidonax atriceps Salvin, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870: 198 — Volcan
de Chiriqui, Panama.

Casita Alta: 9, October 9. Fila Lerida: d\ sex? July 22, 24.
Mirador: 9 , July 17. Volcan: a", 4 9,2 sex? July 28-August 12.
Altitude 7,000-10,300 feet.

The Mirador specimen, one of two taken below 9,500 feet, is the
first of record from the Caribbean slope of Panama. Previously,
atriceps has been reported in Panama only on the upper slopes of
Volcan de Chiriqui (10,800-11,000 feet) and on Cerro Punto at the
remarkably low altitude of 6,000 feet (Davidson, 1938, p. 260).

Mitrephanes phaeocercus aurantiiventris (Lawrence). Tufted
Flycatcher.

Mitrephorus aurantiiventris Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8:
173 — Tabacales, Costa Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: 2 & , sex? May 13, October 16, 18. Bajo Mono:
2 <?, 2 9, March 16, October 10, November 3. Cordillera: 9,
June 13. Quiel: sex? October 18. Velo: 2 <? , 3 9, February 19-
October 2. Gonads enlarged February 19-May 13. Altitude 5,200-
6,500 feet.

A female taken June 13, 1932, at an altitude of 6,500 feet on the
Caribbean slope, is the first of record from the Province of Bocas del
Toro. The Veraguas race, vividus, apparently is restricted to the
Pacific slope.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 541

Platyrinchus mystaceus neglectus (Todd). White-throated
Spadebill.

Platytriccus albogularis neglectus Todd, 1919, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32: 114 —
La Colorada, Boyaca, Colombia.

Cordillera: d", 9 , November 18. Lerida: 3 9 , April 30-Novem-
ber 21. Quiel: 9 , November 25. Rio Caldera: 9 , May 2. Velo:
d\ May 19. Gonads enlarged May 2- July 31. Altitude 5,300-
6,600 feet.

Tolmomyias sulphurescens flavo-olivaceus (Lawrence). Yellow-
olive Flycatcher.

Rhynchocyclus flavo-olivaceus Lawrence, 1863, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8:
8 — Lion Hill Station, Panama.

Horqueta: cf, May 9. Lerida: d\ October 23. Gonads enlarged
May 9. Altitude 5,300 and 5,400 feet.

Restricted to the Pacific slope of Panama but only once previ-
ously reported from Volcan de Chiriqui (Davidson, 1938, p. 258).
The wing formula (outermost or tenth primary averaging shorter
than the fourth) best distinguishes sulphurescens from its very sim-
ilar relative, flavotectus. The latter, essentially a lowland bird, has
not been found on Volcan de Chiriqui.

Rhynchocyclus brevirostris brevirostris (Cabanis). Eye-ringed
Flatbill.

Cyclorhynchus brevirostris Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 249 —
Jalapa, Mexico.

Lerida: d\ 9, August 12, October 23. Velo: 9, July 2. Alti-
tude 5,300-5,500 feet.

Todirostrum cinereum finitimum Bangs. Common Tody-
Flycatcher.

Todirostrum cinereum finitimum Bangs, 1904, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17: 114 —
San Juan Batista, Tabasco, Mexico.

Horqueta: d\ 2 9 , June 18- July 29. Gonads enlarged June 18.
Altitude 5,200-5,300 feet.

Serpophaga cinerea grisea Lawrence. Torrent Tyrannulet.

Serpophaga grisea Lawrence, 1871, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10: 139 —
near San Jose, Costa Rica.

Camp Cylindro: &, July 16, 1933. Chiquero: d\ 9, April 23,
May 13. Bajo Mono: cf, July 23. Gonads enlarged. Altitude
5,200-6,500 feet.

542 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

The Camp Cylindro specimen is the first of record from Bocas
del Toro and the Caribbean slope.

Elaenia flavogaster subpagana Sclater and Salvin. Yellow-
bellied Elaenia.

Elainia subpagana Sclater and Salvin, 1860, Ibis, 2: 36 — Duenas, Guatemala.

Horqueta: cf, 9, May 10, 16. Lerida: 9, March 19. Gonads
enlarged. Altitude 5,300 feet.

Elaenia chiriquensis chiriquensis Lawrence. Lesser Elaenia.

Elainea chiriquensis Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8: 176 —
David, Panama.

Lerida: <?, 2 9, February 26-May 6. Gonads enlarged. Alti-
tude 5,300 feet.

This flycatcher is abundant locally in the arid lowlands and sec-
ond growth scrub of the Pacific slope but has not been reported before
in the vicinity of Volcan de Chiriqui. Its presence there may be a
fairly recent development, coincident with man's alteration of the
original flora. The only other specimens taken in the Province since
Hicks collected the type at David apparently are four males obtained
at El Banco and Chame in 1930 and 1932 by Davidson (1938, p. 259).

Elaenia frantzii frantzii Lawrence. Mountain Elaenia.

Elainea frantzii Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8: 172 — San Jose,
Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: 2 d\ October 18. Casita Alta: d% 9, June 21,
November 1. Chiquero: 9, April 2. Fila Lerida: 9, July 24.
Lerida: 7 <?, 10 9, February 20-September 24. Quiel: 3 cf, 9,
March 3-September 27. Velo: c? , July 22. Gonads enlarged Feb-
ruary 20-April 21; slightly enlarged May 7-July 7. Altitude 5,100-
9,500 feet.

Ridgway's measurements (1907, p. 435) illustrate the notable size
variability of frantzii. They need not be detailed here. This vari-
able, and that of color, especially of the under parts, is fully expressed
in the Monniche series. Adults in fresh spring plumage are brownish
olive above, becoming dull olive-brown with wear as the season ad-
vances. Whitening of the belly and crissum has been considered a
juvenile character, but nine adults, representing both spring and
fall, are decidedly paler, less greenish below, and have much grayer
breasts than seventeen other birds taken during the same period.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 543

Several of the pale birds have virtually immaculate white bellies
and in this respect can not be distinguished from two obviously im-
mature specimens.

Tyranniscus vilissimus parvus Lawrence. Paltry Tyrannulet.

Tyranniscus parvus Lawrence, 1862, Ibis, 4: 12 — Isthmus of Panama.

Horqueta: d\ sex? May 16, July 27. Lerida: 2 d% September 29,
November 25. Velo: d\ 9, February 20, 25. Gonads slightly en-
larged February 20, 25. Altitude 5,200-6,700 feet.

Achrochordopus zeledoni zeledoni (Lawrence). White-fronted
Tyrannulet.

Pogonotriccus (?) zeledoni Lawrence, 1869, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9: 144 —
Dota and Barranca, Costa Rica.

Lerida: d\ August 1, 1932. Altitude 5,300 feet.

For the present I follow Hellmayr and most recent writers in
associating this little-known genus with the flycatchers, although
Ridgway considered it a cotinga and Wetmore (Wetmore and Phelps,
1956, p. 8) has recently expressed his firm agreement.

The rarity of the Central American form is attested by the fact
that hitherto but three specimens, all females, have been recorded in
Panama (Boquete, January and March, 1901). Carriker, writing in
1910, listed only four Costa Rica specimens, collected in widely sep-
arated areas and at altitudes of 1,200 to 4,000 feet above sea level.

At my request Dr. Raymond Paynter kindly compared the Lerida
male with the three Boquete females at Cambridge and has remarked
(in litt.) on several minor differences as follows: "In color, your speci-
men is less bright green above, the gray of the head is slightly darker,
and the light edges of the wings are slightly less bright yellow; be-
low the color is almost identical. The differences are not very pro-
nounced. This in general agrees with Ridgway's description (1907,
p. 798) of the differences between the sexes, although he thought
sexual dimorphism would be found to be lacking when more mate-
rial became available. Your male would seem to confirm the fact
that there is a difference.

"The bill is the only disturbing feature. Our three females differ
slightly from one another in the shape of the bill, but your bird has
definitely a narrower bill. Unfortunately, Ridgway did not mention
this character in the description of the male. Nevertheless, I feel
certain that this is merely a variant."

544 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Measurements in millimeters: 3 females: wing (flat) 60.5-62 (61.3),
tail 45-46 (45.7), culmen (base) 11-12 (11.5). Male: wing 65.0, tail
48.0 (culmen definitely narrower than females, but make of skin pro-
hibits comparable measurement).

Mionectes olivaceus olivaceus Lawrence. Olive-striped Fly-
catcher.

Mionectes olivaceus Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9: 111 —
Barranca and Dota, Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: d\ October 10. Lerida: 9 , November 21. Altitude
5,200-5,300 feet.

Pygochelidon cyanoleuca cyanoleuca (Vieillot). Blue-and-white
Swallow.

Hirundo cyanoleuca Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 14: 509 —
Paraguay.

Alto de Chiquero: d\ 2 9 , October 18. Altitude 5,400 feet.

Cyanocorax affinis zeledoni Ridgway. Black-chested Jay.

Cyanocorax affinis zeledoni Ridgway, 1899, Auk, 16: 255 — Talamanca, Costa
Rica.

Horqueta: 9, May 10. Velo: d\ April 6. Gonads enlarged.
Altitude 5,200 and 5,300 feet.

These specimens, the first of record from the Volcan de Chiriqui
massif, are appreciably richer, more purely yellow below than three
birds from the adjacent lowlands (Boqueron). The latter, collected
in December, 1901, are indistinguishable from two specimens of both
sexes procured at Obaldia, Darien, in March and May, 1931. There
is no significant difference in size. On present evidence it seems un-
likely that the color variation noted above is correlated with sex,
season, or age of the skins. Additional material from Volcan de Chi-
riqui is urgently needed for comparison both with Costa Rica birds
and with a more representative series from the Panama lowlands.

Cyanolyca cucullata cucullata (Ridgway). Azure-hooded Jay.

Cyanocorax cucullatus Ridgway, 1885, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8: 23 — Navarro,
Costa Rica.

Camp Holcomb: 2 d\ 9 , June 26, July 14. Gonads slightly en-
larged June 26. Altitude 5,000 feet.

