PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNi

>iATluis

\

OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY OF THE CITY OF NBW YORK.

Vol. I.

New York, February, 1894.

No. I.

Associate Hditnrs :

CHARLES RICE, Ph. D.
CHARLES F. CHANDLER,

Ph. D., M. D., L.I..D,, etc.

ARTHUR H. ELLIOTT,

Ph. U., F. C. S.

HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D.
VIRGIL COBLENTZ,

A. M., Ph. G., Ph. D.

EDITOR :

O. G. HARRISON, Ph. G., M. D.

Assistant Editors:

FRED. HOHENTHAL, Ph. G.

I _.

eS' ALiJMH? '--0,r

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PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION
OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

Vol. I.

New York, February, 1894.

No. I.

RELATIONSHIP BFTWEEN THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION AND THE PHYSI =
OLOQICAL ACTION OF THE NEWER SYNTHETIC REHEDIES.

Delivered at the meeting of the Alumni Association, January loth, 1894.

BY VIRGIL COBLENTZ, A.M., Ph.G., Ph.D.

Professor of Theory and Practice of Pharmacy, Director of the Pharmaceutical Laborator^^

T^O the beginner or even the old stu-
dent, the vast array of the organic
formulae presented by the sj^nthetic
remedies, is at first confusing. However,
owing to the efforts of chemists, the entire
structure is built up so systematically, like
unto the various parts of a great build-
ing, each and every part has its exact
position and relationship to the general
whole, so that together they unite in
forming a uniform and perfect structure.
The wonderful combining capacity of
carbon gives rise to the infinite number
of compounds already known to exist,
and even as great a number theoretically
possible. The classification of these,
among which we have multitudes of
isomers is made a simple matter by the
use of graphic formulae and a systematic
nomenclature ; thus by means of this
configuration we are able to express
clearly and concisely at a glance, the
exact relationship these bodies possess,
one to another.

Before presenting the subject proper, a
general survey of the field is necessary in
order that we may arrive at an intelligent
understanding of the subject. Methane
or marsh-gas CH4 furnishes us the theo-
retical source of all carbon compounds,
these being derived by the substitution
of one or more of its hydrogen atoms by
atoms or groups of other elements. These
derivatives of methane are classed under
the so-called " Paraffin Series."

On replacing one or more ^

of the hydrogens in methane
by the halogens CI., Br. or
I. we give rise to H

Mono chlor- me thane, or methyl chloride
CH, CI, a gas, by pressure and cold a
liquid, it is employed as a local anaesthe-
tic in minor surgical operations.

Di chlor-methane or methylene chloride
CHoCL a liquid resembling chloroform
in many respects, employed as anaesthe-
tic.

Tri-chlor- methane ox c^Xoxoiorm. CH CI3

H— C— H

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

The corresponding iodine comp. is iodo-
form. Tetrachlor-methane or carbon
tetra chloride CCl^ a liquid, employed as
a solvent.

Of the next higher homologue ethane,
we have the following halogen products :

Mono-chIor-etha7ie or ethyl chloride Co
H5CI, an ethereal liquid, owing to its
great volatility it is employed as a local
anaesthetic, benumbing the sense of feel-
ing.

Mono-brom-ethane or ethyl bromide C2
HsBr. an anaesthetic like ether.

On treating the above halogen alkyls
with caustic alkali the halogen is re-
moved with its nearest hydrogen atom,
yielding the unsaturated hydro-carbons

CH,

as ethylene || The bromine compound

CH,
CH^Br.

I Ethylene bromid is employed in

CH.Br.

epilepsy. Tetraiod ethylene Co I, called
diodoform offered as substitute for iodo-
form. To this class the anaesthetic /^w/a/

tri-methyl-ethvlene || ^f;-

belongs.

The next homologue of this .series is
propane, having two different kinds of H
atoms ; derivatives arise from the substi-
tution of the H in either of the end
carbon atoms, known as "normal,"
while those arising from the substitution
of H in the middle one, are known as
"iso." Among the higher homologues
with greater number of carbon atoms,
the number of isomers increase accord-
ingly.

If we replace H atoms in the paraffin
hydrocarbons by hydroxyl groups (OH)
we form corresponding alcohols. Among
those containing one hydroxyl are
methyl alcohol (CH3-OH), ethyl alcohol
C2H5OH). Tertiary-amyl-alcohol or amy-

lene-hydrate

CH,

CH3 — C — OH is an oily-
xCoHg-'^ /

like liquid, employed as a hypnotic.

We have alcohols which contain more
than one hydroxyl group, each hydroxyl
being of course attached to a different
carbon atom. These are called diatomic
alcohols or glycols, the simplest being

/ CHoOH

Glycerin is a

ethylene glycol. \

icH.30H/

propenyl alcohol, (triatomic CsH.XOH),).
The tetra, penta, and hexatomic alcohols
form solid crystalline compounds of sweet
taste ; for ex. mannite CoH,(OH% and
dulcite.

If we substitute an SH group for a
hydrogen in methane, or sulphur for an
oxygen, in an alcohol, we obtain the
mercaptans, these are liquids of very
unpleasant, penetrating odor, ethyl mer-
captan being CoH, SH.

By partial oxydation of the primary
alcohols we obtain the aldehydes ;

CH3 CH3

I +0= I +H,0

CH.OH CHO

Ethyl Alcohol. Ethyl or Acetic Aldehyde.

these are distinguished from the alcohols,
in that they contain two atoms less of
hydrogen, and are characterized by the
group— CHO. A 40% solution of formal-
dehyde in HoO is Schering's Formalin a
powerful germicide. On adding a little
sulphuric or hydrochloric acid to ethyl
(acetic) aldehyde CH3 CHO it undergoes
polymerization, with formation o'i paralde-
hyde (CH3-CHO)3 a liquid hypnotic.

If we replace three hydrogens of the
alkyl, in acet-aldehyde by three atoms of
the halogens CI or Br., we obtain chloral
C Cla-CHO or bromal C Brj-CHO. Three
atoms of chlorine thus introduced into
butyl-aldehyde yields croton chloral or
tri-chlor-butyl'-aldehyde (C ClaCHo.-CTH,
CHO). These aldehydes- unite witli'i

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

NHg directly, forming crystalline oxy-
amides as chloral- anivionium

-OH

(

Chloramid C CI3— CH<

NH.,

)

a hypnotic, this on heating loses HjO
and yields chloralimid (C Cl3-CH=NH)
also a hypnotic. Under the name of
chloralamid a compound of formula C
Cls-CHO-HCO.NH, is also designated,
this is formed by action of formamid
HCONHo on chloral, properly it is
chloral formamid, this is also hypnotic.
With alcohol, the aldehydes form the
so-called acetals, among which we have

OCFT
methylal CH2<Cf^pTT^ a compound of

formaldehyde and methyl alcohol, an
aromatic liquid hypnotic. The aldehydes
unite with hydrocyanic acid to form oxy-
cyanides (oxy-nitriles) for ex. \\\& chloral-
cyan-hydrin (C CI3-CHO-HCN) a cry.^t.
compound is proposed as substitute for
hydrocyanic acid. If a secondary alcohol
undergoes oxydation, we obtain a class
of bodies resembling aldehydes, called
ketones ; thus two hydrogens in methane
are replaced by a radical, and the other
two free bonds being satisfied by oxygen.

^^^>CH— OH 4- 0=^^'> CO-f H,0

Isopropyl Alcohol. Dimethyl Ketone Acetone.

Ketones simple, are more readily pre-
pared by the dry distillation of the
calcium salts of the corresponding fatty
acids,

CH3— COOM + CH^COOM^

An Acetate. Au Acetate.

ch'>co+m,co3

Dimethyl Ketone.

If the fatty-acid salts be dissimilar,
then mixed ketones result thus ;

CH3— COOM + CHs— COOM=

An Acetate. A Benzoate.

^^^>C0 + M,C03

phenyl-methyl V^X.on^ox hypnon. an oily-
like liquid, hypnotic. If we cause one

molecule of acetone to react with two
molecules of ethyl mercaptan we obtain
mercaptal, (di-thio ethyl-dimethyl-met-
hane) thus :

CHg'-^^ ^ ^ HS— C,H5~^

CHs-^^^S— C3H,.
this on oxydation yields snlfonal (di-
sulfonethyl-di-methyl-methane) a crystal-
line hypnotic of formula,

CH3-..^^p^^S07 — C2H5
CH3'^^^S02— C,H5

We have a class of derivatives of car-
bonic acid, this is dibasic and forms amido

^OH />NH3

derivatives, thus : CO CO

^OH ^OH

Hypothetical Carbonic Acid. Carbamic .\cid.

The hydrogen of the OH is replacable
by organic radicals (methyl-ethyl-propyl,

^NH^
etc) , thus : C=:0 giving rise to the

^OR

esters of carbamic acid generall}^ known
as tirethanes. Of this class ethyl urethane
is generally known in medicine as

-^NH,
urethane C=0 crystalline, hyp-

^O— C.H^

notic. The phenyl-ester

^NH— CsH,
C=0 of this latter body is

^O— C0H5

the well known eiiphorhie, an antipyretic
and anti rheumatic. A combination of
ethyl-urethane with chloral is designated
as uraline or chloral urethane a hypnotic.
Replacing a H in one of the amido

/ /NH^N

groups in urea

CO

\

by the phene-

-NH,/

tidine residue, dulcin results
^NH— CoH.OCHg

CO

a principle being

^NH,

200 times sweeter than cane sugar.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

Thio-urea or CS sulfocarbamide is

the base of thiosinamhie, an allyl-thio
carbarmide CS<CAT-tT ^ '" ^ remedy
employed in chronic cutaneous diseases.

AROMATIC COMPOUNDS.

We will now leave the fatty series or
methane derivatives, which are dis-
tinguished by an " open carbon chain "
for those of the " closed ring " or aroma-
tic compounds. Among the bodies which
form the transition to the aromatic group

we have: HC— CH

II II Furfurane.
HC CH

O

HC— CH HC— CH

II li Thiophene. || || Pyrrol.

HC CH HC CH

S NH

The one of greatest interest to us is
pyrrol, a constituent of coal-tar and
bone-oil. This forms the basis of zodo/,
(a substitute for iodoform), which is a
tetra-iodo-pyrrol, four hydrogen atoms
of pyrrol being replaced by iodine.
Pyrrol is also the mother substance of
antipyrin, in which one of the carbon
atoms of pyrrol is replaced by a second N
atom, two hydrogens b}^ methyl and a
third by phenyl CgHg an oxygen replaces
a hydrogen where the double linking of
two carbon atoms is dissolved to a single

A combination of antipyrin with chloral
is designated as hypnal, or mono-or bi-
chloral antipyrin. With butyl-chloral it
combines to butyl hypnol. If one H is
replaced by I, iodopyrin results, combin-
ing the properties of both.

If we introduce a methyl radical for a
hydrogen of the phenyl group in anti-
pyiin, a methylated-phenyl-dimethyl-
pyrazolon is obtained N — CrH^CHs

0=C|

IN— CH,

HCI

HC"

0=C|

NH

N-H

CH ^ ■

0— C N

CH

H3C CH

N-CeH,

o

N
Vh

HC=

Di-methyl-phenyl-
|N — CH3 pyrazolon.

Antipyrin.

=C— CH,

The salycylic acid salt of antipyrin is
called salipyyin.

HC==C— CH3
This is better known under the name of
tolypyrin, an antipyretic. The salicylic
acid salt of this is called tolysal.

BENZENE — DERIVATIVES PROPER.

The aromatic compounds are derived
by substitution, from a nucleus consisting
of six carbon atoms, the simplest of which
is benzene CgHc. The structure of the
benzene nucleus is such, that six carbon
atoms form a closed ring-shaped chain,
the atoms joined alternately by single
and double bonds, each carbon being
linked to a hydrogen. The readiness
with which these hydrogens may be re-
placed will explain the existence of a
vast number of derivatives. Its structure
is symmetric, that is the six affinities of
the nucleus are of equal value.

CH

HCy\CH

r ii

HCX4/ CH
CH

Any one hydrogen atom can be replaced

by another atom or atomic group, hence

the resulting compounds can exist in but

one modification only, thus there can be

but one chlor-benzene (CgH^Cl), one

nitro-benzene CsH-NO.), one benzoic

acid (CsHj-COOH) etc.

Although the six hydrogen atoms in

benzene are of equal value, it is clear

that from the above figuie that each di-

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

derivative (CoHsXo) is capable of existing
in three modifications, their isomerism,
being due to the relative position of the
two substituting groups. Thus di deriva-
tives are known in three modifications,
and no more. These are designated by
the terms

C.,H.N,,H:

ORTHO

1-2

iC. HJ

-/

META
1-3

la, HJ

la H,

PARA

1-4 ^i-^
substitution being affected respectively,
in two adjacent, intermediate or opposite
carbon atoms, giving rise to products
that differ greatly in chemical and phar-
macological action.

By action of nitric acid on benzene we
obtain a nitro-derivative (C,-,H--NO.j)
called oilofmirbane, by reduction of this
we obtain amido benzene or a«////Z(?(C6H5-
NH2). If one of the hydrogens in the
amido group of anilin be substituted by
the acetyl radical (CH3-CO), we obtain
antifebriii (acetanilid C6H5-NH-CH3-CO).
If we replace one hydrogen in the nucleus
of acetanilid by bromine, brom-acetanilid
or antisepsin results. If the other hydro-
gen of the amido group in acetanilide is
replaced by the methyl radical, exalgin

CH,
CH— CO

is obtained, an antineuralgic. Substitu-
ting one hydrogen of the amido group in
anilin by the benzoyl radical (CgH-CO)
benzanilid (C,H5-NH-C,H,-C0) an anti-
pyretic, results.

By the introduction of a second amido
group in place of a H atom in anilin we
ohtdXw phenyl-hydrazine (S^.^.^-'^YL-YiYl^ .
Substitution in the second amido-group
give rise to hydracetin or pyrodin (CgH.:;-
NH-NH-CH,-CO) an antipyretic.

Antithermine (antipyretic) is a con-
densation product of phenyl-hydrazine
v;ith levvilinic acid.

-CH,— COOH

Phenols, are a class of benzene deriva-
tives in which one or more H atoms are
replaced by hydroxyl groups (OH).
Those groups into which one hydroxyl
enters are called mono-hydric phenols,
the most familiar being //i^w^/ or carbolic
acid C«H„-OH. The next higher homo-
logue being cresol,

(methyl-phenol) C,,H,<™'

The trio-iodo derivative of this is called
losophan

trio-iodo -meta-cresol C^H — OH

^. ^l3 /

employed in skin diseases. The next
homologue is thymol a propyl-cresol,

/C.H,
C0H3 — CH3 = Aristol is dithymoldi-
^OH iodide.

Among the next class of benzene deriva-
tives in which two H atoms are replaced
by hydroxyl groups, the dioxy-benzenes,
CgH^OH). we have three isomers, the

OH
Ortho. /\0H

Pyrocatechol I 1.2 I

methyl-acetanilid C^Hs — N<C^,

OH

— the Meta /\

Resorcinol (resorcin) | i 3 1

\/0H

OH

a valuable antiseptic,
and the Para Hydro-
chinon, an antiseptic.

I-4I

\/
OH

The methyl ether of pyrochatechol is
guaiacol ^ ^ ^0CH3 the active con-

stituent of creosote.

-OH

Guaiacol carbonate C6H3— OCH3 and

V ^COOH^

benzoate f benzosol ^^^^qqqq h /

are crystalline derivatives.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

The third class or tri-oxy-benzenes
C6H3(OH);, furnish us pyroga/lol (pyro-
gallic acid) and phlorogliicinol. In the
phenol derivatives, the substituting radi-
cal may enter either into hydroxyl group
or the benzene nucleus. The substitu-
tion of a hydrogen in the nucleus by an
acetyl group, ^w^s gallacetophenon

If the H of the nucleus in phenol, be
substituted by the sulfonic acid group
(SO,,H) under proper conditions the anti-
septic aseptol or sozolic acid

I ortho-phenyl-sulfonic acid,

results. The iodide sustitution product

from the para acid is called soziodolic acid

/ /OH N
CoHo — SO3H the salts of which are

^>, \ I,

employed as substitutes for iodoform.
Picric acid is a tri-nitro-phenol CcH.
(N0,)30H. If the hydrogen be substi-
tuted by bromine the antiseptic tri-broni-

phenol ^ -rr ^Bvs results. If we sub-

stitute a H of the hydroxyl in phenol,
by the methyl group, we have the ether
anisol (CeHj-O CH3) if by ethyl pkenetol
CeH,-0 C,H,,.

If a H of the amido group in phenetidin

f amido-phenetol C6H4<^^Ti ' I

be substituted by the acetyl group, we
obtain phenacetin

I .OCH, (i)

C6H.,<^ acet p-phenetidin

^NH— CH3— CO (4)

the well known antipyretic.
Methacetin

/ .0CH3 (0

CgH^^' acet-p-anisidin

\ ^NH— CH3— CO (4)

an antipyretic, bears the same relation-
ship to anisol as phenacetin to phenetol.

CgH^

Through the endeavors of the Schering

factory, a soluble derivative of phenacetin

was prepared. This was accomplished

without loss of its valuable antipyretic

properties by the introduction of an

amido group in the side chain, which

rendered it capable of uniting with acids

and forming very soluble salts; thus

phenocoll was built up.

OC H
C6H4<^j|^(^Q ^.^ Phenacetin.

-OCH,

-NH— CO CH,— NHo

Phenocoll (glycocoll phenetidin.)
Phenocoll possesses all the valuable
properties of phenacetin, having the ad-
ditional advantage of ready solubility.
Only to be had as acid salts. Properties
antipyretic and antirheumatic.

The aldehydes, are formed by the
substitution of a H in the benzene
nucleus (C,;H,,) by the aldehyde group
CHO. The simplest of these compounds
is benzoic aldehyde CrHj-CHO bitter
almond oil. The mono hydroxy deriva-
tive (oxyaldehyde) of this is salicylic
aldehyde p -„- ^-OH. Salicylic aldehyde

with methyl-phenyl-hydrazin, forms
agathiyi

(^''^^>N— N=HC— C,H,Oh)

an antineuralgic. The methyl ether of
this mono-oxy-aldehyde is anisic aldehyde

p TT ^O CH3 it is formed by the oxi-
^^"''^CHO

dation of oil of anise or anisol (methyl
phenate). As a derivative of a di-oxy-
aldehyde

I protocatechuic aldehyde C6H4<CpTTQ^ I

we have the methyl ether or vanilliji

/OH

CeHg OCH3

\CHO
The aromatic acids are the oxydation
products of the aldehydes, thus benzal-
dehyde yields benzoic acid CgH-.-COOH a

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

benzene-mono-carboxylic acid. By ac-
tion of sulfuric, on benzoic acid, sulfo-
benzoic acids are formed

(c H /-SO -0H\
V ' '"^COOH /

the amide-anhydride of the ortho-acid is

saccharin ^ -^^ ^^SO.-. ^y^-
^otl,<^^Q" J> IN hi

Salicylic acid is tlie acid of the corre-
sponding salicylic aldehyde, it is an
ortho-oxy-benzoic acid p „ ^-OH

The phenyl ester of this salol

-OH

■COO— CoH,

If a H of the amido-group in the
amido-phenyl-ester of salicylic acid

('^•'^'^CO,— CeH,— NhJ

be replaced by an acetyl (CH3-CO) radi-
cal, salophen is obtained, this is an acetyl-
p-amido- phenol-salicylic-ester

P TT ^^OH

^6 ri4<^ CO— CeH.N H— CO C H3
The corresponding acid of the above
anisic aldehj^de is anisic acid,

methyl-p-oxybenzoic acid

C6H4

(■

P TT /-"OCHj \

^^"^^COOH /

its medicinal properties are very similar
to salicylic acid.

We have learned that mono-oxy-
benzoic acid is salicylic acid; di-oxy-
benzoic acid is protocatechuic acid; tri-
oxy-benzoic acid \s gallic acid

C6H,<;^^Pj^-^/; tannic is a di-gallic acid.

Basic gallate ot bismuth is dermatol.

The benzene nuclei condense, the two
rings so combine that they have two
adjoining carbon atoms, thus —
CH CH

HCZ-XCXXCH

I li lA C,„H«

HC II CH

x/cx/-

CH CH
7iapthalene (antiseptic) is formed.

By the replacement of H by OH group
alpha or beta iiapthol results, the beta
derivative being a valuable antiseptic.
The napthyl ether of salicylic acid is
betol, therapeutically this is closely re-
lated to salol, the latter being split up
in the intestines in salic5^1ic acid and
phenol, betol is likewise split up into
salicylic acid and napthol.

r TT ^^^^ p XT ^^^

(^en,<^(^Qfj '^'■■"'^CO,— CeHg

Salicylic Acid. Salol.

P TT /--C^H

^»^^^CO,— Ci„H,

Betoi.

lyike phenol, napthol unites with sulfuric
acid, the alumia salt of this is alicninol
an antiseptic.

Napthol yields an oxy-acid (analogous
to salic3^1ic acid), alpha-oxy-napthoic acid

OJi
CioH,<;qqqjj an anti.septic.

Anthracene arises from the condensa-
tion of three benzene rings

CH
CeH,< I >C6H, [ this on
CH

oxydation yields anthraquinone
(CeH,<^g>C,H,)
Alizarine is a di-oxy-anthraquinone

(C,H,<^^>C,H,(0H/,))

the introduction of a methyl group into
this yields chrysophanic acid, employed
in skin diseases.

BASES — ALKALOIDS.

This class of compounds comprise de-
rivatives and condensation products from
a ring similar to benzene, differing how-
ever in the replacement of a carbon atom
by that of a nitrogen, this ba.se is called

CH
HC/XCH
Pyridin, CH^N. || |

HC\/CH

N

lO

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

Among these hsiS^s piperasin a uric acid
solvent may be classed, being considered
as a hexa-hydro-derivative of pyrazine
which is pyridin, in which a CH group

NH

HC

HC

CH CH

CH

HC N

replaced by nitrogen, thus:

H,C

H,C

CH,
CH„

NH

Piperazine may also be considered as

diethylen- ^^-p^^CH,,— CH

■CH

NH<^:^;_^J^;>NH.

OH

diamine.

Pyridin readily attracts H, hexa-
hydro-pyridin is piperidine CjHnN.

The propyl derivative of pyridine is
coniine (CsHioH-CsH,). Nicotine, atropine
and cocaine are derivatives of hydrated-
pyridines,

{To be Continued.)

Chi?iolme\s produced
by a coalescence of the
benzene and pyridine
rings Cc,H;N. this
with its salts are em-
ployed as antiseptics.
Like pyridine it readily takes up hydro-
gen, as hydrides ofchinoline we have
kairin (C,,Hio(C,H,ONO) or

H

I ethyl - oxy - tetrahydro -

chinoline, the first syn-
thetic antipyretic. Thai-
line is oxy-methy)-tetra-
hydro-chinolin (C9H10N
(OCH3)), as derivatives
we have quinine, strych-
nine, hydrastine, etc. Analgen, an anti-
pyretic, is an ortho-ethoxy-mono-benzoyl-
amido-chinolin.

— H

»

— H

N

i
CH.

USE OF UNAUTHORIZED NAMES FOR VEGETABLE DRUGS AND flEDICINAL PLANTS.

By henry H. RUSBY, M. D.,
Professor of Physiology, Botany, Pharmacognosy and Materia Meaica, at New York College of Pharmacy.

TN one way or another everyone who
■^ has much to do with pharmacy suffers
from the custom noted in this title. The
clerk wastes valuable time in a vain
search for an unrecorded name, although
the article itself may be well-known to
him under its ordinary title, (as "Cuca"
for Coca,) and the customer — perhaps a
physician — is sent away annoyed and dis-
satisfied. Or, perhaps misled by the im-
proper use of a common name, the clerk
is led to furnish an article not desired
by the customer, (as "Zanthorhiza" in-
stead of Hydrastis, for Yellow Root,)
and, however correct his action, suffers
from all the discredit of having committed
an error. The employer, in making his
purchase, orders one thing and receives
another, (as "Cherry Laurel" instead
of Myrcia, for Bay Leaves,) or orders

something supposed to be new — the phy-
sician being, geuerall}^, in this case the
one principally involved — and gets an
old and generally discarded article, or
one possibly already in stock, (as "Eri-
geron" for Pride Weed).

Not infrequently is the physician made
the victim ot a direct fraud, (as in the
case of "Ditana digitifolia" which does
not exist,) in which case he can never
quite free himself from a feeling towards
the druggist as though the latter had
been a confederate in it. True, the drug-
gist has acted merely as an agent — and an
unconscious one — but then he "ought to
have known," and his knowledge should
have protected his over-credulous broth-
er, who is not expected "to be posted"
on such matters.

Finall}', the professor and the edito

777^ ALUMNI JOURNAL.

<^who are not like other men, but are sup-
posed to know not only everything, but
even things which are not,) are applied
to, and either weariedly repeat an oft-
repeated explanation, wondering mean-
while if it would not pay to have printed
forms for some of these things, or lose
themselves in a necessarily futile search
after a trade secret. And all these in-
conveniences are without a single com-
pensating feature, unless it be in some
cases the favoring of ulterior purposes.
It is a custom common enough, yet en-
tirely without excuse, as there is no
obstacle to the employment of an authori-
tative name for every article in medicinal
use. Probably its most serious evil re-
sult is one that does not appear directly
to those who are inconvenienced, but to
which they are unconsciously inclined — ■
a disgust for everything new and a disin-
clination to participate in that experi-
mental research which has given us
every good thing which we possess, from
which alone we can hope for any more
good things in the future, and whose
success requires the intelligent co-opera-
tion ot the rank and iile, as well as the
pioneering of a few leaders.

To understand the introduction of
these misleading names we must consider
them in classes. Errors in common names
must be charged generally to common
ignorance, though they are sometimes
the result of design. The same thing
growing in remote districts receives dif-
ferent vernacular names and an old drug,
especiall}^ if long out of use, is at any
time liable to reappear and flourish for a
time under some one of these local names
tiot previously connected with its general
use, as in the case of Shepherd's Purse.
The uneducated eye of the immigrant to
a new country apparently beholds in one
of its plants, similar onl)^, a medicinal
plant previousl}^ known to him, and the
■corresponding name is wrongly bestowed

upon it, giving us two drugs of the same
name as in the case of Angelica ; the
subsequent prefixing of the qualification
" American," " Mexican," or " Brazil-
ian," is very rarely successful, as the
majority of people will not take the
trouble to employ it.

If the present remarks were in reference
to the ethical aspects of the case, our
special compliments would here be paid
to those who apply some fanciful name to
a well-known substance, or combination
of them, and by virtue of false represen-
tations establish a place for it in the trade,
and for its new name in medical litera-
ture. But utterly unjustifiable as this is,
from a moral point of view, it hardly con-
tributes to an immediate confusion of
nomenclature, as the new name is usually
made to stand independently in profes-
sional outlawry.

The scientific names, while on a very
different plane, are subject to precisely
similar contingencies. Vernacular con-
fusions are scarcely more common than
the application of new names for alkaloids
or other proximate principles already iso-
lated elsewhere and otherwise named,
(as Buxine — Pelosine — Beberine.) while
the possession of two or more botanical
names is the unhappy condition of a
majority of at least all the more early
known plants. Even the opposite con-
dition of having two or more plants in-
cluded under one botanical name is not
so very uncommon, as witness Cephaelis
Ipecacuanha for the very dissimilar Ipe-
cac plants of New Grenada and Brazil,
Pilocarpus Selloanus for the equally dis-
tinct Jaborandi plants (now separated by
Mr. Holmes,) of Pernambuco and Rio,
and Prunus Virginiana for the worthless
genuine P. Virginiana, L. and the valu-
able P. serotina, Ehrh. In short, there
is no class of names in use by our profes-
sion which are out of the reach of the
misconceptions under consideration.