This jay has been taken as low as 3,000 feet on Boquete Trail
(Bocas del Toro), at 7,000 feet on the Caribbean slope of Volcan de

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 545

Chiriqui, and near the Continental Divide in extreme eastern Vera-
guas (Chitra). I am unable to account for its apparent absence on
the Pacific slope of Chiriqui Province.

In his revision of this species, Pitelka (1951a) recognized four races,
of which the Chiapas-Guatemala and Honduras populations respec-
tively were described as new. Adults of guatimalae are said to differ
from mitrata of Veracruz and Oaxaca in having a more purplish occi-
pital patch and darker, more purplish lower back, rump and pos-
terior under parts; juveniles are said to have less white bordering
the occipital patch. These distinctions are not evident in the series
of eleven adult and four immature specimens from Veracruz, Chiapas,
and Guatemala now before me. The very slight color variation of
the adult occipital patch clearly has no geographic significance. Only
two of six adults from Chiapas and Guatemala have somewhat
darker, more purplish lower backs, etc. than any of my five Vera-
cruz birds. Evidence of racial differences in juveniles, of which I
have examined two each from Veracruz and Chiapas, appears to be
inconclusive. While I concede that a more representative sampling
of the two populations might reveal a definite trend in the nature of
a cline, nomenclatural recognition of the more southern birds seems
undesirable in view of the high incidence of exceptions noted above.

I have not seen material from that portion of Central America
assigned to the proposed race, hondurensis, but the stated characters
of this form do not inspire confidence. All of its characters, in the
final analysis, are simply reversals of those given for guatimalae,
coupled with a reiteration of the accepted distinction between mi-
trata and cucullata as previously known.

Cyanolyca argentigula argentigula (Lawrence). Silvery-throated
Jay.

Cyanocitta argentigula Lawrence, 1875, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 11: 88 —
"Talamanca" = near Pico Blanco, Liri Valley, Costa Rica.

Casita Alta: 9 , June 15. Copete: cT, July 8. Pena Blanca: d\
November 1. Velo: d\ 9, July 17. Gonads enlarged June 15-
July 8. Altitude 5,000-10,000 feet.

Pitelka (1951b) has shown that Cyanolyca blandita Bangs is a syn-
onym of C. argentigula Lawrence by virtue of the fact that Lawrence's
type proves also to be a violet-throated bird, indistinguishable from
Chiriqui specimens ("blandita"), although taken in southeastern
Costa Rica. The quite distinct northern, silvery-throated race was
renamed albior and its range restricted to the central cordillera of

546 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Costa Rica north of the Cordillera de Talamanca, where it is re-
placed by the Panama form.

All Monniche localities listed above are east of Chiriqui's peak,
but within the Pacific drainage. Heretofore this jay has been known
in Panama only from the northern (Caribbean) slope of Volcan de
Chiriqui (9,000 feet) where W. W. Brown collected eleven specimens,
including the type of "blandita," from a small colony, in June, 1901.

Cinclus mexicanus ardesiacus Salvin. American Dipper.

Cinclus ardesiacus Salvin, 1867, Ibis, p. 121, pi. 2 — Cordillera de Tole, Veraguas.

Bajo Mono: 2 d\ May 19, November 27. Rio Caldera: 9 , No-
vember 18. Gonads enlarged May 19. Altitude 5,200-5,600 feet.

Thryothorus modestus modestus Cabanis. Plain Wren.

Thryothorus modestus Cabanis, 1860, Jour. Orn., 8: 409 — San Jose, Costa Rica.

Horqueta: 2 d\ 4 9 , July 27-September 2. Lerida: 2 d\ 2 9 ,
sex? May 7-October 20. Quiel: 2 d% 9, February 22, June 26.
Gonads enlarged February 22- June 24. Altitude 5,200-5,400 feet.

Aldrich (1937, p. 112) has commented on the variation in color
in this species due to abrasion of the plumage. Taking this factor
into account, I am unable to detect even the slight average color dif-
ference between Costa Rica and Panama birds that was acknowl-
edged with obviously little conviction by Hellmayr (1934, p. 170,
footnote) .

Size proves to be even less significant than color in distinguishing
these birds. Bangs considered elutus smaller than modestus, but
Ridgway found a marked overlap in the measurements of the two
and only the average length of the tail and middle toe of elutus less
than in Costa Rica birds. My measurements are essentially in agree-
ment with those of Ridgway. Costa Rica (7 c?): wing 57-61 mm.
(59); tail 47-55 mm. (52). Panama (8 <?): wing 58-64 mm. (61);
tail 49-53 mm. (50).

In my opinion elutus is clearly a "millimeter race" of questionable
merit and should be abandoned. Although opinions may differ in
this and similar cases, one can have little patience with those who
profess even to distinguish "intermediates" between populations so
slightly (if at all) differentiated.

Thryothorus rutilus hyperythrus Salvin and Godman. Rufous-
breasted Wren.
Thryothorus hyperythrus Salvin and Godman, 1880, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
1 : 91 — Paraiso Station, Panama Railroad, Panama.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 547

BajoMono: d\ May 19. Velo: 9 , October 20. Gonads enlarged
May 19. Altitude 5,200-5,500 feet.

Troglodytes musculus inquietus Baird. Southern House-Wren.
Troglodytes inquietus Baird, 1864, Rev. Amer. Bds., 1 : 143 — Panama Railroad.

Horqueta: d\ May 21. Lerida: 3 d\ 3 9, March 20-Novem-
ber 21. Gonads enlarged March 20- June 17. Altitude 5,300-5,400
feet.

Troglodytes ochraceus ligea Bangs. Ochraceous Wren.

Troglodytes solstitialis ligea Bangs, 1908, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 4: 29—
Boquete, Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama.

Bajo Mono: 2 <?, March 23, June 18. Casita Alta: 2 d\ 9,
June 15, October 23. Lerida: d\ August 12. Altitude 5,200-
8,200 feet.

A weak race, but averaging slightly duller, less reddish above
than ochraceus. Birds in worn plumage are indistinguishable. The
size of the bill appears to lack significance.

Thryorchilus browni browni (Bangs). Timberline Wren.

Troglodytes browni Bangs, 1902, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3: 53— Volcan de
Chiriqui, Panama.

Copete (summit): 2 9, July 8. Volcan: 2 d\ 2 9, August 12.
Altitude 10,300 feet.

Henicorhina leucophrys collina Bangs. Gray-breasted Wood-
Wren.

Henicorhina collina Bangs, 1902, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3: 55— Boquete,
Panama.

Alto de Chiquero: <?, October 11. Bajo Mono: cT, 2 sex? July 23,
November 3. Casita Alta: 2 9 , April 10, July 8. Cordillera (Bocas
del Toro): 9, July 13. Cordillera (Boquete): 4 d\ 2 9, July 16-
November 18. Fila Lerida: 9 , July 24. Lerida: d\ 2 9 , June 27-
Octoberll. PenaBlanca: 9 , October 18. Quiel: 9, June 26. Velo:
9 , February 24. Gonads slightly enlarged June 26-October 18.
Altitude 5,200-9,500 feet.

Microcerculus marginatus philomela (Salvin). Nightingale
Wren.
Cyphorhinus philomela Salvin, 1861, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861: 202—
Vera Paz, Guatemala.

548 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Volcan: 1 immature, July 29, 1937. Altitude 10,200 feet.

I am unable to associate this specimen with any of the plumage
phases so ably worked out and discussed by Griscom (1932, pp. 360-
365). Both the bill, by its very pale under side, and the texture of
the plumage indicate a stage of development somewhat earlier than
that which he considers to represent the "first juvenile or immature
plumage." The latter, which has been illustrated (Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, 4, pi. 5, fig. 3, 1880) and which is similar to Salvin's
type, has a wholly black bill, although the throat and chest are vir-
tually uniform "dirty, dingy, grayish brown." The pale-billed Chiri-
qui specimen has a distinctly whitish throat, much like that of adults,
and contrasting, essentially brown breast and belly.

This specimen apparently represents an early plumage of the bird
currently considered the adult of philomela, but its relationship to
the black-billed bird with uniformly dingy under parts (eight Chiapas
specimens examined) is enigmatic. Despite Griscom's exhaustive
study of the group, there remains the unlikely possibility that two
distinct species of nightingale wren actually do exist in Central
America.

This wren inhabits dense, humid forests, chiefly at moderate alti-
tude. Carriker found it as much as 7,000 feet above sea level in
Costa Rica, but in Panama its occurrence above 5,000 feet is unusual.

Mimus gilvus melanopterus Lawrence. Tropical Mockingbird.

Mimus melanopterus Lawrence, 1849, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 5, no. 1, p. 35,
pi. 2 — Venezuela.

Lerida: cf, August 23, 1937. Gonads slightly enlarged. Alti-
tude 5,300 feet.

This specimen antedates by several months the first reported ob-
servation of a mockingbird in the Republic (Panama City, January,
1938). Chapman's summary (1941) of the earliest Panama records
of this common South American species shows that it was established
locally in the Canal Zone as a breeding bird in the late 1930's, pre-
sumably having been introduced from Venezuela or Colombia some-
what earlier by human agency. There is as yet no record of its occur-
rence on Barro Colorado Island. The Monniche specimen possibly
reflects a western extension of range from the Canal Zone, but in the
absence of other records from the western half of the country I am
inclined to consider it an escaped cage bird. Wing 120 mm. ; exposed
culmen 18 mm.; tail broken.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 549

Turdus assimilis cnephosus (Bangs). White-throated Robin.

Merula leucauchen cnephosa Bangs, 1902, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3: 92 —
Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama.

Horqueta: d\ June 18. Lerida: 2 9 , April 28, May 14. Quiel:
d\ February 19. Velo: 9, May 23. Gonads enlarged. Altitude
5,300-5,500 feet.