12

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

The responsibility for everything be-
ing traceable to somebody, to whom are
we to look for the correction of this very
troublesome state of affairs ? Clearly, to
those who make use of drug and plant
names. There is no system of penalties
and fines for mere carelessness in this
matter, which belongs to that class of
obligations known as "honorable."
Every time that the editor, the teacher,
the physician or the pharmacist employs
an unauthorized name, or employs a
name in an unauthorized manner, he
strikes a blow at the exactness of his
science.

It is true that we have not, in all cases,
a clear definition of what constitutes
authority, but even where this is want-
ing we have sufficient guidance in good
usage and common sense.

Referring to all articles incorporated
into the U. S- P., there should be no de-
viation from the rule of using no other
names than the official Latin or English
title, or a synonym endorsed by that work.
The practice of sending out Eadies'
Slipper marked "Nervine," or Cimi-
ciFUGA marked "Black Root," is to be
condemned. If ordered under an ill-ad-
vised name, such name might be affixed
as synonymous with the auihorized one,
which should always be printed or writ-
ten as the principal name, thus tending
to discourage the use of those which are
not authorized. The ground for such
action does not rest upon any assumption
that the official name is better selected
than another would be, though such a
presumption properly exists. It is rather
because the proper application of that
title is rigidly fixed by the Pharmaco-
poeial definition and description. In the
case of non-official names, a careful in-
vestigation will generally discover the
name which is endowed with authority.
It is a fixed rule of science that a dis-
coverer shall have the right to bestow a

name of his own selection or formation
upon the thing discovered. If this name
be selected or formed in accordance with
the rules of nomenclature, and properly
published, none subsequently proposed
has the right to supersede it, nor has
anyone the right to apply this name to
anything else. If, through either ignor-
ance or design, this rule be for a time
violated, the restoration of the original
name, or the original application of the
name, so soon as the facts shall have be-
come established, is imperative. So sen-
sible a rule may well be applied to the
titles of drugs

He who first makes known to medical
science the medicinal properties and uses
of a drug is entitled to select or form a
name for it, the native name, or one of
them, if it have any that is admissible,
being naturally adopted. If this name
be so published as to fix the origin and
identity of the drug, the name should be
permanent, and should be regarded as
authoritative. An exception is very prop-
erly made to copyrighted names, because
while their formation observes the letter,
it violates the principles of the rules of
nomenclature. In all of those rules
there is nothing arbitrary. All are based
on the principle of serving the public
welfare and convenience, whereas the
object of copyrighting and trade-marking
is to violate this principle, in the interest
of the owner. Public spirit and policy
therefore dictate that a concerted ac-
tion should be promptly made by profes-
sional people to break down the influence
of the proprietorship, by making known
some equivalent title, as has been suc-
cessfully done in the ca.se of Acetanilide.

The " proper publication" of a drug
name, herein referred to,_ is its careful
reference to the species of plant yielding
it, with a description sufficient for identi-
fying it and determining its good quality.
True, the botantical origin cannot in aU

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

13

cases be determined at once. In such
cases an adequate description can propl
erly suffice until the necessary botanica-
information can be gained. It will thus
be seen that every properly constituted
drug-name is capable of being readily
traced to a substantial and established
basis. Wherever a name is found in-
capable of such explanation it should be
rejected, and if the article have no better
name, it should be ignored. It has been
repeatedly pointed out, and cannot be
too strongly impressed, that while the
observance of this rule can not pos-
sibly work an injustice, it effectually
closes the door against the introduc-
tion of fraudulent articles, and insures
a general and uniform understanding
of plant names. Had it been more
carefully observed by editors, especially
of medical journals, in the past, our
literature would have escaped a large
number of hideous deformities.

The fact already referred to is not to be

lost sight of, that most medicinal plants
possess more than one botantical name,
and that in many cases the same botani-
cal name has been applied to two or
more plants. The difficult}' thus created
is in most cases met by regarding the
name of the authpr of the botanical
name as a necessary adjunct thereto.
Even the careful definitions of the U. S.
P. would be absolutely worthless ex-
cept by their observance of this rule.
Occasionally even the same author has
applied one name to two plants, and this
contingency is provided for by stipulating
that it is \i\?, first application of the name
which shall be recognized.

Those interested in the rules for the
application and use of botanical names
will find the chief guiding principles
printed in the "Seventh Revision of the
U. S. P.," page xxxii. of the preface,
and elaborately explained in the Bul-
letin of Pharmacy, July and December,
1892.

MALPRACTICE AS DEFINED BY LAW.

By Hon. D.WID McADAMS,
Judge of the Superior Court of New York City-

■^^/E are only able to allow space for
two extracts from Judge Mc Adams'
address, delivered before the Society of
Medical Jurisprudence at the Academj- of
Medicine, November 13, 1893. Hon.
David McAdam is judge of the New York
Superior Court, and speaks as an author-
ity upon " malpractice as defined by
law." We would commend this entire
address as valuable reading to all who
can secure it. The New York Herald

of December 7, gives an excellent synop-
sis :

IMPLIED OBLIGATIONS OF THE PROFESSIONS.

"The obligation of the two professions is the
same. Physicians, surgeons, dentists, druggists
and lawyers, by holding themselves out to the
world as such, impliedly contract that they pos-
sess the reasonable and ordinary qualifications
of their profession, and are consequently under
a duty to exercise reasonable and ordinary care,
skill and diligence toward those who employ
them. The world has not time to inquire into
the proficiency of every professional man ;

14

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

hence, it presumes him to be furnished with
that amount of skill which he is under obliga-
tion; by virtue of his calling, to possess. It
may and does vary widely among men, but it
must at least be sufficient to entitle him to a
recognized place among his own fraternity. If,
therefore, by illegally assuming a title, or
assuming one he is incompetent to fill, he holds
himself out as a practioner of any science, then
he does not possess the required qualifications,
and induces the public to employ him, he is a
wrongdoer ab initio, and any person injured by
his performances has an action against him.

The courts have ruled that no attorney can
be held to infallibility of judgment or to a war-
ranty of the result of his efforts. Attorneys do
not profess to know all the law or to be incap-
able of error or mistakes in applying it to the
facts of every case, as even the most skilful of
the profession. What he is responsible for is
ordinar}' skill, diligence and care, having refer-
ence to the nature of the business he undertakes
to do, and for any failure to exercise these an
action may be maintained by his client against
him.

MALPRACTICE DEFINED.

Malpractice is bad or unskilful practice in a
physician or other professional person whereby
injury is caused. Blackstone says concerning
it : — ' For it hath been solemnly resolved that
Malpraxis is a great misdemeanor and ofi"ense
at common law, whether it be for curiosity and
experiment or b)' neglect, because it breaks the
trust which the party had placed in his phy-
sician, and tends to the patient's destruction"
(3 Black. Com., 122).

Malpractice may be divided into three parts —
I. Wilful; 2. Negligent; 3. Ignorant.

Wilful takes place when the physician pur-
posely administers medicines or performs an
operation which he knows and expects will re-
sult in damage or death to the individual under
his care.

Negligent malpractice comprehends those
cases where there is no criminal or dishonest
object, and includes gross negligence of that
attention which the situation of the patient
requires.

Ignorant malpractice is the administration of
treatment calculated to do injury, and which
does harm, and that which a scientific medical
man would know was not proper.

Malpractice can only be affirmed where the

physician has set aside established principles
and neglected to employ means which are uni-
versally held to be necessary in the given case.
If medical men fail to discharge their duty in a
skilful and attentive manner, the law will grant
redress to the party injured by their neglect or
ignorance, in the form of an action on the case,
as for a tortuous misconduct, and no fees can be
recovered,"

LIABILITY OF DRUGGISTS.

" The rule of liability of a druggist who de-
livers a deleterious drug to one who calls for
a harmless one is the same as that which gov-
erns the liability of professional persons whose
work requires special knowledge and skill, and
a person is not legally responsible for any un-
intentional consequential injury resulting from
a lawful act when a failure to exercise due
and proper care cannot be imputed to him.

An action against a druggist for an error of
his clerk in compounding a prescription rests
upon negligence, and a right of recovery does
not arise from the mere fact that a drug given
was not included in such a prescription, as the
defendant is entitled to have the question of
the competency of his clerk and the exercise
of due and proper care on his part submitted
to the jury.

In such case, when the defendant assumes
to fill the prescription, undertakes that he pos-
sesses the ordinary skill of a druggist or
apothecary, and that he will exercise due and
proper care in putting up the medicine re-
quired, the degree of care being proportionate
to the gravity of the injury that woulil neces-
sarily result from a want of care, the failure to
exercise due and proper care is the only ground
upon which a recovery can be had in such ac-
tion.

One who is ignorant of the properties of a
poisonous drug is liable to a criminal prosecu-
tion for a negligent sale or use thereof

A druggist who grinds medicines in a mortar
which has been used to grind poisons without
properly cleansing it is liable to one injured by
means of such careless use. So of a druggist on
shipboard who neglects cleansing drinking uten-
sils after using them v ith poisonous .substances.
So of a druggist who sells morphine instead of
quinine, which causes death.

A druggist who sells a deadly poison as a
harmless medicine is liable, and one who labels
a deadly poison as a harmless drug is liable for
all consequences."

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

^5

SYNTHETIC REMEDIES.

By VIRGIL COBLliNTZ, Ph.D.,
Professor of Theory and Practice of Pharmacy. Director of the Pharmaceutical Laboratory.

"T^HE following comprises a resume of
the more important synthetic reme-
dies.introduced during the past year.

Alumnol— Aluminium salt of nap-
thol-sulfonic acid. A fine powder, very
soluble, employed for antiseptic dress-
ings; non-poisonous when employed ex-
ternally; dissolves in purulent discharges,
hence does not stop up wounds.

Amido-antipyrine — Antipyretic,
more soluble than antipyrine.

AnTispasmin — ^A preparation consist-
ing of one molecule of narceine sodium
combined with 3 mol. sodium salicylate;
contains about ^0% narceine. A very
soluble and pure form of narceine. Recom-
mended as hypnotic and sedative. Dose
0.006 to o. I gms.

AsAPROL — -A soluble derivative of
/^-napthol, sulfonic ether of /:/-napthoI,
as calcium salt, white powder, very solu-
ble; resembles soda salicylate as antisep-
tic, and as remedy in acute articular
rheumatism. Dose same as the sali-
cylate.

Bismuth Phenates — Among a group
of antiseptic combinations of Bismuth,
the following are more important; Phenol
Bismuth — Cresol Bi.<".muth — Tribrom phe-
nol Bismuth — Chlorphenol Bismuth —
Resorcin Bismuth and Beta-napthol Bis-
muth. These form neutral, inodorous,
tasteless powders of red, yellow and
white colors; insoluble in water. Among
these, the Napthol Bismuth has found
application in treatment of the first stages
of cholera, dose 2 gms. In the intestines

it is split up into Beta-napthol, which is
eliminated through the kidneys, and
Bismuth Oxide- The Tribrom-phenol
Bismuth is recommended as an intestinal
antiseptic; forms a yellow colored, neu-
tral, insoluble powder, containing 50%
Tribrom-phenol; said to be almost a
specific against choler.i-bacilli. Dose
5 to 7 gms.

Benzo PARA-CRESOL — Prepared by ac-

tion of benzoyl chlo-
ride on the soda salt
of para-cresol. In-
soluble in water.
Soluble in ether and
hot alcohol. Proper-
ties antiseptic.

C CH3

/A

HC CH

I II
HC CH

V

C— CO-CeH,

Caffeine Chloral — A mixture of
the two in molecular proportions. Ad-
ministered hypodermically in doses of 0.2
to 0.4 gms. in relieving habitual consti-
pation.

Chloraloxime — V. Heyden prepared
a new class of compounds from chloral
and oximes :

H=NOH + CCL COH=CCK

COH
( ON=H

This body on being heated with water
separates its chloral. Recommended as
hypnotic.

Chloralose — An hydro-gluco -choral.
Prepared by Harinot from anhydrous
chloral and glucose; crystalline, sparing-
ly soluble in cold, and very soluble in
alcohol and hot water. Hypnotic action
greater than chloral, showed no toxic
properties. Dose of 0.5 gms. produced

i6

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

deep and quiet sleep in individuals who
were not affected by other hypnotics.
Its solution is very bitter ; best given in
capsules.

Chloroform — Anschiitz proposed the
preparation of a pure chloroform, based
on the fact that it combines with salicy-
lide (dehydration of salicylic acid) form-
ing an insoluble cryst. compound :

fc6H,<^^] 2CHCI3 with 33% chloro-
form; stable when kept in closed vessels;
on vv^arming chloroform is liberated.

Creosotal — A mixture of carbonates
of guaiacol and homologues found in
creosote; is prepared by passing a current
of phosgene (CO Clj) through a solu-
tion of sodium creosote. A viscous liquid,
inodorous ; insoluble in water, glycerin
and dil. alcohol. Substitute for creosote.
Dose 10 to 20 gms. Does not disturb the
digestive functions ; in the intestines it
splits up into creosote and COo.

Di-iodoform-tetraiodoethylenk-
C2I4 — Of all iodized antiseptics this con-
tains the highest per cent, of iodine; no
odor, yellow crystals.

DuLCiN OR Sucrol — Para-phenetol-
carbamide. It is closely related to Urea,
in which the H in one of the aniodo
groups is replaced hy the phenetidine
residue, thus :

C0<

NH2
NH,

Urea

pp,^NHCeH,OC,H,

A white crystal, solid ; soluble in 800
parts cold and 50 of hot water and 25 of
alcohol. Because of its intense sweet
taste, being 200 times that of cane sugar,
offers a substitute for this carbohydrate.
In large doses does not produce injurious
effects ; and in long continued use, does

not create the dislike usually caused by
saccharin.