These specimens are not certainly separable from three examples
of oblitus in Chicago Natural History Museum. In fact, one of the
latter, a February female from Peralta, Cartago, is even browner
above and below than any of the Panama specimens. Nevertheless,
I follow Hellmayr in recognizing cnephosus, pending an opportunity
to compare Chiriqui specimens with a more representative series
from southwestern Costa Rica.

Turdus grayi casius (Bonaparte). Clay-colored Robin.

Planesticus casius Bonaparte, 1855, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41: 657 —
Panama.

Lerida: 2 d% 4 9 , May 15-October 22. Quiel: 9 , September 27.
Gonads enlarged May 15. Altitude 5,300-5,600 feet.

Turdus plebejus plebejus Cabanis. Mountain Robin.

Turdus plebejus Cabanis, 1860 (1861), Jour. Orn., 8: 323— Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: d\ 9, November 25. Horqueta: 9, May 10. Le-
rida: 2 C? 1 , 2 9 , July 2-December 15. Pena Blanca: d\ November 5.
Quiel: 2 d\ November 13, 27. Rio Caldera: d\ May 2. Velo: d\
June 29. Gonads enlarged May 2. Altitude 5,300-7,000 feet.

I disagree with Hellmayr's treatment of this and related highland
thrushes of Central America as races of the South American species
ignobilis. The latter is a lowland bird and, like plebejus, has quite
distinctive characters. There is no evidence of intergradation be-
tween the two.

Turdus nigrescens Cabanis. Sooty Robin.

Turdus nigrescens Cabanis, 1860 (1861), Jour. Orn., 8: 324 — Volcan de Irazu,
Costa Rica.

Casita Alta: 2 cf, 2 9 , October 9-November 10. Pena Blanca:
d\ July 23. Volcan: 2 d\ 9, sex? July 27, 28. Altitude 6,500-
10,100 feet.

This robin is virtually restricted to the Temperate Zone, at alti-
tudes exceeding 10,000 feet. Boucard (1878, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-

550 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

don, p. 50) reported it as low as 6,000 feet on Volcan de Irazu, but
Carriker nevertheless states that nigrescens does not occur below
7,000 feet in Costa Rica. Brown collected twenty-four specimens
near the summit of Volcan de Chiriqui, where heretofore the species
has not been reported below 10,000 feet.

Myadestes ralloides melanops Salvin. Black-faced Solitaire.

Myiadestes melanops Salvin, 1864 (1865), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864: 580,
pi. 36 — Tucurrique, Costa Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: d\ 9, March 24, April 2. Casita Alta: 9,
July 23. Lerida: 8 d\ March 10-November 26. Quiel: d\ March 3.
Velo: <?, 9, March 30, June 24. Volcan: cf, July 27. Gonads en-
larged March 3-July 2. Altitude 5,300-9,700 feet.

Most writers have treated melanops, coloratus, and ralloides as
distinct species. This both ignores the rather obvious affinities of
coloratus and conceals the true relationship of melanops and ralloides
as evidenced by the intermediate form. The composite appearance
of the east Panama bird {coloratus), in which the conspicuously dis-
tinctive characters of both ralloides and melanops are strikingly com-
bined, emphasizes the closeness of their relationship and probable
conspecificity.

Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi). Olive-backed Thrush.

Turdus swainsoni (Cabanis MS.) Tschudi, 1845, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 28 —
Carlton House, Saskatchewan.

Alto de Chiquero: <?, 9, May 9, 13. Horqueta: cT, April 5.
Lerida: 2 <?, 2 9, April 5-May 13; October 11. Gonads enlarged
April 5-May 13. Altitude 5,100-6,500 feet.

Catharus fuscater hellmayri Berlepsch. Slaty-backed Nightin-
gale-Thrush.
Catharus fuscater hellmay n Berlepsch, 1902, Orn. Monatsber., 10: 69 — Chiriqui.

Bajo Mono: 2 <?, 2 9, May 19-August 8. Gonads enlarged
May 19-July 23. Altitude 5,500-6,500 feet.

An immature female collected July 23 is deep sooty brown (not
slate-black) above, and its pileum and upper tail coverts are some-
what purer (less sooty) brown than the back. Throat, breast, and
sides are deep, rich brown, decidedly paler and brighter than the
upper parts, and the feathers have light shaft streaks that vaguely
suggest mottling. The white of abdomen is restricted and somewhat

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 551

dingy. Bill black, legs (dried) brownish orange. Wing 81 mm.; tail
58 mm.; bill 14 mm.

Catharus frantzii frantzii Cabanis. Ruddy-capped Nightingale-
Thrush.

Catharus frantzii Cabanis, 1860 (1861), Jour. Orn., 8: 323 — Volcan de Irazu,
Costa Rica.

Cordilleras: 3 d\ 3 9 , May 12-16. Lerida: d\ 3 9 , sex? May 12-
November 21. Pena Blanca: 9 , October 15. Velo: cT , 9 , June 23,
July 22. Gonads enlarged May 12- June 23. Altitude 5,300-6,500
feet.

Griscom (1937, p. 198) has shown Hellmayr's error in treating
frantzii as a race of occidentalis. These species are best distinguished
by the color of the bill and by the presence or absence of a distinct
buffy patch at the base of the inner webs of the remiges as viewed
from below. Of fifteen clearly adult frantzii examined, only two have
a suggestion of blackening on the terminal portion of the mandible
and none has a wing patch. Both characters are unreliable in sepa-
rating immature birds.

Catharus aurantiirostris russatus Griscom. Orange-billed
Nightingale-Thrush.

Catharus griseiceps russatus Griscom, 1924, Amer. Mus. Nov., 141 : 6 — Boruca,
Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: d\ October 10. Horqueta: 4 d\ 9, May 7-21.
Lerida: 4 <?, June 30-October 21. Velo: 2^,2 9 , May 13-July 22.
Gonads enlarged May 7-July 1. Altitude 5,200-5,400 feet.

Evidence favoring the merging of C. griseiceps and C. aurantiiros-
tris into a single species has been presented by Zimmer (1944, p. 405)
and is reflected in my treatment of russatus. The dusky-capped and
brown-capped populations apparently are linked by the Colombian
form, inornatus, which has some characters of each and would be
difficult to allocate with assurance if two species are recognized. The
concept of a single species with both dusky-capped and brown-capped
forms, these linked by a third population with modified characters of
both, is biologically sound and clarifies an otherwise confusing dis-
tributional pattern.

Catharus gracilirostris gracilirostris Salvin. Black-billed Night-
ingale-Thrush.

Catharus gracilirostris Salvin, 1864 (1865), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864:
580 — Volcan de Cartago, Costa Rica.

552 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Casita Alta: d\ 9, June 21, July 1. Pena Blanca: 2d 1 , 9,
August 1-November 1. Volcan: tf 1 , 2 9 , July 29, August 12. Gon-
ads enlarged June 21-September 16. Altitude 6,700-10,300 feet.

Zeledonia coronata Ridgway. Wren-Thrush.

Zeledonia coronata Ridgway, 1889, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11: 538 — Volcan de
Poas.

Copete:c^,2 9 , August 8, 22. Volcan: d\ 9 , July 28. Gonads
slightly enlarged July 28. Altitude 10,000-10,300 feet.

Most numerous at very high altitudes but occasionally found as
low as 5,800 feet on Volcan de Chiriqui. Carriker states that in
Costa Rica Zeledonia occurs wherever there are humid forests above
an altitude of 5,000 feet.

Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot. Cedar Waxwing.

Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot, 1807 (1808), Hist. Nat. Amer., 1: 88, pi. 57—
Amerique depuis le Canada etc. = eastern North America.

Quiel: d\ 2 9 , March 21, 1933. Lerida: d% sex? March 19, 1933.
Altitude 5,200 and 5,300 feet.

Cedar waxwings have been reported in Panama on but five other
occasions since Arce" collected a specimen in "Chiriqui" many years
ago (Scholes and Scholes, 1954, p. 167). All five observations were
made on the Pacific side of the Canal Zone during the winter of 1951
(January 14-March 4).

Ptilogonys caudatus Cabanis. Long-tailed Silky-flycatcher.

Ptilogonys caudatus Cabanis, 1860 (1861), Jour. Orn., 8: 402 — Irazu, Costa
Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: 2 d\ March 24. Casita Alta: cf, June 21.
Copete (summit): 9, July 8. Lerida: cf, July 28. Pena Blanca:
d\ 9, October 2. Volcan: 2 9, July 30, August 12. Gonads en-
larged March 24; slightly enlarged June 21-August 12. Altitude
5,400-10,300 feet.

This common bird of the Temperate Zone has seldom been re-
ported below an altitude of 8,000 feet. Four of the nine Monniche
specimens were taken 6,200-6,400 feet above sea level and a fifth,
from Lerida (5,400 feet), probably is without precedent. Law-
rence's early record for San Jos£, Costa Rica (3,500 feet), is ex-
tremely doubtful.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 553

Phainoptila melanoxantha melanoxantha Salvin. Black-and-
yellow Silky-flycatcher.

Phainoptila melanoxantha Salvin, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877: 367 —
Costa Rica=San Francisco.

Bajo Mono: cf , 9 , November 27. Camp Holcomb: cf , July 14,
1933. Copete: 9 , August 4. Gonads enlarged July 14. Altitude
5,200-9,800 feet.

The Camp Holcomb bird is the first of record from Bocas del
Toro and the Caribbean slope. Heretofore the race has been re-
ported in Panama only on Volcan de Chiriqui (4,000-11,000 feet).

Vireo carmioli Baird. Yellow-winged Vireo.

Vireo carmioli Baird, 1866, Rev. Amer. Bds., 1: 356 — Dota Mountains, Costa
Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: cf , May 1. Bajo Mono: 2 cf , May 19, Novem-
ber 3. Casita Alta: immature, July 24. Fila Lerida: cf , July 24.
Lerida: 2 9 , sex? April 4-October 30. Pena Blanca: 3 cf , May 19-
August 1. Gonads enlarged May 1-19. Altitude 5,300-9,500 feet.