FoRMANiLiD — CeHgNHCOH. Pris-
matic crystals, very soluble. In hy-
podermic injections of 3% solution acts
as an anaesthetic. A 20^0 solution,
when applied to the tongue produces
prolonged numbness. Sprinkled upon
bleeding wounds, it stems the flow of
blood batter than antipyrine. As .an an-
odyne the maximum dose is o 5 gm.

Formalin — Formic aldehyde being a
well-known powerful anti-bacterial, has
led to its introduction by the Schering
factory; is an aqueous 40% solution.
Owing to the volatility of formic aldehyde,
it is given off at ordinary temperature.
In dilution of i to 20,000 it destroys the
anthrax bacillus in one hour, excelling
all disinfectants and equal to sublimate;
preferred to this because of its non-pois-
onous properties. Valuable for disin-
fecting instruments, sponges, sick rooms,
etc., a \% solution best adapted. Em-
ployed in form of dry powder, contain-
ing 20%; the absorbent material being
infusional earth.

Gallanol — An anilid of Gallic acid;
obtained by heating aniline and tannin
together. Forms colorless crystals; bit-
ter taste; very slightly soluble in cold
water, more so in hot water and alcohol.
Employed as a substitute for pyrogallol
in psoriasis, and has the advantage of
being non-poisonous and non-irritating.
In ointment 10 to 20%.

Iodine Eugenol — Obtained by treat-
ing an alkaline solution of eugenol with
iodine.

Iodo-caffeine — A compound of caf-
feine with sodium iodide; unstable, hot
water is sufficient to decompose it.

loDOL Caffeine — A crystalline com-

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

17

pound formed by the action of iodol on with 3 parts of 10% KOH solution. It

caffeine. Inodorous arid tasteless; recom- is a transparent solution miscible with

mended because of its greater stability water in all proportions. Disinfectant

than iodol. properties equal to Lysol.

lyORETlN — lODOOXY-CHINOI^IN SULFO-
NIC ACID — Iodoform substitute, inodor-
ous, yellow; almost insoluble in water and
alcohol; forms soluble salts with alkalies.

Mercury, Gallate and Tannate —
Mercuric gallate is prepared b}'- precipi-
tating a solution of mercuric acetate with
gallic acid, yielding on drying, a brown-
ish powder. Mercurous gallate being
prepared from mercurous nitrate and
gallic acid, yielding a drj', greenish
powder. Tannate of mercury — 76.2 gms.
tannin is tritulated with 25.7 gms. 5'el-
low oxide of mercury and 50C.C, of
water; when dr\' is olive green. Both
are employed as antisyphilitics, in form
of pill, combined with ext. cinchona.
Daily total dose o.i to 0.2 gms.

Malakin — Salic)daldehyd-para-phe-
netidin. Closely related to phenacetin.
Yellow cry St.; insoluble in cold water;
contains about 50% salic3-lalhyde. Em-
ployed in muscular rheumatism, neural-
gia. Dose 4 to 6 gms. dail}^

Pheduretin — A phenol derivative,
composition not given ; tasteless white
cryst.; insoluble in water. Doses of 0.5
to I gni, a powerful diuretic.

Phenol Chlorine and Bromine de-
rivatives — Para-chlorine Phenol, crys-
talline ; odor of phenol ; slightly soluble
in water. Ortho-brom-phenol is a violet
colored liquid. Both employed in the
treatment of erysipelas ; i to 2% in oint-
ment.

PixoL — A soluble wood -tar prepara-
tion ; 3 parts of wood-tar warmed with i
part of soft soap, this gradually mixed

RESORCYLALGIn — Antiseptic; mad&by
the action of potassium resorcylate on
antipyrine. Potass, resorcylate . (resor-
cinate) made b}' boiling i part re.sorcin
with 5 parts KHCO3 and 10 parts water.
Resorcylalgin is slightlj^ soluble in water,
very soluble in alcohol. Because of its
strong acid properties forms soluble salts
with .alkaline bases.

Rubidium Iodide — The Stassfurter
potassium salts furnish the source of this
base. The iodide is offered as a substi-
tute for the' corresponding potassium and
sodium salts; inodorous white crystals ;
milder taste ; permanent in air ; more
soluble than KI ; free from disturbances
produced by the potassium base KI.

Salicylacetol— Because of the de-
compos'tion of salol in the system into
salicylic acid and phenol, the toxic effects
of the latter being often manifested, led
to the introduction of salophen ; this
splits up into salicylic acid and amido-
phenol. This same view led to the com-
bination of salicylic acid with a non-
poisonous body, acetone. It is made by
the reaction between mono-chlor-acetone
and soda salicylate :.

- >CO^i + C„H4<Qoo Na'

CH

:ci

,0H

C H <:^^''^ -f Na CI

'^«"^^C00CH,C0CH3^

Forms crystalline needles, sparingly solu-
ble in water. Employed in the treat-
ment of summer diarrhoea. Dose 2 to 3
gms. daily.

Salocoll — Phenocoll Salicylate. The
salicylate of this well-known remedy,

i8

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

phenocoll, which has been employed
chiefly as hydrochloride. The after effects
produced by the soluble salts of this base
are absent in this, probably because of
its insolubility ; mild and reliable anti-
pyretic, anti-neuralgic ; in doses of i to
2 gms. several times daily. Specific in
influenza.

SaLUMIN — AIvUMlNlUM SALICYLATE —
Recommended in catarrhal affections.
— Riedel.

Sedatin — para-valeryl-amido-phene-
tol. A patented sedative made by re-
action between para-mido-phenetol and
valeric acid. Dose not given.

Sodium Peroxide — Employed as
bleaching and oxidizing agent; yellowish
powder, very soluble in water. In con-
tact with water oxygen is disengaged;
with dilute acids it forms hydrogen pe-
roxide, of course the liquid must be well
cooled. Contains 20% active ox^'gen.

Sodium Sulfocaffeate — -Nasrol —
Since the introduction of the sulpho.
group decreases the medicinal potency in
phenol groups, the same was tried here
with success. Bitter, crystalline, slight-
ly soluble in cold water; non-toxic, does
not irritate the stomach. Solutions con-
taining more than 5% are not stable.
Besides above soda, lithium and stron-
tium salts are prepared. A powerful
diuretic. Dose i gm. in capsule.

Tannal — aluminium tannate — Ap-
plication like unto that of Salumin. —
Riedel.

Thuiret — CgH^NjS, — A sulphurated
antiseptic. Oxydatious product of phenyl-
dithiobiuret. Inodorous crystalline pow-
der, insoluble in water; soluble in alco-
hol and ether. Has the property of
giving up sulphur readily (statu nascendi)

upon which its disinfectant properties
depend. As best adapted salt of this
basic thuiret, is the para-phensulfonate,
a yellow crystalline inodorous powder,
which can be employed in solution as
well as dry antiseptic.

Thiofobm — Basic dithio-salicylate of
bismuth. A substitute for iodoform, in-
odorous, yellow-brown, insoluble powder.
Advantages claimed, being inodorous
and non-toxic.

Thymacetin — A crystalline solid; de-
rived from thymol, in which an ethyl
group is substituted for the H of hy-
droxyl, and an acetylated amido group
for a H in the nucleus. Employed as
an anti-neuralgic.

TOLYLANTIPYRINE DERIVATIVES-The

chlorhydrat, isonitroso, monobromo and
monoiodo. These are all less soluble than
the corresponding antipyrine derivatives,
like tolypyrine itself, being only soluble
12 parts in 100 of water.

Tricresol — A purified mixture of the
three isomers of cresol; soluble to extent
of 2.5% in water, forming a neutral solu-
tion. A I %■ aqueous solution is equal in
disinfecting power to a 3% aqueous
phenol solution.

Xylenol Salols — Made by the action
of dehydrating agents on a mixture of
salicylic acid and xylenol, yielding ortho-
meta and para salicylate of xylenole.
Physically and chemically resembles the
well-known salols ; insoluble in water,
alcohol and ether; without any noticeable
taste or odor. Employed as intestinal
disinfectants.

Zinci-boricum — Prepared by mixing
solution of 5 parts zinc sulphate in 50
parts water, with solution of 4 parts
borax in 100 parts of water.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

19

Published under the auspices of the

Alumni Association of the Collep of Ptiarmacy

OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,

209 EAST 23d STREET.

Vol. I.

February t, 1894

No. I.

The Alumni Journal will be pubHshed Monthly,
excepting June, July and August.

SUBSCRIPTION:
Per Annum, . . . One Dollar

Single Copies, ... 15 Cents.

All copy for publication, or changes of advertisements
should reach us on or before the 20th of the month pre-
vious to the issue in which they are to appear.

Correspondents will please write on one side of the
paper only, and address all editorial matter to

O. G. Harrison, M.D.,* 209 East 23d Street.

All communications relating to finances and sub-
scriptions should be addressed to

A. Henning, Treas., 209 East 23d Street.

All communications relating to advertising should be
addressed to

F. B. Caswell. Manager Advertising Department,

209 East 23d Street.

INTRODUCTORY.

We present to you the initial number
of The Alumni Journal, believing it
will be gladly welcomed by all interested
in pharmaceutical education, and more es-
pecially by the graduates and members
of the N. Y. College of Pharmacy, in
whose interest it will be published.

Beginning under ihe auspices of the
Alumni Association and representing
both the association and the college, it
will, as far as possible, preserve an inde-
pendence in its views, and will advance

*Owingto the sudden death of the editor, Dr. O. G.
Harrison, close to the date of publication of this number,
_«11 editorial matter should be addressed to
Fred Hohenthal,

8s7 Third Avenue, New York.

fearlessly the interests of pharmaceutical
education.

From time to time in the history of the
College and the Alumni Association, a
paper, or journal of a representative
character has been suggested, and the
subject agitated; never meeting with any
degree of success until this year, when
the matter was thoroughly discussed.

That the time had arrived for such a
publication was obvious to all closely as-
sociated in our college work, and so
urgent have been these demands that an
editorial staff was secured and the or-
ganization of the present journal com-
pleted.

The Journal will be published
monthly, omitting June, July and
August, and will contain original articles
by known writers on pharmaceutical
topics and leading events of interest to
our profession.

It will contain reports of the transac-
tions of the college and alumni meetings.

All scientific papers read at the alumni
meetings, and such lectures as shall be
given in the alumni course will be re-
ported.

Each month we will devote to the
Senior Class two pages, and Junior Class
one page for such items and notes as
shall come to us from the class reporters.
A column of general notes and personals
will be given, and we request items of
such a nature.

Visiting graduates often express regret
that they have heard nothing regarding
former classmates since leaving college.
We believe this portion of our Journal
can be made of great interest to all who
retain warm memories of college days.

Such books as shall be brought to our
attention will be reviewed, and from
time to time a list of the more recent
publications tor use of pharmacists will
be given.

We appeal to every graduate of the

20

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

N. Y. College of Pharmacy to not only
support The Journal by sending in his
subscription at once, but to secure a
number of subscribers in his vicinit}^, and
to lend his influence in promoting the
success of The Journal. Also, if he is
not already a member of the Alumni As-
sociation, we extend to him an invitation
to join, and in this way assist the As-
sociation in its work of advancing the
interests of our Alma Mater.

Since the establishment of the Alumni
Association it has identified itself with
ever}^ college interest, and we believe
has largely assisted in its progress and
success.

We know that our graduates all over
the country could do a grand work,
proving their loyalty to the college
which gave them their profession, by in-
creasing her interests in their own imme-
diate vicinity, and each one becoming a
distributing centre of college news.

The college is now completing one of
the finest buildings in the world for
pharmaceutical education, built and de-
signed entirely for teaching purposes. It
looks to its graduates to send next year
a larger class than ever before. The
success and future of the college is de-
termined largely by the activity of its
graduates.

Our college has always taken an ad-
vanced position in matters relating to
pharmaceutical education. This year
will mark another forward movement,
for with the new building and increased
facilities for practical laboratory instruc-
tion, largely replacing the old didactic
lecture system. We shall have oppor-
tunity for larger classes with more hours
of instruction, and thus aid in making
the graduates of the college practical
men in their profession.

Advantages ot special courses can be
obtained by those wishing to continue
their studies in anv of the deoartments

of Materia Medica, Chemistry and Phar-
macy. Also a post-graduate course cov-
ering one year of practical work and for
which an advanced degree will be given,
is promised for the session of '95-'96.
O. G. Harrison, M. D.

It is with the deepest regret and sorrow
that we have to inform our readers of the
sudden death of our chief editor, Dr.
Oscar G. Harrison. His sad death oc-
curred so soon before this journal went
to press, that the following short histor}'^
of his life and career is all that could be
devoted to him. Dr. Harrison was born
October 28, 1863, graduated at our col-
lege in 1S90, and from the College of
Physicians and Surgeons in 1891. His
death occurred January 14. 1894, after
only five days' illness with appendicitis.
He vi^as instructor in botany, materia
medica, physiology and pharmacognosy
at our college, and assistant to Professor
Wilcox at the Post Graduate Medical
School. In him our college, as well as
the Alumni Association and the students
lost a staunch friend, and an intelligent,
zealous, conscientious teacher and ad-
viser in the branch of knowledge to which
he had so earnestly devoted himself. The
funeral services took place Thursday,
January 18, at 10.30 A.M., at the Broad-
way Tabernacle, and was largely attend-
ed. There were present the faculty of
our college, its officers, trustees and a
number of its members, also members of
the Alumni Association, as well as a good
representation of the classes of '94 and
'95. The remains will be interred in the
family plot in Connectici.t.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

21

^issociatioi> Notes.

Minutes of the meeting of the Alumni
Association held January lo, 1894.

The meeting- was called to order at 8
P. M. by President Graeser. The lecture
room was crowded with the members and
friends of the alumni and the college,
and the students of the classes of '94 and
'95 Upon motion the reading of the
minutes of the last meeting was dispensed
with. The following gentlemen were
elected to membership: William C. Oet-
inger, '88, Ira lUo Hopkins, '93, Alex-
ander Krsemer, '93.

The president then introduced Profes-
sor Virgil Coblentz of our college who
delivered a highly instructive and inter-
esting lecture on "Relationship between
the chemical constitution and the physi-
ological action of the newer synthetic
remedies."

Alter the conclusion of the lecture
which elicited a storm of applause, Mr.
Hohenthal moved that a vote of thanks
be tendered Prof. Coblentz and that the
lecture be published in The Alumni
Journal.

There being no further business the
meeting adjourned.

Harry Heller, Secretary.

Meeting of the Executive Board held
in the College lyibrary, January 10, 1894.

The meeting was called to order by the
president in his usual graceful manner at
10 P. M.

There were present Messrs. Graeser,
Henning, Hohenthal, Heller, and Miss
Mahegin.

Considerable business in regard to The
Alumni Journal was transacted ; the
usual bills for postage, printing, etc.,
were passed for payment on being found
correct, and after some informal discus-

sion about the needs of the association,
and its future policy, the meeting ad-
journed at 10.45 p. M.

Harry Heller, Secretary.

The next Pharmaceutical meeting of
the Alumni Association will be held at
the college, 209-213 East Twenty-third
street, on Wednesday evening, February
14th, at 8 o'clock. Dr. Cyrus Edson
will deliver a lecture on "Nervous
Exhaustion," demonstrating the use of
the "Eavage Tube" in wa.shing out the
stomach.

The members and students of the col-
lege and their friends are cordially invi-
ted to attend.

OBITUARY.

Louis F. Hiltz, valedictorian of the class of
1890, was run over and killed by a trolley car in
Brooklyn, on December nth, 1893.

He was born at Norwalk, O., on August 8th,
187 1, and received his education in the public
schools of that city. In 1886 he entered the
employ of E. R. Leich, at Cleveland, O., and
from there came East to attend our college,
from which he graduated in 1890. In April, '91,
he established a retail pharmacy at the corner
of Herkimer street and Hopkinson ave., Brook-
lyn, of which he was the proprietor at the time
of his death. The remains were interred in the
family plot at Norwalk, O.

He was married about a year, and his widow
and a child three weeks old survive him. The
shock has so prostrated his wife that her re- _^
covery is doubtful.

The; annual ball of the German Apothecaries'
Society took place on Friday, Jan. 9, and was
very well attended. At 10 o'clock P. M. Mr.
Martin Arneman led the opening march,
which was beautifully executed. The festivi-
ties were ended only when it was time to open
the drugstores in the morning. Of our gradu-
ates there were present: Messrs. M. Arneman,
J. Pfeiffer, A. Behrens, H. Wurm, F. Hohen-
thal and many others.

22

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

T^cpior Gl^ss Notes.

EXCURSION.

It was indeed a jolly crowd that started out
from the college Thursday morning, December
2 1st, and, with colors conspicuously worn,
wended their way to the Chambers street ferry
on their way to the fair realms of Jersey.

The occasion was the annual outing of the
senior class to the factories of Seabury &
Johnson and E. R. Squibb & Sons. When the
boat having the students on board reached the
other shore, their ranks were re enforced by
others of the class who had awaited their arrival
at the railroad station.

It was but the wait of a few minutes before
the train started, and after a ride of half an hour
it drew up at East Orange, only a short distance
from the works of Seabury & Johnson. Upon
arriving there the class separated into two sec-
tions and the students were shown through all
the various departments. They first entered
the room where the extract of belladonna is
prepared. Here the still and the huge percola-
tors were a source of general interest. They
were then shown successively the assay room,
the cotton room where the crude material is
made absorbent, the department devoted to the
making of plaster masses and the spreading of
the same, the engine room and other places of
minor importance, to the finishing department.

There seemed to be a strange magnetism
existing about the last named department ; the
boys lingered therein until the train was due
and were then loathe to depart.

Some of them even rendered valuable (?)
assistance to the ladies employed there.

At 12.23 the return train left, and, with the
boys exuberant over the pleasant experiences
of the morning, the trip back to New York was
attended with a continual flow of joviality.
Arriving at New York the students marched in
a body over the bridge to Brooklyn, where, after
dining, they assembled at the works of E. R.
Squibb & Sons. Here, while passing through
the various departments, the wonderful pro-
gress in modern pharmacy and chemistry
became more and more manifest. Among the
many interesting attractions were the prepara-
tion of fluid extracts, the method of repercola-
tion, the preparation of the various chemical
compounds, the store room for crude drugs,
etc.

The students left Brooklyn well satisfied and
considerably enlightened upon the intricacies

involved in the wholesale manufacture of phar-
maceutical products.

The students of the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy being in New York at the time, they
having also visited the two factories, a commit-
tee was sent to them inviting them to attend a
theatrical performance with our boys in the
evening.

They immediately accepted the invitation and
a very pleasant evening was spent in this man-
ner.

To conclude it may be stated that every
member of the class of '94 returned home that
night well satisfied with the manner in which
he had spent the day.

On Monday, January 3d, the seniors entered
the homestretch; it was a very busy day and
was divided into two sessions. The morning
being devoted to Dr. Rusby's department, which
continues to get more and more interesting.
January 8lh, found us at the subject of flow-
ers and herbs, which necessitated the use of
our simple microscope, but having had consider-
able experience in that line, and being now
microscopists we handled the subject with little
difficulty.

The reading of the Inorganic Chemistry
ratings on the 12th resulted satisfactory to the
majority of us, very few below fifty.

Of the making of plasters one thing may be
said to our advantage, andthatis: we thorough-
ly learned the modus operandi while on our
excursion last month, and it is highly probable
that the finished product resulted in a good
mark to many. When we were assigned the
work there was a restricted applause, owing to
our regard for the craniums of our fellow
students in the room below and not wishing
to loc 3n any of the "hard finish."

Mr. Wurthmann, our former secretary,
succeeded admirably well in passing the city
board's last examination.

During the month of December the senior
class held two interesting meetings. At the
first of these, held on Dec. 8th, the election of
officers took place which, after some spirited
contests resulted in the selection of the follow-
ing candidates:

For President, Peter J. Ehrgott ; vice-presi-
dent, Frank L. Wilcox ; treasurer, Albert
Home ; secretary, Emil F. Imhof.

At a meeting held Thursday, Dec. 21st, the
following resolutions were adopted ;

Whereas, Messrs. Seabury & Johnson and
Messrs, E. R. Squibb & Sons, with their cus_

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

25

tomary kindness have favored us with an invi-
tation to inspect their laboratories ; and as a
means of expressing our appreciation of their
beneficence and courtesy, be it

Resolved, That we, the members of the class
of '94 of the College of Pharmacy of the City of
New York, extend our sincere thanks to Messrs,
Seabury & Johnson and to Messrs. E. R. Squibb
& Sons, and to. those others, who contributed
towards making our sojourn so instructive and
entertaining, and be it funhermore

Resolved, That these resolutions be spread in
full upon the minutes of the class of '94, and a
copy be presented to each of the firms named
herein.

A GivEE Club composed of members of the
senior class, has been organized and Mr, Wil-
liam Hall, the celebrated baritone, assures us
that it will be a " howling " success.

A SPECIAL feature of the month of December
was a lecture on " The Alcohols " by Dr.
Pellew, who owing to Dr. Chandler's inability
to be present at the time, acted in his stead.
The voluminous burst of applause which greeted
Dr. Pellew upon his entrance was surely indica-
tive of that genial gentleman's popularity, while
his ready wit and pleasant address did certainly
not detract from the same.

The following cry has been adopted by the
class of '94;

' 'Peuta-Meta-Borici

lleo-coecal-Pharmacy,

Phenol-Benzol- Carpophore,

N.-Y.-C.-P.-'94."

PERSONALS,

The selection of Mr. Ehrgott for president,
was a popular one. His services as treasurer
last }'ear were very highly appreciated, not-
withstanding the fact that his report indicated
an emptv treasury upon his retirement.

Mr. Imhof, our popular and corpulent
secretary, has at last discovered a specific for
adipose superfluity in the duties pertaining to
his office.

At our excursion to East Orange, Mr. F. M.
Davies ofificiated as chief vender of our college
colors. When we had almost reached our destina-
tion, Mr. Davies realizing that his supply would
perhaps not be entirely disposed of, devised a
successful plan. "Don't forget the girls in East
Orange" he cried. In less time than it takes to
tell, his supply was exhausted.

J. KUSSEY,

Class Reporter.

lai^ior GJ<iss Notes.

CLASS OF '95, N. Y. C. P.

The class of '95 held their first meeting Nov.
18, '93, for the purpose of electing a Constitu-
tional Committee. Mr. C. W. Hitchcock was
the presiding officer. The Committee decided
upon were Messrs. Chambers, Carter and Sutor-
ious. The meeting then adjourned.

The next meeting was held Nov. 25, '93, Mr.
C. W. Hitchcock, chairman />/'<? tempore. Con-
stitution submitted by the Committee was read
and adopted. At this part of the meeting
the members applauded so heavily " with
their feet" that "Schuyler" our genial janitor
stuck his head in the door and gravely
announced that the ceiling was falling from the
Quiz Room below. This news did not seem to
have the desired effect, but as soon as "Schuy-
ler" announced that he would "turn offdem
lights," peace and quiet reigned.

Meeting called for Dec 9, was for the pur-
pose of electing 'officers for the ensuing year.
Mr. C. W. Hitchcock was presiding officer.
Regular nominations for President, were Messrs.
Hitchcock, vSection 3; Murray. Section '2, and
Rose, Section i. Mr. Hitchcock, of Section 3,
was elected by a majority of 20 voles. For Vice
Preside at, Messrs. Watling, Section 2; Hilliard,
Section 3, and Lavalye, Section i. On the first
ballot, Messrs. Watling and Hilliard each re-
ceived 19 votes, and Mr. Lavalye 10 votes. On
the second ballot Mr. Watling, Section 2, was
elected by a majority of three votes. Nomina-
tions for Recording Secretar)' were Messrs.
Thumb, Section i, and Sutorious, Section 2, and
who was endorsed by Section 3. Mr. Sutorious
was elected by a majority of 25 votes. Nomina-
tions for Treasurer were Messrs. Carter, Section
2; Lavalye, Section i, endorsed by Section 3.
Mr. Lavalye was elected by a majority of 6
votes. Motion made by Mr. Carter, to make Mr.
Lavalye election unanimous, was seconded and
carried. Motion was made and seconded to
have only the college button for the Junior
year. Carried. Then the college cry, or rather
class cry submitted by Mr. Sutorious was adopt-
ed. Pharmacy, Pharmacy, '95, Rah — N. — Y.
—C— P.— Sis— Boom— Bah—

At a special meeting of the class of '95, of the
New York College of Pharmacy, held at the
college January 16, '94, the following resolutions
were unanimously adopted :^

Whereas, Our beloved and highly esteemed

24

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

instructor, Dr. Oscar G. Harrison, has been
called from us by death, therefore,

Resolved, That in the demise of Dr. Harrison,
we feel that our class has lost an instructor
whose services were invaluable, and whose place
in the hearts of his pupils can never be filled.
During the time of our association with him as
pupils, we have ever found him devoted to our
interest even to self sacrifice. The time of vaca-
tion usually spent in recreation and pleasure
was by him employed in furthering the work in
which his life was absorbed.

Resolved, That we extend our heartfelt sym-
pathy to the bereaved family. To the wife who
has lost a kind and considerate husband. To
the parents who lost a dutiful and loving son.

That the above resolutions be placed in full
on the class record and printed in ThkAi^umni
JOURNAI,, and that an engrossed copy be sent to
Mrs. Harrison.

The committee appointed to attend the funeral
and to see to the floral display, consisted of the
following gentlemen ;

L. S. HoMMEiv, Chairman,
H. E. CooivEY,
H. A. Bradner.

PERSONALS.

It is to be regretted that one of our fair lady
students has been obliged to leave college
owing to poor health.

Officers of Junior Class. — President, Clar-
ence W. Hitchcock; Vice-President, R. C. Wat-
ling; Secretary, G. Ford Sutorious; Treasurer,
J. P. Lavalye.

WiLiv H. ChamberItAin, of Meriden, Conn.,
class '95, has been obliged to leave college owing
to poor health.

Our Treasurer, Mr. J. P. Lavalye, has been
confined to his home for the past few days by
an attack of the grip.

One student in Botany examination thought
he was going to be shaved, when the Professor
called nexl, to look into the micioscope.

EvidentIvY McI— and others thought whis-
key was a good brain stimulant by their actions
just before the examinations.

Married, on New Year's Day, in the quiet
town of Morris, Conn., Mr. Harvey P. Bissell,
Ph.G., to Miss Flora M. Randall. Mr. Bissell,
who graduated from the N. Y. C. P. in '93, has
accepted a very honorable position in I^itch-
field, Conn., at Wheeler's Phai:macy. As the
happy pair start in life full of hope, they have
the best wishes from their many and numerous
friends for every possible success.

H. W. Reusswig, '93, at present with J. C.
Field, of Sommerville, N. J., will soon join
the ranks of the Alumni Association.

Geo. B. Brusn, '85, formerly with Billings,
Clapp & Co., is now in the employ of Seabury
& Johnson.

Otto Raubenheimer, '88, has removed his
place of business to Fourth street and Willow
avenue, Hohoken, N. J.

Geo. B. Wray, '82, has greatly improved
the appearance of his store on Getty Square,
Yonkers, N. Y., by the addition of a handsome
soda fountain, the cost of which approached
closely to $3,000.

John C. Neilsen, late secretary of the
Alumni, is now at Sag Harbor, Long Island.

Th e new pharmacy of Oscar G. Kalish, '89, at
Twenty-third street and Fourth avenue, is a
"thing of beauty."