Prior to 1931, when Rex R. Benson collected six specimens on
Volcan de Chiriqui, this vireo was known in Panama from but two
Chiriqui examples taken many years earlier by Arce" and W. W.
Brown. Obviously the species is much less rare in Panama than
published records indicate.

Vireo flavifrons Vieillot. Yellow-throated Vireo.

Vireo flavifrons Vieillot, 1807 (1808), Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer., 1: 85, pi. 54—
"Etats Unis" = eastern United States.

Lerida: cf , April 4, 1933. Altitude 5,500 feet.

Vireo olivaceus olivaceus (Linnaeus). Red-eyed Vireo.

Muscicapa olivacea Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1: 327 — in America
septentrionali= South Carolina.

Lerida: cf , sex? April 10, September 21. Altitude 5,300 feet.

Vireo olivaceus flavoviridis (Cassin). Yellow-green Vireo.

Vireosylvia flavoviridis Cassin, 1851, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5:
152 — Panama and San Juan de Nicaragua, Nicaragua.

Horqueta: 6 cf , 9 , May 7-July 27. Lerida: 4 cf , May 7-June 18.
Quiel: cf, April 25. Gonads enlarged April 25-June 18. Altitude
5,200-5,400 feet.

554 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

This vireo differs markedly from typical olivaceus and is consid-
ered a distinct species by many. Although there is little or no evi-
dence of direct intergradation between the two, Zimmer (1941b, pp.
2-4) has shown that the characters of flavoviridis approach, in varying
degrees, the characters of several South American vireos that clearly
show close relationship with the "chivi" group and olivaceus. The
concept of a single, highly variable species is further strengthened by
the fact that none of the forms generally associated with the oliva-
ceus, chivi, and flavoviridis groups, respectively, occur together dur-
ing the breeding season.

In his list of Panama birds Griscom granted flavoviridis specific
rank and designated insulanus as the breeding form. I am unable
to distinguish Chiriqui birds from specimens of the same season col-
lected in Mexico and northern Central America. I concur with Zim-
mer and Wetmore in the opinion that insulanus is not defensible.

Vireo philadelphicus (Cassin). Philadelphia Vireo.

Vireosylvia philadelphica Cassin, 1851, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5:
153 — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Lerida: d\ 9, February 23, November 25. Altitude 5,300 and
5,400 feet.

Vireo gilvus chiriquensis (Bangs). Warbling Vireo.

Vireosylvia josephae chiriquensis Bangs, 1903, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 4:
9 — Boquete, Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama.

Alto de Chiquero: d\ 9, May 13, 15. Bajo Mono: 2 9, Octo-
ber 15. Horqueta: d\ 2 9, May 21-July 29. Lerida: 8 tf 1 , 6 9,
March 19-November 26. Quiel : 2 & , 9 , sex? June 30-November 27.
Velo: 3 d* , 9 , June 18- July 22. Gonads enlarged March 19-July 3;
slightly enlarged September 19. Altitude 5,200-6,200 feet.

I concur with Zimmer (1941b, p. 16) in merging vireos of the
"leucophrys" group with gilvus. Their conspecific relationship was
originally suggested in 1872 by Ridgway, who noted the partial in-
termediacy of Orizaba birds. This population, later described as
amauronotus, together with connectens and eleanorae, of Guerrero and
Hidalgo, respectively, bridges the apparent gap between the two dis-
similar sections of the species.

Hylophilus decurtatus decurtatus (Bonaparte). Gray-headed
Greenlet.

Sylvicola decurtata Bonaparte, 1837 (1838), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 5: 118 —
Guatemala.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 555

Camiseta: sex? July 3. Horqueta: d\ May 16. Gonads enlarged
May 16. Altitude 5,300 and 6,000 feet.

Certain individuals of a very large series from southern Mexico,
Guatemala, Costa Rica and western Panama show minor differences
but I find no evidence of geographic variation. Investigators who
have recognized a southern race, pusillus, disagree so widely in their
concept of its distribution as to undermine all confidence in the sta-
bility of its supposed characters.

Cyclarhis gujanensis subflavescens Cabanis. Rufous-browed
Peppershrike.

Cyclorhis subflavescens Cabanis, 1860 (1861), Jour. Orn., 8: 405 — highlands of
Costa Rica.

Casita Alta: 9 , June 15. Cordilleras: 9 , sex? May 12, 16. Fila
Lerida: 2 d\ 9 , June 18. Gonads enlarged May 12- June 18. Alti-
tude 6,500-8,200 feet.

Chiriqui and Costa Rica birds are indistinguishable, and they are
readily separable from perrygoi of eastern Veraguas, Herrera, and
Code. In Panama subflavescens apparently is limited to the Pacific
slope, where heretofore it has been reported only at altitudes of 2,800-
5,300 feet above sea level. An immature bird collected May 16 has
the appearance of a recent nestling. Wing 66 mm.; tail 31 mm.; ex-
posed culmen 12 mm.

Diglossa plumbea plumbea Cabanis. Slaty Flower-piercer.

Diglossa plumbea Cabanis, I860, Jour. Orn., 8: 411 — Costa Rica.

Copete (summit): &, August 1. Horqueta: 9 , June 18. Lerida:
d\ 9, sex? June 14-November 25. Pefia Blanca: d\ October 2.
Rio Caldera: c? , May 2. Velo: d\ 9 , June 24, October 30. Volcan:
&, August 12. Gonads enlarged May 2-August 12. Altitude 5,300-
10,500 feet.

Reasons thus far advanced for merging plumbea and sittoides with
baritula are not reassuring. By way of buttressing Hellmayr's con-
cept, Zimmer (1942, p. 1) calls attention to the more or less matching
gray upper parts of all three, and the fundamental similarity of the
under parts of baritula and sittoides. The distributional pattern, in
which the continuity of the ruddy-bellied sections is disrupted by the
gray plumbea and veraguensis populations, is roughly comparable to
that of the lajresnayii-uterrima-carbonaria complex.

This parallel is interesting but it does not alter the fact that no
intergradation occurs between baritula and sittoides, and there is but

556 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

slight evidence that such exists between either of these groups and
plumbea. It is conceded that the ruddy-bellied groups, and possibly
the gray-bellied as well, have a common origin. Nevertheless, the
conspicuous differences noted above, when correlated with the inter-
rupted pattern of distribution, seemingly point to long isolation — at
least of the plumbea section — and attendant evolvement beyond the
subspecific level.

Two males, both October birds with enlarged gonads, were taken
at altitudes exceeding 10,000 feet, well above the highest previous
record of occurrence in Panama (7,000 feet) . In Costa Rica Carriker
found the species most abundant between 8,000 feet and timber-line.

Cyanerpes cyaneus carneipes (Sclater). Red-legged Honey-
creeper.

Coereba carneipes Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27: 376 — Playa
Vicente, Oaxaca, and Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico.

Horqueta: d\ 9, April 5, May 10. Lerida: 5 d\ 9 9, sex?
June 13-October 27. Quiel: d\ April 25. Gonads enlarged April 5-
June 14. Altitude 5,300 feet.

Cyanerpes lucidus isthmicus Bangs. Shining Honeycreeper.

Cyanerpes lucidus isthmicus Bangs, 1917, Auk, 24: 306 — Paso Real, Costa Rica.

Lerida: 3 <?, 6 9, September 21-October 20. Velo: 9, Octo-
ber 20. Altitude 5,200 and 5,300 feet.

I would be inclined to follow Hellmayr in merging this species
with caeruleus of South America but for De Schauensee's reference
(1951, pp. 950, 951) to the occurrence of both isthmicus and chocoensis
in extreme northwestern Colombia (Rio Jurado). The respective
species are much alike superficially, but both sexes of each have
quite distinctive characters. There is no evidence of intergradation.

Dacnis venusta venusta Lawrence. Scarlet-thighed Dacnis.

Dacnis venusta Lawrence, 1862, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7: 464 — Panama
Railroad.

Alto de Chiquero: 2 d\ March 24, April 23. Horqueta: 3 d\
May 9-September 2. Lerida: 6 cf, 4 9 , April 3-October 20. Quiel :
2 d\ 2 9, April 25-October 18. Velo: <?, 2 9, June 24, July 1.
Gonads enlarged March 24-July 1; slightly enlarged July 25. Alti-
tude 5,200-6,400 feet.

Only two Monniche specimens were taken above 6,000 feet, an
exceptionally high altitude for this species. Three males collected

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 557

April 23, May 9, and July 1 had enlarged gonads although still in
subadult plumage, as characterized by a black bib and essentially
olive pileum.

Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus). Black-and-white Warbler.

Motacilla varia Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 333 — in Jamaica,
Dominica, Santo Domingo.

Bajo Mono: 9, November 25. Lerida: 6 cf, September 20-
December 2. Quiel: c\ November 13. Velo: 9, February 24.
Altitude 5,200-5,500 feet.

Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmelin). Worm-eating Warbler.

Motacilla vermivora Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 951 — Pennsylvania.
Pefia Blanca: d\ October 12, 1938. Altitude 6,000 feet.

Seldom reported in Panama, and but once previously in Chiriqui
Province (Barriles, El Volcan, December 15, 1929).

Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnaeus). Golden-winged Warbler.

Motacilla chrysoptera Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 333 — Pennsyl-
vania.

Bajo Mono: 2 <?, March 23, October 18. Altitude 5,200-5,500
feet.

Vermivora peregrina (Wilson). Tennessee Warbler.

Sylvia peregrina Wilson, 1811, Amer. Orn., 3: 83, pi. 25 — Cumberland River,
Tennessee.

Bajo Mono: 9 , 2 sex? October 10, 15. Lerida: 10 d\ 6 9,2 sex?
October 5-March 19. Pefia Blanca: d\ October 18. Quiel: d\ 9,3
sex? October 18-February 22. Gonads enlarged November 26. Alti-
tude 5,000-6,000 feet.

Vermivora gutturalis (Cabanis). Flame-throated Warbler.