WiLi< C. MuNSON,'93, is now acting as mana-
ger for the Allison Drug Co., of Fourth avenue.

Edw. W. BrcECKlein, '91, is doing a fine
business on Market street, Paterson, N.J.

Are there any druggists in New York who
are anxious to buy tickets for an apothecary's
ball ? ' •'

That the New York Board of Pharmacy is
watching out sharply is shown by the fact that
the following druggists have been convicted
and fined for violation of the pharmacy law:
Fred J. Stock, Wm. T. Cox, Geo. Roserson,
John O'Conner, and Fred Kleinschmidt. Other
sinners take warning.

The Alchemysts may be seen every Wednes-
day afternoon at the alleys of Allaire &
Petro, on Third avenue, making "strikes"
and "spares," and occasionally the deadly
"poodle."

WiLiv all members of the Alumni Association
kindly send their addresses to the secretary
Harry Heller, 209 Bleecker street, New York
City?

A OVER TISEMEN TS.

25

E1MER& AMEND,

Wholesale Druggists,

Importers of

Druos, Chemicai^s,

c

\Wk\

Ever3-thing necessar}' for a

Chemical and Pharmaceutical L,aboratory

furnished.

205 to 211 THIRD AVENUE,

Corner iSth street, NEW YORK.

WirK •

I'', ^t"*

A ' "

1« (§Ij@(gl?i[n\(i'\

PACKER'STARSOAP

»'A Luxury for Shampooing,"

Medical Standard, Chicago.

"It Soothes while St Cleanses."

Medical and Snrg. Reporter, Fhila.

'•The Best for Baby's Bath."

Christine Terhune Merrick.

"Stands at the head of all others for bathing-
invalids."— AVzi' Enc-. jledical Monthly.

LINTINE

Is a new Absorbent,
made to take the place of Cotton or Lint. It
is reall}^ fine Absorbent Cotton felted into a
cloth-like-sheet. . . It is verj- absorbent;
handier to use, for any purpose, than Cot-
ton or Lint; you get more surface at less cost.
For wound dressing there is nothing better
than LiNTiNE. Johnson & Johnson, N. Y.

26

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

OFFICERS

OF THE

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION

FOR 1893-94.

President,
HERMAN GRAE)SE;R.

J. G. NEEDHAM, M. D.

Vice-Presidents,
ARTHUR C. SEARLES,

WIIvI. C. MUNSON.

Treasurer ,

ADOIvPH HENNING,

68 William Street, New York.

Secretary,
HARRY HELIvER,

209 Bleecker Street, New York.

Registrar,
DUDLEY T. LARIMORE,

294 Seventh Aveuiie, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Executive Board,

D. PERAZA,
C. F. LORD,

To serve one year.

K. C. MAHEGIN, \

\ To serve two years.
ALFRED stover)

FRED. HOHENTHAL,

WM. A. HOBURG, Jr.

To serve three years.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

27

ROLL OF MEMBERS

OF THE

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION

Of the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York.

N. B.— Life members in italics.

Class.

1S87. Alvarado, Jacobo, Paso del Norte, Mexico.

1S73. Ambler, Starr H., Szd St. and Ninth Ave., N. Y.

1889. Amend, C. A.L., 120 F,. 19th St., N. Y.

1890. Arnold, John P., 237 W. Market St., York, Pa.
1892. Arteaga, Angel, 307 W. 28th St., N. Y.

1874. Ashley, Geo. NoUon, Montclair, N. J.

1889. Austin, R. A., Hunter, N. Y.

1877. Avery, Abbott L., 607 Broad St., Newark, N. J.

1883. Averbeck, Max T , Youngstown, O.

1881. Ayme, Edward I,. E., S96 B'way, N. Y., Room 12.
1873. Ayres, Chester D., Bergen Point, N. J.

1890. Baily, C. S. 208 Fifth Ave., N. Y.
1870. Balard.J. 11^., Davenport, la.

1890. Badger, Gurdon S., 52 E. 42d St., N. Y., care F. W^

Schoonmaker.

1885. Bergen, J. L., Red Bank, N.J.

1865. Best, John, Central City, Col.

1888. Betts, Wni. R., care I. L. Lyons & Co., New Or

leans, La.

1884. Benton, Howard A., 195 Christian Ave., Indian-

apolis, Ind.

1890. Benkendoerfer, C, loio Third Ave.,N. Y.

1882. Bischof, Louis F., M. D., 34 First Ave. N. Y.
1876, Blumauer , Lewis, Portland, Ore.

1889. Boenau, Theo. C, 561 Fourth Ave., B'klyn, N. Y,

1876. Booth, Clarence F., 278 Greenwich St.. N. Y.
i8?9. Boysen, Henry C, 165 Rivington St., N. Y,

1881. Braiinlich, Henry U. , M. D., 1119 W. 3d St., Daven-

port, la.

1882. Branigau, James E., 163 Boulevard, N. Y.

1890. Bracklein, H. A.. 157 E. 31st St., N. Y.

1891. Breen, Timothy B., 2300 Seventh Ave., N. Y.

1877. .Z?rezVg«6a<rA, yi/rtjr_/., 57th St. and Madison Ave. N.Y.
1879. Breunig, John, 270 Springfield Ave., Newark, N. J.
1879. Brewer, Percival, Tampa, Florida.

1885. Briner, Wm. L., 242 Flatbush Ave., B'klyn, N. Y.

1888. Brown, Arthur T., Sag Harbor, N. Y.

1889. Brown, Major C , 874 Broadway, N. Y.

Class

1S90. Brown, L. W., 309 Lexington Ave, B'klyn, N. Y.

1881. Bruckmann, Chas. G., 138 Marcy Ave., B'klyn, N.Y.

1885. Bruen, Geo. B., care of Seabury & Johnson, N. Y.

1878. Brunner, Chas. W., M. D., 623 Wythe Ave, Brook-

lyn, N. Y.

1888. Brunner, Mrs. Rose S., 623 Wythe Ave,Bk'lyn,N.Y.

1874. Buchhop, Louis F., 583 Tenth Ave., N. Y.

1888. Buehler, Eniil, 100 St. Mark's Place, N. Y.

1891. Burkhardt, Wm. R., 515 Ninth Ave , N. Y.

1888. Burr, Frank K.,care of Keller & Yager,82i Seventh

Ave., N. Y.

1893. Burton, Carey, Dever, Susquehanna, Pa.

1886. Campbell, Harry P. ,287 Nostrand Ave.,Bk'lyn,N.Y.
1S90. Carpentier, M. A., 251 W. 123d St., N. Y.

1891. CafiFerata, David, 182 First St., Hoboken, N. Y.

1892. Casey, Herbert W., 416 Madison St., Bk'lyn, N. Y.

1879. Chagnon, Thelesphore, 155 Grand St., Bk'lyn, N.Y.

1882. Chapin, Henry A., Brattleboro, Vt.

1874. Cohen, Louis S., 7 Rue Massena, Nice, France.
1876. Coit. H. Leber, M. D., ic8 Warren St., Newark, N.J.

1880. Comstock, Jas. C, M.D., Windsor, Broome Co., N.Y.

1883. Cook, Ansell G., M. D., Vineyard Haven, Mass.

1887. Corwin, Fred A/.,M. D., 7 W. 6th St., Bayonne, N.J.
188S. Couch, Francis G., S46 Broadway, N. Y.

1888. Crampton, J. Miller, 27 Vandewater St., N. Y.

1893. Cubit, Chas. T., 149 W. 21st St., N. Y.

1892. Cusachs, Pierre Leon, Jr., Canal and Baroune Sts.,
New Orleans, La.

1879. Cults. Foxwell C, 985 Fulton St., Brooklyn. N. Y.

1880. Dahlbender Jos.. 371 Grand St., N. Y.
1S87. Dall, Fred T., 376 Columbus Ave., N. Y.
iSSg. Davis, Willis O., 162 E. 36th St., N. Y.

1875. Davren.Jas. TV., Nortliwestern Dispensary, N. Y.

1881. De Lano, Will, Ithaca, N. Y.
1892. Delson, John,8,=,7 3d Ave., N. Y.

1891. Dennin, E. Clinton, 109 First Place, Bk'lyn, N. Y.

1S85. Desbecker, Daniel, 138 N. Division St., Buffalo, N.Y.

1881. Dewender, W. H., 169 Atlantic St., Bk'lyu, N. Y.

28

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

1888.
18.88.

i8;o.
i"~

1S84,
1892.
i8go,

I-

Class

1890. Dickinson, A. I,., Cor. Main and White Sts., Dan-

bury, Conn.

Diehl, Aug., 644 Bedford .\ve., Brooklyn. N. Y.

Diekman, Geo. C, M. D., 209 E- '23d St., N. Y.

Doolittle, F. D., Far Rockavvay, N. Y.

Dolmetsch, Richard, 158 Main St., Rahway, N. J.

Douden, Clarence O., 1193 Gates Ave., Bk'lyn, N.Y.

Duble, Jesse Clyde, 317 Park Ave.,Willianisport,Pa

Dubois, A., Cor. I^iberty and Renwick St.s., New-
burgh, N. Y.
1S90. Dubus, A., 327 E. 15th St.. N. Y.

1875. Dudley, Oscar E., 62 E. 125 St., N. Y.

1876. Dunn, John A., 93 Sands St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

1879. Ebbitt, Wm. H., 170 William St., N. Y.
1876. Eberhardt^ Geo., 2422 Eighth Ave., N. Y.
1867. Ebeihardl^John //., 482 W. 22d St., N. Y.

1889. Eckeit, Frank H., 94 Garden St., Hoboken, N. J.

1856. Edler, Otto, Atlantic & New Jersey Aves., Brook

lyn, N. Y.
1878. Edlich, Adolph A., 52d St. & ist Ave., N. Y.

1891. Eichler, Wm., 338 E. nSth St., N. Y.

1874. Engel, H. Adolph, 163 Avenue A., N. Y.

1893. Eng-Iand, Wm. A., 136 Main St., Rahway, N. J.

1875. Erhard, Albert C.

1878. Evans, Henry W„ Danville. Ky.

1857. Everest, Chas. H., 27 W. 34th St., N. Y.

1890. Everitt, W. G., 1023 Sixth Ave., N. Y.

1876. Ealkenreck, Frank H., loi E. 86th St., N. Y.

1891. Farrington, Frederick, North Tarrytown, N. Y.
1889. Fels, Paul, 95th St. and Amsterdam Ave., N. Y.

1882. Fenn, Fred W., Wilmington, Del.

1880. Fiero, Frank W., 13 Bond St., N, Y.

1889. Fincke, H. S., Cor. Webster and Vernon Aves.,

I.. I. City, N. Y.

1889. Flood, Imgolf, 758 Marcy Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

18S4. Fougera, E-, Jr., 319 8th St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

1876. Fountain, George C.,219 Pacific St. .Jersey City, N.J.

1888. Frank, August, 2S6 Tenth Ave., N. Y.

1888. Ftawley, John P., Bangor. Me.

1879. Frazee. Geo. Blair, 52 E. 42d St., N. Y.
1879. Ereygang, Geo. IV., 131 W. Broadway, N. Y.
18&1. Eunnell, Henry H., Huntington, L. I., N. Y.

1883. Eiinnell, JVilham S., Huntington, L. I., N. Y.

1882. Gastmeyer, Robert, 293 Evergreen Ave., Brook-

lyn. N. Y.

1889. Gardner, A , Myrtle Ave. and Pearl St., Brook.

lyn, N. Y.

1881. Geiger, Geo. J., 11 Canfield St., Orange, N. J.

1887. George, Wm., Watertown, N. Y.

1875. Gill, Hy. S., M. D.. 55 W. irth St., N. Y.

1883. Goldman, Oscar, 165 Rivingtou St., N. Y.
1889. Graeser, Herman, 40 Stanton St., N. Y.

1885. Griffin, Daniel B., Wakefield, R. I.

1874. Griffilli, IVm. H., nth St. and Third Ave., N. Y.

1886. Grom, Otto C. B., Denver, Col.

1888. Guiiiey, Howard P., 1123 Pearl St., Sioux City, la.
1892. Gundlich, Chas., 537 E. Sid St., K. Y.

1883. Halsted, Alfred T., M. D., Y. M. C. A., Springfield,
Mass.

1S90. Hardenberg, A. J., 329 Jefferson Ave., Brook-
lyn, N.Y.

1891. Hart, G. B., 91 Eighth Ave., N. Y.

Class

1875. Hays, B. F., 561 Fifth Ave., N. Y.

1884. Harris, A. Steiwcvedel, 961 DeKalb Ave., Brook-

lyn, N. Y.
18S8. Harding, John, Box 160, Salt Lake City, Utah.
1SS7. Harding, F. L., Long Branch, N. J.
i8S[. Hanmore, Louis f;., M. D., SS Smith St., New

burgh, N. Y.
1881. Hand, Thos. A., 582 Ninth Ave., N. Y.

1885. Hamilton, Albert H., 61 Genesee St., Auburn. N. Y.
1881. Heebner, CItas. F,, 31 Prospect St., Toronto, Canada.
18^4. Heebner, Herman H., Lee, Mass.

1890. Heckel, F. C, 59th St. and Lexington Ave., N. Y.

1892. Hegeman, Andrew C, Bath Beach, N. Y.

1887. Heuser, Wm., care H. Heller, S2d St. and 3d Ave..

N.Y.
1887. Herzfeld Herman, 260 Seventh Ave., N. Y.

1875. Herman, Frederico F., San Jose, Costa Rica.
18S6. Heller, Geo. G., Missouri Ave. and 5th St., E- St.

Louis, 111.

1893. Heller, Harry, 209 Bleecker St., N. Y.

1883. Heinman, Herman, Seventh Ave. and i22dSt ,N.Y.
1871. Henes, Edwin. 128 f:. 93d St., N. Y.

1876. Henning, Adolph, 68 William St., N. Y.

1892. Herz, Pincus, 230 W. 25th St., N. Y.

1592. Higinbotham, Arthur. 655 Columbus Ave.. N. Y.
1838. Himdale, Samuel J., Fayetteville, N. C.

1891. Hitchcock, Edgar F.

1593. Hoburg, Wm. A., Jr., 31S W. 27th St., N. Y.

1892. Hoff, Alfred W., Keyport, N. J.

1881. Hohenthal, Frederick. 857 Third Ave., N.Y.

i8S[. Holthusen, Emil T. F., M.D., 20 Kutger St., N. Y.

1S73. Holzhauer, Chas., 787 Broad St., Newark, N. J.

1893. Hopkins, Ira IIIo, 98 Columbus Ave., N. Y.

1879. Horning, Geo. H., 83: Elizabeth Ave., Eliza-
beth, N. J.
187S. Huber, Daniel, Jr., 165 Third Ave., N. Y.

1893. Huber, Walter. 9 Irving St., Jersey City H'g'ts,N.J.
1S77. Hunt, Effingham L., 747 Newark Ave., Jersey

City, N. J.
1S81. Hurd. Ellison W., 2241 Third Ave., N. Y.

Huntoon, L. D., Port Oram, Morris Co., N. J.
Hub.schmitt, J. J., 408 E. 52d St., N. Y.
Hubbard, Alfred E., 455 W. 57th St., N. Y.
Ihmels, Hy. W., 1596 Fulton St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Her, Robert L., Shreveport, La.

Ill, Charles L , 132 Springfield Ave., Newark, N. J.
Imhoff, Geo. J., 495 Atlantic Ave.. Brooklyn, N. Y.
Jackson, A. A., 292 6th Ave., N. Y.
Jacobi, Mary Putnam, M. D., no W. 34th St., N. Y.
Jacobson, Louis, 849 Third Ave., N. Y.
James Fred. K., 700 Eighth Ave., N. Y.
Jennings, W. E-, Jr., Summit, N. J.
Joannes, Leon J., 62 S. 5th Ave., N. Y.
Johnston, H. S., Newtown, L- L, N. Y.
Kahrs, Wm. H., Topping and 173d St., N. Y.
Kaiser, Geo. H., 330 Columbus Ave., New Haven

Conn.
Kalish, Julius, 413 Grand St., N. Y.
Kalish, Oscar G., Fourth Ave and 23d St.. N. Y.
Katz, G., Lenox Ave. and 125th St.,care of Wauier

& Imgard.
Keale, Chas. F., 585 Wythe Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

1890.
1890.
1S89.
1893.
1877.
1885.
1889.
1890.
1S63.

1893.
1889.
1890.
18S9.
1S83.
1S91.

1873.
1889.
1888.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

29

Class

1890. Keller, J. F., 205 E- 6otb St., N. Y.

1890. Kellner, R. G.. 218 Columbia St., Utica, N. Y.

1887. Kellogg-, Chas. L., 1023 Sixth Ave., N. Y.

1888. Keyler, Wm. W , Arlington, N. J.

1S91. Kessler, Anthony A., 23S W. 49th St., N. Y.

1892. Kirk, Jas. T., West Point, Miss,

1877. Klippert, Chas. F., M. D, , 1667 First Ave., N. Y.

1875. Knapp, Frank F., 868 Eighth Ave., N. Y.

1876. Knapp, Gilbert P., 362 Hudson St., N. Y.

1890. Xnapp, L. P., 98 Main St , Hackensack, N. J,
i8qo. Kocher, L. J., We.-.t Grange, N. J.

18S7. Koestet, Henry F., 233 E. 85th St., N. Y.

1883. Kopf, John Lo-.iis, 341 E- ibth St., N. Y.
1S93. Kraenier, Alexander, 407 E. 82d St., N. Y.

18S0. /sTra/i. Geo. Jr.. 2| Colden St., Newburgh, N. Y.

1866. Krehbiel Herman. 219 E. 53d St., N. Y.

ifi74. Kuehne, Richard, M. D., 585 Central Ave., Jersey

City, N. J.

l8Sg. Kurtz, Henry G., 193 S. Haward St., Akron, O.

1850. Lahey, Salvator P., 7 Prince 5t,, N. Y.

1885. Lariniore, Dudley T, 294 Seventh Ave., Brooklyn,

N. Y.

1876. Lane. Otto G.. Passaic, X. J.

1887. Lawrie, James T., North Tarrytown, N. Y,

1888. Leggett, J. H,, Plainfield, N. J.

1886. Leonhard, Rudolph E., Vanderbilt Clinic, Tenth

Ave. and 60th St., N. Y.

l888'. Levin, C. E- W., 2063 Third Ave., N. Y.

1877. Levy, Ado!ph, 125 Grand St , Broolilyn, E- D.,

N. Y.

1892. Leyes, Chas. J., Willis Ave., near 138th St., N. Y.

1891. Liebereuz, Otto P. M., 756 Tenth Ave., N. Y.

i88t. Lord, Chas. F , 482 Seventh Ave., N. Y.

1884. Lucke, Reinhard J., Sist St. and Amsterdam Ave.,

N. Y.

1875. Mack^ Adolp/i, II Front St., San Francisco, Cal.

1889. Madison, Wm. H., 209 E. 23d St., N. Y.
1889. Magenheimer, C. H., 743 6th St., N. Y.

1889. Mahegin, Katherine C, 139 Broadway, Brooklyn,

N Y.
1886. Mahnken, Wm. A., Vernon Ave. and 4th St.. Long

Island City, N. Y.

1885. Maier, Otto, M. D., 321 E. iSth St., N. Y.
1871. Main, T/ios. F., 278 Greenwich St., N. Y.

1873. Master. David, Jr., 242 Flatbush Ave., Brooklyn,

N. Y.

1871. Mauch.Jos. B.. 4S5 Ninth Ave., N. Y.

1881. May. Arthur F, Cleveland, O.

1893. Mayer, Jo.^, L., 624 Fulton St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
1871. Mcfniyre, Byron F., 447 Greenwich St., N. Y.
1847. Mclntyre, Ecveri, 990 Sixth Ave., N. Y.

1876. Mclntyre, Ewen.Jr.. 990 Sixth Ave., N. Y.

1892. McKane, Sadie E., 285 Willis .^ve., N. Y.

1880. Merritt, Albert A., 43 W. 6ist St.. N. Y.

1873. Mescheiniioser, Jl'ilhelm, 159 \V. 125th St., N. Y.

1851. Metz, Hugo L. M., 14 Second Ave., N. Y.

18S7. Metz, A. L., Tulaue Universitv, New Orleans, La.
1892. MichaeliaUy G.. 301 Third Ave., N. Y.
1888. Miles, Harry S.,M. D., Bridgeport Hospital, Bridge-
port, Conn.
1892. Millener. ll'm. S.,Jr., Holley, N. Y.

1891. Miller, Alfred, 337 Ninth Ave., N. Y.

1881. Miller, Edward, 703 Tenth Ave., N. Y.

1888. Miller, Edward F., 712 Tremont Ave., N. Y.
1876. Miller. Tavies. 34 Jay St., N. V.

1883. Miller, Theodore, 703 Tenth Ave., N. Y.

1889. Milligau, Robert E., 48 Charles St., N. Y.

1889. Millspaugh, Willette, Clinton, Hunterdon Co.,
N.J.

Class

888. Miehling, Chas., 183 Broadway, N. Y.
891. Milhau, Edward J., Tillery, N. C.

856. Milhau, Edzvard L., 183 Broadway, >". Y.

874. Mitzenius, Chas., Greenville, J. C. N. J.

88g. McDonald, Thomas H. H., Carlo, 111.

889. Monaghan, S. M. S., 770 K. 167th St., N. Y.

887. Motschenb^cher, C. M. D , 629 Eleventh Ave. N.Y.

890. Moschcowitz, Joseph, 46th St., and 5th Ave., N. Y.
885. Moschcowitz, Alexis V., 629 Eleventh Ave., N. Y.

889. Morey, J. H. , 561 Fifth Ave. , N. Y.

876. A/o?vr//,yamMA'., 154 High St., Holyoke, Mass.
89E. Moore, Fred. D., New Rochelle, N. Y.

878. Moore. Silas H.. Siou.-c City, la.

878. More, A? t/iur J., SiouK City, la.

878. Morehouse, James T., Orange Valley, N. J.

882. Morgan. David S., Montgomery and Monmouth

Sts., Jersey City, N. T-

877. Moulanus, Ernest, Jr., 38 Sixth Ave., N.Y.

890. Muller, E. A., qgth St., and Ninth Ave., N. Y.
870. Muir, Wm., B'way and Gates Ave., B'klyn, N. Y.

879. Muellenbach, Robert, M. D , 9 Bible House, N. Y.
S87. Mulvaney, Edward, Nevvai k and Jersey City Ave.

Jersey City, N. J.

893. Munson, Will C, 309 Fourth Ave., N. Y.

889. Murken, Andrew P., 244 RoeblingSt, B'klyn, N.Y.

885. Murphy, Thos. P., Towanda, Pa.

880. NadUr, Frank, Rock Island, 111.

S80. Nauheim, Samuel, 59th St. and Lex. Ave., N. Y.

887. Naumann, Aug. G., 145 Atlantic Ave. B'klyn, N. Y,

883. Needham, Geo. G., M. D. 218 E. 19th St-, N. Y.
877. A'eubauer, ^Fj«C, Carthage Landing, N. Y.

888. Niederer, Albert, Carlstadt, N. J.

891. Nielsen. John C. E., Sag Harbor. N. Y.

849. Nietsch, A. F. IF., Walton and Harrison Aves.

Brooklyn, N. V.

885. Oberdoerfer, Geo., 1224 Third .\ve., N. Y.

879. Oehler,John,()i Fulton St., N. Y.

888. Oetinger, Wm. C, 153 Franklin St., B'klyn, N. Y.

868. Osborne. Hampden,

8S9. Overmiller, Allen, 159 Lexington Ave., N. Y.

8S5. Palmer, G. Arthur, care of Moffit & West Drug

Co., St. Louis, Mo.

88^

Pamphilon, Fred. H., 201 Fourth Ave. B'klyn. N.Y

876. Paradis, Adrian, 191 Fulton St., B'klyn, N. Y.

875. Parsons, Mathias IV., Towanda, Pa.

873. Peraza. Domingo.yiv Third Ave., N. Y.

873. Peterman, John F., loi Ludlow St., N. Y.

882. Petty, Edwin R., 925 Broad St., Newark, N. J.

886. Peck, Jesse L., Paris School of Pharmacy, Paris,
France.

890. Peiter, Frederick, 301 Third Ave., N. Y.

88t. Pfeiffer, John, 241 Nostrand Ave., B'klyn, N. Y.

892. Pfis er, Chas. F., 377 Hancock St., B'klyn, N. Y.

869. Phillips, G. W. C, 124 Newark Ave., J. C.,N. J.

891. Phillips, Newton Dart, i2r E. 30th St., N. Y.

890. Pisani, Antonio, 82 Park St., N. Y.

891. Plate, F. H., 67 E. 7th St., N. Y.
890. Power, H. J., 990 Sixth Ave., N. Y.
871. Po'ter, Henry C, Towanda, Pa.

8S0. Prober, John A., M. D. 192 Second Ave.. N. Y.

882. Purdy, Harry R., M. D. 151 E. 29th St., N. Y.

889. Quencer, Wm. J., 57th St. and Ninth Ave., N. Y.

886. Quintana, F'elix S., 301 Third Ave., N. Y.

88S. Raubenheimer, Otto, 4th St. and Willow .Ave.»

Hoboken, N. J.

878. Reynolds, Chas. E., U. S. S. S. "Vermont," Navy

Yard, N. Y.

889. Rheineck, Wm. M., 1620 Third Ave . N. Y.

883. Richmond, E. A.

30

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

Class

1891. Rice, Arthur J., 51 Franklin St., N. Y.

1888. Richter, Arniin, Mt. Vernon, N. Y.
i8go. Richtmeyer, F. W., Cooperstown, N. Y.
1885. Roy, Albert M., Wappinger's Falls, N. Y.

1866. Royce, Lttcien 71/., 294 Seventh Ave., Bk"lyn, N. \'.
1890. Robinson, Wm. J. M., 112E. i2Kth St., N. Y,
1890. Roese, C. H., 47 3d Ave., N. Y.

1890. Rockey, W. S., 501 Eighth Ave., N. Y.

1873. Rjtnyon, Edimrd IV., 234 fculter St., San Fran-
cisco, Cal.
1882. Ruppert, Ferdinand, 1822 Ninth Ave., N. Y.

1875. Safford, E. Earl, 1525 Second Ave., N. Y.
1864. Sands, Geo. G., New York.

1887. Saner, John G.

1891. Schaar, Wm. Louis, 663 E. 153d St., N. Y.

1889. Schroeder, F. O.

1876. Srhrank Henry C, 437 E. Water St., Milwau-

kee, Wis.
18&7. Schumacher, C.ustav A., 499 W. 7th St., St. Paul
Minn.

1876. Schumann, Peter J., Atlanta, Ga.

1885. Schweinfurlh, George E., 240 E. 53d St., N. Y.

1884. Schaeffer, A. E., 93 Canal St., New Orleans, La.

1892. Scherick, Raphael, 6ist St. and Park Ave , N. Y.
1880. Scheu, Philip, M. D., 440 E. 16th St., N. \'.

1879. Schlegel, Gustavus, M. D., 321 W. 31st St., N. \^.

1885. Schleiff, Frank A. M.

1878. Schlesinger, Leopold J., Yonkers, N. Y.
1885. Schlesinger, Maurice, 47 Third Ave., N. Y.
1873. Sckleussner C/iai les F.. 644 Bedford Ave.. Brook-
lyn, N. Y.

1877. Schrnid, Henry, 38 Avenue A., N. Y.
1877. Schoelles, ll'm., 918 Sixth Ave., N. Y.

1877. Schradcr, Herman I'on R., Tallahassee, Fla,
18S6. Searles, Arthur C, 124 Avenue C, N. Y.
1S73. Seelhach, Gustavus, 173 Avenue B., N. Y.
1889. Seither, Louis C., ico Columbia St., N. Y.