Compsothlypis gutturalis Cabanis, 1860, Jour. Orn., 8: 329 — Irazu, Costa Rica.

Casita Alta: 2 <?, 2 9 , June 18-October 9. Fila Lerida: c?, 3 9 ,
June 21, August 13. Lerida: 8 a", 3 9, December 2-October 18.
Quiel: d\ September 27. Velo: &, 9, July 5-22. Volcan: d\ Au-
gust 12. Gonads slightly enlarged July 22. Altitude 5,200-10,300
feet.

Griscom considered 7,000 feet to be the lowest altitude of occur-
rence on Volcan de Chiriqui and in Costa Rica Carriker found guttu-

558 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

talis in abundance only from 7,000-9,000 feet above sea level. Well
over half of the Monniche birds were taken below 6,000 feet. I am
not aware of any seasonal migration of this warbler that would ac-
count for its occurrence in abundance below the altitudes to which it
has heretofore been considered restricted. The advantages of selec-
tive collecting in a single area at all seasons over a period of years are
obvious.

Parula pitiayumi speciosa (Ridgway). Tropical Parula.

Compsothlypis pitiayumi speciosa Ridgway, 1902, Auk, 19: 69 — Boquete, Chiri-
qui, Panama.

Horqueta: cf , July 27. Lerida: 2 cf , 4 9 , September 26-Decem-
ber 13. Velo: d\ 9, June 21. Altitude 5,200-6,400 feet.

Dendroica virens virens (Gmelin). Black-throated Green Warbler.

Motacilla virens Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 985 — Pennsylvania.

Alto de Chiquero: 9, October 16. Casita Alta: cf, sex? Oc-
tober 30. Fila Lerida: 9, November 1. Lerida: 11 cf, 3 9, sex?
October 9-March 19. Pena Blanca: 9, November 1. Quiel:
3 d" , 2 9, November 8-March 3. Gonads enlarged March 3, 11;
slightly enlarged November 8, 25. Altitude 5,000-9,000 feet.

Birds of the same month vary strikingly in plumage but there
appears to be little if any correlation between the stage of moult and
evidence of gonadal activity. Only two males of the sixteen listed
above had enlarged gonads. Both birds are in typical winter plum-
age, with the throat-patch obscured. One of the two November
males with slightly enlarged gonads is in similar plumage, but the
other is conspicuously black-bibbed. Of twelve adult males with in-
active gonads, two of five October birds and one of three November
birds have conspicuous bibs.

Dendroica fusca (P. L. S. Miiller). Blackburnian Warbler.

Motacilla fusca P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 175 — "Guyane" =
French Guiana.

Lerida: 11 cf, 2 9, September 19-October 13. Quiel: 2 cf,
September 27, April 25. Altitude 5,300-5,600 feet.

All of these specimens were taken on the Pacific slope where the
species obviously is not uncommon as a fall transient. In the past
the Caribbean slope was thought to be the primary migratory route
of fusca.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 559

Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus (Linnaeus). Ovenbird.

Motacilla aurocapillus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 334 — in Penn-
, sylvania=at sea, apparently off Haiti.

Lerida: 9 , November 26. Gonads enlarged. Altitude 5,300 feet.

Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot). Louisiana Waterthrush.

Turdus motacilla Vieillot, 1807 (1808), Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer., 2: 9, pi. 65—
Kentucky.

Velo: 9 , October 18. Altitude 5,500 feet.

Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmelin). Northern
Waterthrush.

Motacilla noveboracensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 958 — New York.

Bajo Mono: 2 d\ October 10, 22. Lerida: 9 , October 15. Alti-
tude 5,300 feet.

Oporornis formosus (Wilson). Kentucky Warbler.

Sylvia formosa Wilson, 1811, Amer. Orn., 3: 85, pi. 25, fig. 3 — Kentucky.

Lerida: 3 d\ September 23-October 23. Pena Blanca: 2 d\
October 13. Altitude 5,300-6,000 feet.

Oporornis Philadelphia (Wilson). Mourning Warbler.

Sylvia Philadelphia Wilson, 1810, Amer. Orn., 2: 101, pi. 14, fig. 10 — near
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Horqueta: d\ May 16. Lerida: 2 d\ 2 9, sex? October 8-24.
Altitude 5,300 feet.

Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend). MacGillivray's Warbler.

Sylvia tolmiei Townsend, 1839, Narr. Jour. Rocky Mts., p. 343 — Columbia
River=Fort Vancouver, Washington.

Horqueta: 9 , May 16. Lerida: 6 9 , October 15-22. Gonads
slightly enlarged May 16. Altitude 5,300-6,000 feet.

Phillips (1947) has proposed the recognition of four races based
on certain minor (and variable!) color differences, absolute tail length,
and relative proportions of wing and tail. Two of the races (austin-
smithi, intermedia), and these only, he considers to winter south as
far as Chiriqui. Measurements of the Monniche series, however, are
not in accord with Phillips' concept of either form: Eight females:
wing 58-63 mm. (60.7); tail 48-51 mm. (49.8); difference between

560 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

wing and tail 7-14 mm. (10.8). Inasmuch as these and other mi-
grants in Chicago Natural History Museum agree equally well with
birds from the breeding areas of each of the four proposed subspecies
I am at present wholly in agreement with the traditional concept of
this warbler as a monotypic species.

MacGillivray's warbler has been reported in Guatemala as late
as April 26 and several El Salvador specimens in Chicago Natural
History Museum were taken May 2-9. The Horqueta record of
May 16 stands as the latest for Central America. In Panama the
species has been reported only in the vicinity of Volcan de Chiriqui,
but two females in our collections were taken by J. F. Ferry at Colon,
March 14 and 16, 1908.

Chamaethlypis poliocephala ridgwayi Griscom. Gray-crowned
Yellowthroat.

Chamaethlypis poliocephala ridgwayi Griscom, 1930, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI.,
12: 7 — Boruca, Costa Rica.

Lerida: 9, October 20. Quiel: d\ gonads slightly enlarged,
June 26. Altitude 5,300 feet.

Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pallas). Pileolated Warbler.

Motacilla pileolata Pallas, "1811" (=1826?), Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 1: 497—
Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Alto de Chiquero: sex? November 10. Bajo Mono: c? , Novem-
ber 17. Casita Alta: 9 , October 9. Horqueta: 9 , May 16. Lerida:
4 cf, 3 9, September 20-December 2. Pena Blanca: d\ Novem-
ber 1. Quiel: 3 d\ 2 9, September 17-April 25. Gonads slightly
enlarged September 17, May 16. Altitude 5,200-9,000 feet.

The Horqueta specimen is the first May record for Panama. Sel-
dom has the species been found elsewhere in Central America later
than April. Pileolated warblers winter commonly in Panama, but
chiefly at low altitudes. Only two specimens of the Monniche series
were taken above 5,600 feet, these exceptions being from 7,000 and
9,000 feet, respectively.

Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus). Canada Warbler.

Muscicapa canadensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 327 — Canada.

Bajo Mono: 9 , October 15. Horqueta: 2 cT, May 9, October 17.
Gonads enlarged May 9. Altitude 5,200-5,400 feet.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 561

Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus). American Redstart.

Motacilla ruticilla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 186 — Virginia.

Horqueta: c? , May 11. Lerida: d\ November 26. Gonads en-
larged May 11. Altitude 5,300-5,500 feet.

Myioborus miniatus aurantiacus (Baird). Slate-throated Red-
start.

Setophaga aurantiaca Baird, 1865, Rev. Amer. Bds., 1: 261 — Dota Mountains,
San Jose, and Barranca, Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: d\ May 13. Lerida: 4 <? , 2 9 , March 4-October 30.
Quiel: d\ September 27. Velo: d\ 9 , July 22, October 2. Gonads
enlarged March 4-May 13; slightly enlarged July 22. Altitude 5,300-
6,300 feet.

I am unable to detect any significant difference between birds
from Chiriqui and those from Costa Rica. In series, both popula-
tions show considerable variation in the yellow of the under parts
but each of the Panama specimens listed above agrees in minute de-
tail with one or several of the more northern birds. Only one Costa
Rican specimen (Turrialba, September 25) of twenty-five now before
me is appreciably darker (more orange) below than any of the Chiri-
qui birds at hand. There is not even a tendency toward paleness in
the southern birds that would justify recognition of a separate race
(acceptus) .

Myioborus torquatus (Baird). Collared Redstart.

Setophaga torquata Baird, 1865, Rev. Amer. Bds., 1 : 261 — San Jose, Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: 9, March 23. Camp Cylindro: 9, July 16, 1933.
Casita Alta: 2^,2 9 , June 18; October 9, 30. Fila Lerida: &, sex?
August 13. Gonads slightly enlarged March 23. Altitude 5,300-
9,000 feet.

Two immature birds collected June 18 and August 13 are essen-
tially dusky brownish (not slate-colored) above, and darkest on the
crown, which is wholly lacking in chestnut and shows but an indica-
tion of a black border. The Camp Cylindro specimen is the first of
record from Bocas del Toro.

Basileuterus tristriatus melanotis Lawrence. Three-striped
Warbler.

Basileuterus melanotis Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9: 95 —
Cervantes and Birres, Costa Rica.

562 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Alto de Chiquero: cf , May 1. Bajo Mono: 2 <? , 2 9 , June 18-
October 15. Camp Cylindro: 3 9, July 14-16, 1933. Gonads en-
larged May 1. Altitude 5,200-6,000 feet.

Apparently rare, both in Costa Rica and in Panama. The Camp
Cylindro specimens are the first of record from Bocas del Toro. I
have seen no Veraguas birds (chitrensis) , but question their distinct-
ness in view of the variability apparent in a representative series of
melanotis from Chiriqui.

Basileuterus culicivorus godmani Berlepsch. Golden-crowned
Warbler.

Basileuterus godmani Berlepsch, 1888, Auk, 5: 450 — "Veragua" = Chiriqui,
Panama.

Camiseta: 9 , July 3. Lerida: 4^,3 9 , August 4-November 26.
Quiel: 3 cf, 2 sex? February 24-December 18. Velo: cf, 3 9,
June 15-July 2. Gonads slightly enlarged June 15-October 18.
Altitude 5,100-6,000 feet.

Basileuterus melanogenys eximius Nelson. Black-cheeked
Warbler.

Basileuterus melanogenys eximius Nelson, 1912, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 60, no. 3,
p. 22 — Boquete, Panama.

Alto de Chiquero: cf , March 13. Casita Alta: cf, 9 , October 9.
Cordillera: cf, 9, November 18. Fila Lerida: cf, 9, sex? July 29.
Lerida: 2 cf, 2 9, June 21, November 21. Quiel: cf, October 13.
Velo: 9 , October 20. Gonads enlarged March 13; slightly enlarged
June 21. Altitude 5,200-9,200 feet.

These specimens average paler below and are slightly but con-
sistently duller (less olivaceous) above than Costa Rican birds. A
weak but recognizable race.

The appearance of three immature birds collected June 21 and
July 29 suggests the breeding period to be late March and early April.

Basileuterus delattrii mesochrysus Sclater. Chestnut-capped
Warbler.

Basileuterus mesochrysus Sclater, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 28: 251 —
"Bogota."

Horqueta: 2 cf, 9, May 7- July 29. Gonads enlarged May 7;
slightly enlarged July 29. Altitude 5,200 feet.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 563

Basileuterus fulvicauda veraguensis Sharpe. Buff-rumped
Warbler.

Basileuterus veraguensis Sharpe, 1885, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 10: 403 — Paraiso
Station, Panama Railroad, Panama.

Horqueta: d\ gonads enlarged April 5; 9, gonads slightly en-
larged May 21. Altitude 5,400 feet.

The immature plumage of this species seems to be undescribed.
The pattern of development is suggested by a young Costa Rica male
(leucopygia) in Chicago Natural History Museum which differs from
adults in having the throat and chest virtually concolorous with the
upper parts, and the median belly strongly tinged with buff. In the
latter respect this juvenile more nearly resembles adult veraguensis
than adult leucopygia.

Amblycercus holosericeus holosericeus (Lichtenstein). Yellow-
billed Cacique.

Sternus holosericeus Lichtenstein, 1830, Preis-Verz. Saug. Vogel Mex., p. 1 —
Mexico=Alvarado, Vera Cruz.

Casita Alta: d\ 9 , October 20. Horqueta: d\ May 7. Volcan:
<?, July 27. Gonads enlarged May 7. Altitude 5,300-9,700 feet.

In Panama this species occupies a variety of habitats from sea
level to the highest altitudes that offer cover. A specimen collected
near the summit of Volcan de Chiriqui (10,300 feet) by W. W. Brown
in 1901 apparently is the highest altitude of record. Northward, in
Mexico and northern Central America, holosericeus is essentially a
bird of the lowlands and rarely if ever is found above 5,500 feet.

A marked difference in the habits of geographically remote pop-
ulations of any widespread form suggests the possibility, at least, of
measurable morphological differences. None has been fully demon-
strated in Middle American examples of holosericeus, although a dis-
tinct Costa Rican race (centralis Todd), characterized as differing
from northern birds in the relative proportions of the wing and tail,
has been proposed.

Investigating the validity of centralis, Peters (1929, p. 475) meas-
ured a series of 87 Middle American specimens and found that al-
though 19 (100 per cent) of the birds from Honduras northward had
shorter wings than tails, a majority of specimens from Costa Rica
and Panama had similar proportions. The variability of holosericeus
is further demonstrated by the measurements of 43 Middle American
specimens now before me. Of these, 21 birds have shorter wings than

564 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

tails, 15 have longer wings than tails, and 7 have wings and tails of
equal length. No geographic correlation is evident. Indeed, con-
trary to Peters' results, I find that birds from Mexico and northern
Central America have proportions fully as variable as those from
Nicaragua southward.

Icterus galbula (Linnaeus). Baltimore Oriole.

Coracias galbula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 108 — America=
Virginia.

Alto de Chiriqui: cf , October 16. Lerida: 3 d\ 3 9 , October 5-
November 23. Altitude 5,300-5,400 feet.

Recorded at Boquete as late as April 15; known in Panama from
October 2 to April 20.

Sturnella magna subulata Griscom. Common Meadow Lark.

Sturnella magna subulata Griscom, 1934, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75: 405 —
Boquete, Panama.

Horqueta: d\ gonads enlarged, May 10. Altitude 5,300 feet.

Measurements: wing 100 mm.; tail 63 mm.; exposed culmen 35
mm. Except in length of bill, this form is conspicuously smaller than
alticola, as shown by the measurements of twelve Costa Rican males:
Wing 103-121 mm. (111.6); tail 67-80 mm. (72.5); exposed culmen
30-34 mm. (31.8). Possibly subulata averages brighter, more in-
tensely yellow below than alticola, but individuals can not be distin-
guished with certainty by this character alone.

Chlorophonia occipitalis callophrys (Cabanis). Blue-crowned
Chlorophonia.

Triglyphidia callophrys Cabanis, 1860, Jour. Orn., 8: 331 — Costa Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: 9, March 24. Casita Alta: tf, March 9.
Horqueta: cf , June 18. Lerida: 3 d\ 3 9 , March 5-December 13.
Quiel: d\ 2 9, March 3- June 30. Gonads enlarged March 5-24;
slightly enlarged June 18. Altitude 5,300-6,800 feet.

A male in subadult plumage, collected March 5, had enlarged
gonads. I find no evidence that callophrys retains this plumage until
its third year, as suggested by Carriker (1910, p. 874).

Tanagra musica elegantissima (Bonaparte). Blue-hooded
Euphonia.
Pipra elegantissima Bonaparte, 1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 5: 112 — Mexico.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 565

Alto de Chiquero: 9 , March 24. Horqueta: 2 d\ 9 , May 11.
Lerida: 4 cT , 2 9, March 5-September 18. Quiel: 2 d\ April 25,
June 26. Velo: d\ 9 , March 8, May 13. Gonads enlarged March 5-
June 13; slightly enlarged September 18. Altitude 5,200-6,400 feet.

During the breeding season this tanager apparently is restricted
to the Subtropical Zone; at other times it may be found at altitudes
ranging from 1,200 feet to 10,000 feet above sea level. Each of the
several nests of record were found in May, but the plumages of two
immature birds in Chicago Natural History Museum indicate a nest-
ing span of at least five months (March- July) .

Tanagra luteicapilla (Cabanis). Yellow-crowned Euphonia.
Phonasca luteicapilla Cabanis, 1860, Jour. Orn., 8: 332 — Costa Rica.
Horqueta: cf , gonads enlarged, May 21. Altitude 5,400 feet.

Four Costa Rican males (December 4-April 16) clearly illustrate
the sequence of plumage changes from the olive-colored juvenile stage
to a much later but still subadult condition. All four birds are es-
sentially blue- throated, but only two (March 19 and April 16) have
conspicuously yellow crowns and blue-flecked upper parts strongly
suggestive of the adult. The Horqueta male represents an even more
advanced stage. From present evidence it is obvious that luteicapilla
breeds while in immature plumage and acquires the fully adult livery
by a complete postnuptial moult, possibly as late as the third year.

Tangara icterocephala (Bonaparte). Silver-throated Tanager.

Calliste icterocephala Bonaparte, 1851, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31: 76 —
Ecuador = Valley of Punta Playa, near Quito.

Alto de Chiquero: & , 9 , March 24. Bajo Mono: 9 , October 15.
Horqueta: d\ May 11. Lerida: 5 d\ 9, April 10-December 16.
Quiel: d", 2 9, March 3-December 18. Velo: d\ 4 9, March 7-
June 24. Gonads enlarged March 7-July 2. Altitude 5,200-6,400
feet.

Tangara gyrola bangsi (Hellmayr). Bay-headed Tanager.

Calospiza gyroloides bangsi Hellmayr, 1911, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911:
1105 — Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama.

Horqueta: 2 6", 4 9, May 10- July 29. Lerida: d\ 9 , Novem-
ber 20, 22. Gonads enlarged May 10- June 18; slightly enlarged
November 22. Altitude 5,200-5,400 feet.

Skutch (1954, pp. 238, 239) has called attention to the fact that
this tanager has a remarkably extended breeding season (February-

566

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

October) and broods twice, if not three times a year. One of the
Horqueta males collected May 18 was sexually mature, although still
in juvenile plumage. The fully adult plumage apparently is assumed
by a postnuptial moult, as with Tanagra luteicapilla.

Tangara dowii (Salvin). Spangle-cheeked Tanager.

Calliste dowii Salvin, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863: 168 — "San Jose,"
Costa Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: d\ March 24. Bajo Mono: 9 , 2 sex? March
23, October 15. Camp Holcomb: ef, June 26. Cordilleras: 2 d\ 2
9 , May 13-16. Gonads active March 23-May 16. Altitude 5,000-
6,500 feet.

Not previously reported on the Caribbean slope in Panama. This
tanager normally occurs at higher elevations than any of its Central
American relatives and has been found up to timber-line in Costa
Rica. In Panama it occurs from 4,000-7,500 feet above sea level but
is seldom met below 5,000 feet.

Thraupis virens cana (Swainson). Blue-gray Tanager.

Tanagra cana Swainson, 1836, Orn. Draw., pt. 3, pi. 37 — Caracas, Venezuela
(ex Hellmayr, 1924).

Horqueta: d", May 9. Lerida: 3 9 , April 30-November 5. Quiel:
9 , April 25. Velo: 9 , May 2. Gonads enlarged April 30, May 9.
Altitude 5,200-5,400 feet.

Hellmayr, with 124 examples of diaconus and cana at his disposal,
chose with conspicuous reluctance to recognize the Middle American
form. On examining most of Hellmayr's specimens and much addi-
tional material, including Mexican birds which were not available to
him, I have been unable to find any evidence of geographical differen-
tiation. The characters attributed to diaconus are extensively dupli-
cated among the Colombian and Venezuelan birds (71) now before
me and apparently are related to age, season, and possibly sex.

Ramphocelus dimidiatus pallidirostris Hellmayr. Crimson-
backed Tanager.

Ramphocelus dimidiatus pallidirostris Hellmayr, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 9, p. 256 — Divala, Chiriqul, Panama.

Horqueta: d\ 9, May 9, July 27. Gonads enlarged May 9.
Altitude 5,200 and 5,400 feet.

In color of bill, the Horqueta male agrees in minute detail with
two Canal Zone males. The bill of the female is almost uniform in

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 567

color, and darker than the bill of a Canal Zone bird, which, in turn,
is conspicuously darker than a Chiriqui specimen collected in 1903.
Measurements: d 71 , wing 78, tail 72; 9 , wing 75, tail 72.

Piranga rubra rubra (Linnaeus). Summer Tanager.

Fringilla rubra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 181 — South Carolina.

Alto de Chiquero: d", March 24. Bajo Mono: <?, October 10.

Callejon de Palmas: d\ October 20. Casita Alta: d\ October 9.

Lerida: d\ 9 , October 24, 25. PenaBlanca: 9 , October 11. Quiel:

9, October 18. Velo: 9, December 6. Gonads slightly enlarged

October 24 and December 6. Altitude 5,200-7,500 feet.

Piranga leucoptera latifasciata Ridgway. White-winged
Tanager.

Piranga leucoptera latifasciata Ridgway, 1887, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 457 —
Costa Rica and Veragua.

Lerida: 3 & , 7 9, June 14-December 12. Quiel: 3 cf, Novem-
ber 5, 13. Velo: d\ 9, June 15, 18. Gonads enlarged June 14-16.
Altitude 5,000-5,400 feet.

In my opinion this race is questionable, since a considerable per-
centage of its individuals prove to be indeterminate. Nevertheless,
Panama birds (males) in series can be separated from representative
leucoptera by virtue of the broader (average) middle wing-bar and
sometimes more extended greater wing-bar.

Piranga bidentata citrea van Rossem. Flame-colored Tanager.

Piranga bidentata citrea van Rossem, 1934, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7:
367 — Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama.

Bajo Mono: d\ October 15. Lerida: 5 d\ 12 9 , February 23-
November 23. Quiel: 2 o\ 3 9 , November 8-15. Gonads enlarged
February 23- June 18; slightly enlarged November 8, 23. Altitude
5,000-6,300 feet.

Twenty-one males from Panama and Costa Rica are decidedly
varied, especially in the color of the under parts, and as a group are
indistinguishable from sanguinolenta. Females are much less vari-
able and, with few exceptions, are easily separated from the three
available northern birds by virtue of their paler, more purely yellow
under parts and more decidedly yellowish (less olive) green upper
parts. The latter character is most pronounced on the head.

568 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Eucometis penicillata stictothorax Berlepsch. Gray-headed
Tanager.

Eucometis penicillata stictothorax Berlepsch, 1888, Auk, 5: 451, 452 — "Vera-
gua" = Chiriqui, Panama.

Horqueta: 9 , May 9. Lerida: d\ 9 , July 23, August 4. Gonads
slightly enlarged May 9. Altitude 5,300-5,400 feet.

The diagnostic character of this form, often obscure in adults, is
strongly accentuated in olive-headed immature birds. All juveniles
of related races examined lack entirely the vermiculation or streaking
of the breast and flanks that is so conspicuous in stictothorax of com-
parable age.

The distribution of stictothorax and spodocephala respectively in
Costa Rica is not at all clear. Most writers, including Hellmayr,
accept Carriker's (1910) designation of the Rio Grande de Pirris as
their common boundary. Although this concept is supported by the
similarity of eleven birds from Chinandega, Rivas and Cartago to a
Nicaraguan series, four specimens from Guanacaste (Las Canas and
Miravalles) agree in minute detail with south Costa Rica and Chiri-
qui birds.

Chlorospingus ophthalmicus novicius Bangs. Common Bush-
Tanager.

Chlorospingus novicius Bangs, 1902, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3: 67 — Volcan
de Chiriqui, Panama.

Alto de Chiquero: 2 <?, 2 9 , April 2-October 16. Bajo Mono:
2 d\ 9 , March 23-October 11. Camp Cylindro: &, July 14. Cedral:
9, July 14. Cordilleras: d% May 14. Lerida: d\ 9, October 22,
November 23. Pena Blanca: cf, 9 , October 15. Quiel: cf , March 3.
Velo: cf , June 21. Gonads enlarged March 3-July 14; slightly en-
larged October 16. Altitude 5,200-6,000 feet.

The two birds collected at Camp Cylindro and Cedral on the
north slope of the cordillera are the first of record from Bocas del
Toro. In Costa Rica novicius apparently is restricted to the Pacific
slope in the extreme south. Elsewhere, the typical Costa Rican form,
regionalis, inhabits both slopes but is most numerous on the Carib-
bean side where humid conditions permit it to descend as low as
1,200 feet above sea level.

Chlorospingus pileatus pileatus Salvin. Sooty-capped Bush-
Tanager.

Chlorospingus pileatus Salvin, 1864, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864: 581 —
Volcan de Cartago = Irazu, Costa Rica.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 569

Alto de Chiquero: 2 cf, 9, March 24-April 23. Casita Alta:
2 cf, 3 9, June 12-October 30. Cordilleras: 9, May 12. Pena
Blanca: cf, 9, October 2. Rio Caldera: cf, May 2. Gonads en-
larged March 24-May 12; slightly enlarged June 21-August 12.
Altitude 6,000-8,500 feet.

Essentially a bird of the Temperate Zone, but occasionally found
as low as 5,000 feet on Volcan de Chiriqui. Six of the ten specimens
listed above were collected below 7,000 feet, well within the zone
occupied by C. ophthalmicus.

Saltator maximus intermedius Lawrence. Buff-throated Sal-
tator.

Saltator intermedius Lawrence, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 106
— New Granada, Isthmus of Panama.

Alto de Chiquero: cf, May 9. Horqueta: cf, 9, July 26, 28.
Lerida: cf , 2 9 , August 12, December 13. Quiel: cf , December 18.
Gonads enlarged May 9-August 12. Altitude 5,200-6,000 feet.

Saltator albicollis furax Bangs and Penard. Streaked Saltator.

Saltator striatipictus furax Bangs and Penard, 1919, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
63: 32 — near Boruca, Costa Rica.

Horqueta: d\ May 7. Lerida: 3 cf , 1 9, May 10-October 15.
Quiel: 9, September 2. Gonads enlarged May 7- June 13; slightly
enlarged October 15. Altitude 5,000-5,400 feet.

A poorly defined race, possibly averaging darker (greener) below
than isthmicus and with more conspicuous streaking, but many in-
dividuals not certainly separable.

Pheucticus tibialis Lawrence. Black-thighed Grosbeak.

Pheucticus tibialis (Baird MS.) Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8:
478 — Cervantes, Costa Rica.

Horqueta: cf, July 26. Lerida: 2 cf, 9, October 15-Decem-
ber 13. Gonads enlarged July 26. Altitude 5,200-6,800 feet.

Three of the four specimens listed above have small white apical
spots on their outer rectrices and the wing coverts of two are partly
white-tipped. Hellmayr, noting two similar variants in a series of
fifteen specimens from Costa Rica and Panama, concluded that tibi-
alis is but a strongly marked race of chrysopeplus. The evidence
favoring this concept suggests a common ancestry and continuing

570 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

affinity of some degree, but in my opinion tibialis seems obviously to
have evolved beyond the limits properly encompassed by chrysopeplus.

Pheucticus ludovicianus (Linnaeus). Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Loxia ludoviciana Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 306 — Louisiana.

Lerida: cf, 3 9, October 22-December 4. Quiel: cf, Novem-
ber 8. Gonads enlarged December 4; slightly enlarged November 26.
Altitude 5,000-5,300 feet.

Reported in the vicinity of Volcan de Chiriqui from late October
through February. Carriker mentions a specimen taken in Costa
Rica as early as August 13, and Chicago Natural History Museum
has a skin from Limon collected April 12. Spring stragglers may be
expected in Central America even later, as evidenced by a Venezu-
elan specimen dated April 14. The significance of these dates is en-
hanced by reference to the dates of arrival and departure in northern
latitudes: Chicago area: April 23 (early), May 7 (average), Septem-
ber 23 (early), October 9 (average); breeding, May 18.

Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus). Indigo Bunting.

Tanagra cyanea Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 315 — Carolina= South
Carolina.

Horqueta: cf , March 20. Lerida: cf , May 10. Gonads slightly
enlarged. Altitude 5,300 feet.

This bunting winters south only to western Panama and ordi-
narily departs from Central America before the last of April. Of
interest is a male in changing, brown-blotched plumage, collected at
Limon, Costa Rica, June 11 (collection of Chicago Natural History

Museum).

Tiaris olivacea pusilla Swainson. Yellow-faced Grassquit.

Tiaris pusillus Swainson, 1827, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, no. 6, p. 438 — Temascal-
tepec and Real del Monte, Mexico.

Alto de Chiquero: cf , October 16. Bajo Mono: cf , 9 , March 23,
May 19. Lerida: cf , 2 9 , June 13, 24; October 19. Quiel: cf , Feb-
ruary 22. Velo: 2 cf , February 24, June 21. Gonads enlarged Febru-
ary 2-October 16. Altitude 5,200-5,500 feet.

Amaurospiza concolor concolor Cabanis. Blue Seedeater.

Amaurospiza concolor Cabanis, 1861, Jour. Orn., 9: 3 — Costa Rica.

Camiseta: cf, July 3. Lerida: cf , 2 9, June 21-November 25.
Pena Blanca: 9, May 8. Quiel: 2 cf, October 13, November 7.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 571

Velo: d, May 2. Gonads enlarged May 2- June 21. Altitude 5,000-
6,400 feet.

This fine series more than doubles the number of specimens known
from Chiriqui, where the species apparently is much more abundant
than hitherto realized. In the absence of comparative material I
follow Hellmayr in treating australis as a synonym.

Volatinia jacarina splendens (Vieillot). Blue-black Grassquit.

Fringilla splendens Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 12: 173 —
Cayenne.

Horqueta: 2d, 9, April 5-July 27. Gonads enlarged April 5.
Altitude 5,300 feet.

Abundant in suitable habitat throughout the lowlands, but sel-
dom reported above an altitude of 3,500 feet. I find no previous
reference to its presence in the immediate vicinity of Volcan de Chiri-
qui. Further infiltration of the highlands is likely as modification of
the original vegetation continues.

Spinus xanthogaster xanthogaster (Du Bus). Yellow-bellied
Siskin.

Chrysomitris xanthogaster Du Bus, 1855, Bull. Acad. Sci., Lettr. et Beaux-Arts
Belg., 22, (1), p. 152— Ocafia, Colombia.

Bajo Mono: 2 d, 9 , May 13, 14. Lerida: d, 2 9 , September 20,
November 25, 26. Pefia Blanca: d , 9 , October 18. Quiel: d, Feb-
ruary 22. Gonads enlarged February 22-May 14. Altitude 5,200-
6,000 feet.

Hellmayr, in his Birds of the Americas, included this species in the
fauna of Panama on the basis of a single specimen in Chicago Natural
History Museum, collected at Boquete, October 12, 1905. Eisen-
mann (in litt.) reports having observed yellow-bellied siskins in the
vicinity of Boquete, and the series taken by Monniche over a period
of years (1932-39) indicates xanthogaster to be not uncommon locally,
although not listed for Panama by either Ridgway or Griscom.

Spinus psaltria colombianus (Lafresnaye). Dark-backed Gold-
finch.

Carduelis colombianus Lafresnaye, 1843, Rev. Zool., 6: 292 — "Colombie"=
Bogota.

Bajo Mono: 9, October 15. Lerida: 8 d, 5 9, sex? May 2-
November 26. Gonads enlarged October 8-15; slightly enlarged
June 14. Altitude 5,300 feet.

572 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Hitherto reported in Panama only at Calobre, Veraguas, and at
Paraiso and Lion Hill Stations in the Canal Zone. Griscom credits
the species only for the Pacific slope of the western half of the Canal
Zone. It is difficult to understand why this bird has been overlooked
in Chiriqui, where apparently it is not uncommon.

Evidence of gonadal activity in October is in agreement with the
known late-breeding habits of other races. A Lerida female collected
May 2 is in moulting, pre-nuptial plumage and the gonads were not
enlarged.

Pezopetes capitalis Cabanis. Large-footed Finch.

Pezopetes capitalis Cabanis, 1860, Jour. Orn., 8: 415 — Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: cf, July 23. Callejon de Palmas: 9, August 8.
Camp Holcomb: 9 , June 26. Casita Alta: 4 cf , 2 9 , sex? March 9-
October 23. Copete: cf , July 8. Gonads enlarged March 9-Octo-
ber 2. Altitude 5,000-9,800 feet.

The Camp Holcomb bird is the first recorded from Bocas del Toro.
Its presence at an altitude of only 5,000 feet is remarkable, for the
species is virtually restricted to the Temperate Zone and is seldom
found as low as 7,000 feet.

A male in breeding condition from Casita Alta is partly albinistic,
with numerous white feathers on the head and throat.

Pselliophorus tibialis (Lawrence). Yellow-thighed Finch.

Tachyphonus tibialis Lawrence, 1864, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8: 71 — San
Jose, Costa Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: cf , March 13. Camiseta: 9 , immature? July 3.
Casita Alta: 2 9 , March 9-October 20. Cordilleras: 4 cf , May 16-
November 19. Lerida: 2 cf , October 8, 13. Pena Blanca: 9 , 4 sex?
July 24-November 5. Quiel: 9 , November 24. Volcan: cf , July 28.
Gonads enlarged March 13-May 16; slightly enlarged July 28. Alti-
tude 5,300-10,200 feet.

Five of sixteen obviously mature birds have a more or less con-
spicuous yellow edging to the wing. This character appears in nine
of twenty-one Costa Rican specimens and seems to have no signifi-
cance relating to age, sex or locality. The Chiriqui series possibly
averages more olivaceous below than Costa Rican birds, but the high
percentage of individual exceptions precludes separation of these
populations.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 573

Atlapetes gutturalis brunnescens Chapman. Yellow-throated
Brush-Finch.

Atlapetes gutturalis brunnescens Chapman, 1915, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
34: 387 — Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama.

Cordilleras: 9, May 13. Lerida: 4 d\ 9, March 19- June 27.
Quiel: c? , December 18. Gonads active April 11-June 27. Altitude
5,300-6,500 feet.

The characters given for brunnescens are not evident in this series
as compared with three very old examples of gutturalis at my disposal.
The Chiriqui birds are consistently duskier (less brownish) above
than the Colombian specimens and I find no distinction in the color
of the flanks and under tail coverts. Sex for sex, birds from western
Panama possibly have smaller bills on an average than the nominate
race and for the present it seems best to recognize both.

Eight Costa Rican specimens have slightly paler throats than
birds from western Chiriqui, but they agree minutely in every other
respect. I am unable now to check the merits of coloratus and azue-
rensis but a thorough revision of the species obviously is needed.

Atlapetes brunnei-nucha elsae Parkes. Chestnut-capped Brush-
Finch.

Atlapetes brunnei-nucha elsae Parkes, 1954, Condor, 56: 135 — Volcan de Irazu,
Costa Rica.

Alto de Chiquero: d% May 13. Bajo Mono: 2 9 , May 13, July 23.
Cordilleras: d\ November 19. Lerida: d\ 9, March 19, June 18.
Quiel: d\ November 5. Velo: d\ 2 9, February 24-November 1.
Gonads enlarged February 24-May 13; slightly enlarged July 23.
Altitude 5,200-6,600 feet.

Lysurus crassirostris (Cassin). Sooty-faced Finch. ■

Buarremon crassirostris Cassin, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 170
— Barranca, Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: d\ April 26. Cedral: 9, July 14, 1933. Gonads
enlarged April 26. Altitude 4,800-5,600 feet.

The Cedral specimen is our first evidence that crassirostris occurs
on both slopes of the cordilleras, in Panama as well as in Costa Rica.
Although this finch is difficult to find because of its preference for
ravines and impenetrable undergrowth, W. W. Brown's success in
collecting fourteen specimens at Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui
some years ago indicates that it is not so rare as generally believed.

574 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 36

Arremonops conirostris richmondi Ridgway. Green-backed
Sparrow.
Arremonops richmondi Ridgway, 1898, Auk, 15: 228 — Greytown, Nicaragua.

Bajo Mono: &, May 19. Horqueta: 9, September 2. Lerida:
4 cf, 9, May 10-October 11. Quiel: cf (immature), September 17.
Gonads enlarged May 19- July 2. Altitude 5,300-5,500 feet.

This race is very poorly denned, and barely if at all separable from
striaticeps of eastern Panama. Comparing birds of similar age and
degree of wear, I find that a series of more than thirty Costa Rica
and Chiriqui specimens agrees minutely with eight skins from Colon,
both as to the gray of the head and the color of the back. The chest
of richmondi possibly averages somewhat darker than striaticeps and
this character of doubtful stability is at present the only basis for
separating the two.

Ridgway, noting that most specimens from the line of the Pan-
ama Railroad are "hardly distinguishable from the Central American
form," nevertheless referred them to "conirostris" on the basis of
their slightly superior size. While a size differential between the
Central American and Colombian forms is suggested by Ridgway's
average measurements, the pronounced overlap in his extremes vir-
tually precludes recognition of two races on the basis of size alone.
Direct comparison of new material with Ridgway's measurements is
now impossible since he lumped under conirostris the measurements
of birds both from Panama (as far west as the Panama Railroad) and
from Colombia. Measurements of Central American specimens alone
fail to show any significant difference between richmondi and striati-
ceps as regards size. Costa Rica and Chiriqui (13 males) : wing 75-
82 mm. (79.2) ; tail 67.2-71.3 mm. (69.2). Colon, Panama (5 males) :
wing 78-82 mm. (79.4); tail 67-74 mm. (68.2).

The juvenile plumage of richmondi, of which I find no description,
is strikingly different from that of adults. An immature male col-
lected at Quiel on September 17 is essentially dull olive above and
yellowish below, especially on the throat and belly. The crown is
almost uniformly dusky brown, this forming streaks on the nape and
reappearing on the back as broad stripes. Sides of head yellowish
olive, relieved by a dusky eye-streak. Breast olive, broadly streaked
with dusky brown.

Junco vulcani (Boucard). Volcano Junco.

Zonotrichia vulcani Boucard, 1878, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878: 57 — Volcan
de Irazu, Costa Rica.

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 575

Volcan: 3 cf , 3 9 , January 1-July 30. Gonads slightly enlarged
July 28. Altitude 10,100 feet.

Zonotrichia capensis costaricensis Allen. Rufous-collared
Sparrow.

Zonotrichia capensis costaricensis Allen, 1891, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:
374 — San Jose, Costa Rica.

Bajo Mono: Immature? October 10. Lerida: 8 d 71 , 3 9,5 sex?
February 23-October 24. Pena Blanca: d\ October 15. Volcan:
2 d\ July 29, October 29. Gonads enlarged February 23-October
29. Altitude 5,200-10,100 feet.

A nest with incubating eggs found at Lerida, February 23, is the
earliest of record in Central America. Available nesting records indi-
cate that at least two broods are raised each year, the breeding peaks
apparently being in May and August. Six juveniles collected by
Monniche are dated from March 19 to October 10.

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1949. Le polymorphisme chez les Trochilides in Festschrift E. Stresemann.
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576

BLAKE: BIRDS OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI, PANAMA 577

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Publication 843

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