1887. Seither, F. C, care of M. H. Smith, 76th St. and

Le.xingtou Ave.

1888. Shaffier, Jas. G., 266 Fourth Ave., N. Y.
Shuit, W. S., Passaic, N. J.
Shell, J. T., Aberdeen, Miss.

Simon, Philip, White and Ive Sts., Danbury,Conn.
Sipperly, N. H., 846 Broadway, N. Y.
Smit/i, Clias.F., 861 Broad St., Newark, N. J.
Smith, Frank A. D.,131 Clinton Ave., Newark, N.J.
Smith, L. S., St. Augustine, Fla.
Small, F. M., 178 Paterson St., Paterson, N. J.
Snedeker, Geo. W., 64 Jefferson St., Bk'lyu. N. Y.
Snelling, Alonzo F., 310 Arlington Ave,, Jersey

City, N. J.

Snelling, Andrew T., 400 Front St., N, Y.

Snyder, George St. J., 204 Columbia Street, Brook-
lyn, N. Y.

Spear, Theo. A., 275 W. 125th St., N. Y.

Speck, Wm. A., Haverstraw, N. Y.

Spaeth, Geo. F., 495 Broadway, L. I. City, N. Y.

Stafford Wm. T., 245 E. 23d St., N. Y.

Stammler, Chas. E., 172 Varick St., N. Y.

Starr, Daniel H.,350 Seventh Ave., Bk'lyn, N. \'.

Starr, Wm. S., New London, Conn.

Starr, Thomas, 317 Ninth Ave., N. Y.

Stone, Edward F., 256 Fifth Ave.

Stover, Alfred, 55 Vesey St., N. Y.

Steinhart, A, P., 27 N. University Ave., Ann Ar-
bor, Mich.

Stafford, A. G., 34th St. and Third Ave., N. Y.

Stierle, Adolph, Jr., Box 426, St. Paul, Minn.

Stieb, E.. 263 E izabtth Ave., Elizabeth, N. J.

1885.
1890.
1886.
1890.'
1S63.
1879.
i8S5-
1890.
1887.
1868.

1878.
1886.

1876.
1883.
1889.
1884.

1875.
1881.
1886.
1870.
1891.
1883.

1890.
1890.
1890.

1881.

1875.
1892.
1874.
1884.
1877.

Class

1890. Stewart, C. f:., 1695 Tenth Ave., N. Y.

Strassburger, Gustave, 1318 Madison Ave., N. Y.
Syvarth. Hem y. Seventh Ave., cor 9th St., Brook-
lyn, N. Y.
Tack, William, Hilton N. J.
Talson,Jos. /^, 481 Sixth Ave., N. Y.
Tannenbaum, Julius, 153 Willis Ave., N. Y.
Teschner, Jacob, M. D., 120 E. 55th St., N. Y.
Thum, Fred. W., 34 Fillmore St., Newark, N. J
Tice, Herman A., Ridgewood, N. J.
Trautman, Carl E., 65 Hoboken Ave., Jersey

City, N.J.
Tuthill, F. P., 375'Tompkins Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y,
Tyler, IVm. H , 34th St. and Third Ave., N. Y.
T3'nau, Francis J., 264 Bridge St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Uhle, J., Horton.

Unbehaum, Louis H., Morristown, N. J.
Van de Bergh, Alois J. H., 213 Sixth Ave., N. Y.
Van Sickle, A. M , Unionville, N. Y.
Vogt, Adam C, 787 Eighth Ave., N. Y.
Vogt, D. W., 22d St. and Tenth Ave., N. Y.
Volland, August, 402 Broome St., N. \.
Walp, H. W., 536 Fifth Ave., N. \.
Walsh, Thos. A., 177 Ashburton Ave., Yonkers, N.Y
Walters, Max L., 170S Fifth Ave., N. Y.
Warner, Helen Marguerite, Northfield, Litchfie d

Co., Conn.
Warsaw, M. C, M.D., 255 W. 52d St., N. Y.
Washburne, Le Roy, Waterbury, Conn.
Waterman, Ezra L.. 102 W. 56th St., N. Y.
Weber, Herman W., 16 Bayard St., N. Y.
Weinman Oscar C, 173 Seventh Ave., N. Y.
Well, C. Otto, Corvallis, Benton Co , Ore.
Wenzel, H. G. 193 Broome St.. N. Y.
Werner, Rudolph C, 791 Fulton St., Brooklyn, N.Y.
Wernert, Leon, 106 W. Hcuston S'., N. Y.
Wernicke, Egon C. B., 298 4th St., Brooklyn,

E. D., N. Y.
Westbrook. Geo. F., Naugatuck, Conn.
Weyh, R. G., 217 E. i2Sth St., N. Y.
Wells, Chas., 37: W. 35th St., N. Y.
Wichelns, Frederick, Court St., Brooklyn, N. \^.
Jl'ienges. Conrad, M. D., 649 Jersey Ave., Jersey

City, N. J.
Williams, Chas. H., Thomasto'i, Conn.
Wheeler, Wm. H , P. O. Box 269, Litchfield, Conn.
White, Wm. S., Dover, N. J.
Wortmann, Herman, Centreville, Bayonue City,

N.J.
Wolf. A. F., Woman's Hospital, 49th St. and Fourth

Ave., N. Y.
Woolston, Grant J, Cortland, Cortland Co., N. Y^
Wray, Geo. B., P. O. Box 721, Yonkers, N. Y.
ll'right, William, Jr., 27S Greenwich St., N. Y.
Wulling, F. J., 903 Third Ave., S. Minneapolis,

Minn.
Wurm, Carl, 1446 Second Ave., N. Y.
Wurthman,John F.. 1166 First Ave., N. Y.
Zahn, P. E., 2361 Eighth Ave., N. Y.
Zellhoefer, George, 1044 Broadway, Brooklyn, N.Y.
Zimmerman, A., 561 Fifth Ave , N. Y.
Zoeller, Edward V., Tarboro, Edgccombe Co.,N.C.

18S9.
1873-

1880.
1875-
1893-
1877.
1S85.
1891.
1889.

1888.
1882.
1892.

1893.
1890.
1881.
1891.
189 1.
1890.
188I
1890.
1884.
1882.
1891.

1882.
1891.
1891.
1884.
i860.

■893.
1887.

1879.
1888,
1881.

1882.
1S74.
1891.
1874.
1871.

i88g.
1S89
1889.
1881.

1889.

.890.

1882.

i''54.
1887.

Should there be any errors in the foregoing
addresses they will be corrected as soon as re-
ported to the Secretary.

Members are requested to notify the Secre
tary when they change their address.

t4 — *

i.

PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION
OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

New York, Harch, 1894.

No. 3.

EDITOR :

HENRY KRaEMER, Ph. G.

Asf.stant Editors:

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Associate Editors :

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Ph. D., M. D., L.L.D., etc.

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PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION
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Vol. I.

New York, flarch, 1894.

No. 2.

NERVOUS EXHAUSTION.

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LIB
NE\^

BOX

TT is apparent to any man who will take
the trouble to think, that no matter
how great the learning, knowledge, or
ability, or even the genius of an indi-
vidual mav be, these rest on the animal ;
that is to say, they rest upon the animal
functions of his system, and unless this
system be in order, unless the functions
are in a healthy condition, his learning,
his knowledge, his ability and his genius
are as nothing. If a little splinter of
bone not larger than the head of a pin
press upon the brain, the wisest states-
man, the greatest judge, the most learned
scientist may be less than a little child.
Men may be civilized, thej' may be edu-
cated, they may be governed by the high-
est ideals, yet under all, carrying all —
j list as the foundation carries the super-
structure of the palace above it — lies the
animal,, the creature with physical wants
and governed by physical laws.

This condition that I have chosen for
the title of my paper, was recognized
some years ago by Dr. George M. Beard,

who gave it a name, "Neurasthenia."
It is not a disease, but only a condition
into which a person may fall ; a condition
which is nothing more than a group
of s^'mptoms which may be due to a
dozen different pathological lesions. It is
mainly caused by peripheral irritation of
the nerves of some vital organs. We may
find it as the result of uterine disease ; we
may find it as the result of spinal disease ;
we may find it as the result of intestinal
disease ; but by far the most common of
all such peripheral irritation is peripheral
irritation of the nerves of the stomach,
and it is this phase of the subject that I
propose to treat-
Nervous exhaustion is peculiarly an
American disease. The free competition
in this country, and the social environ-
ment that makes it possible, have be-
tween them driven the pace of life here
up to a fearful speed. The American
works harder than does any other man
or woman on earth. His business is al-
ways with him ; he has no rest, no ces-

26

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

satioti, no relief from the strain. "Were
he to reduce his efforts his competitors
would pass him at once. This, and the
fact that the rewards are so rich, so sure,
so quickly won, stimulate him to his
greatest effort all the time. He is like a
steam-engine running constantly under a
forced draught. His daily routine is one
of intense and ever-present excitement ;
he must have a stimulus even in his
recreations ; the most exciting books,
dramas of the most gorgeous setting and
sensational character of plot, athletic
games that demand the utmost effort,
horses whose speed is that of railroad
trains, yachts which beat their prototypes
throughout the world ; these and a thou-
sand other things, all intense, all start-
ling, all sensational, are the occupation
of his leisure hours. What is the out-
come ? To supply his rapidly exhausted
system he is compelled to consume large
quantities of rich food, and to stimulate
himself with alcoholic beverages. He
starts on his career with a robust diges-
tion, not easily deranged.

The very indulgence of his appetite
crowds upon the excretory apparatus an
amount of work that sooner or later dis-
orders it ; matter that should be cast out
is retained in the body, ferments and
forms unwholesome tissue, fatty degenera-
tion occurs. His intense and ever present
excitement interferes with proper diges-
tion, the food introduced into the stomach
instead of being dissolved is so feebly at-
tacked by the digestive process that it is
not digested ; instead of digesting we find
it fermenting, or even putrefying. Now
the injury wrought by this is three-
fold.

First. The constant presence in the
stomach of undigested food acts as an
irritant.

Second. The failure of digestion re-
sults in anaemia, simply becau.se the
blood can only come from food taken and

digested Cut off the supply of food
and we have anaemia of starvation.

Third. Food ferments or putrefies, as
I have already said. Now, the products of
putrefaction are poisonous, and the pu-
trefaction in the stomach often results, as
it does outside of the stomach, in the
production of poisonous ptomaines, which
themselves increase the irritation to the
gastric membranes and are also absorbed
to an extent by the system, giving rise
to well marked symptoms of ptomaine
poisoning.

It is proper here to say a few words
concerning what we term peripheral
nerve irritation. To understand the
meaning of this you must know that
the nerves terminate throughout the en-
tire body in the muscles, on the surfaces
of the skin and mucous membranes, in
delicate, sensitive filaments and corpus-
cles that effect the operations of the will
or that control those involuntary func-
tions such as digestion, the heart's action,
etc. Continued irritation of these peri-
pheral nerves at any point in the system,
as, for example, in the uterus or womb,
resulting from disease of that organ or
caused by disease of the rectum or of
other parts of the body, will in time re-
flect itself in the stomach and lead to
derangement and finally to actual dis-
ea.se of that organ. I have under treat-
ment at the present time a young man
suffering from a stricture of the urethra,
which caused great irritation of the canal
and consequent debility of the whole
nervous system, resulting in chronic
dyspepsia and catarrh of the stomach.

The American has little time to attend
to bodily ailments. If some urgent
symptom or acute attack of disease com-
pels him to consult a phj^sician, the
latter is required to patch him up as soon
as possible. Thus urged, the doctor
treats his symptoms instead of the dis-
ease; symptoms which, in the main, are

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

27

only danger signals set by nature to
warn the patient of the deeper seated,
more insiduous malady which threatens
his well-being.

The American physician is not differ-
ent from the rest of his countrymen. His
, aim is to produce direct and immediate
results, to cut away the shackles that in-
capacitate his patient for the race. His
patients are accustomed to expect much
or him and he does much. He is the
most accomplished repairer in the world.
He can tinker up a worn out system and
keep it running long after it should have
been laid away for a thorough rest and a
re-creation.

Not only does the American carry on
his work under the spurs of food and
climate; he has in the modern magazine
and newspaper a mental spur constantly
applied, the effect of which it would be
impossible to over-rate.

In a very excellent paper entitled
"Neurasthenia and its treatment," Pro-
fessor Von Ziemssen, director of the
Medical Clinic at Munich, instances two
types of the condition. I will describe
them in the Professor's words:

"An old merchant at the head of a
large establishment in New York suf-
fered for years from sleeplessness, pres-
sure in the head, etc. He stated his
daily life to have been as follows: 'I
work constantly from eight in the morn-
ing to ten at night. I have no time for
eating; I usually do so standing, and
frequently my food is cold and uninviting
before I can take it. At ten at night I
am so worn out that I have scarcely the
strength left to close my books. During
the night my daily work repeats itself in
my brain, so that it is usually only to-
wards morning that I obtain a few hours
of restless sleep. In the morning I am
therefore still worn out, and lam obliged
to resort to brandy in order to put my-
self in shape for work.'

"A young merchant who for- months
has been unable to do any mental work
and passes sleepless nights, thus sketches
the manner of life he has led for years:
'We work from eight to six. We have
one quarter of an hour's time for lunch.
At night, when the day's work is done,
we young fellows go to a cafe, and there
we eat and drink and are merry up to
two or three o'clock in the morning. I
naturally obtain but little sleep, since I
must be up and doing by seven in the
morning. In case I am obliged to travel
on business I do so at night in order to
have the day for work. Can you wonder,
gentlemen, that such an ill-treated brain
finally refuses to work ? Where is Kant's
golden rule which gives to man out of
the twenty-four hours, eight for work,
eight for recreation, and eight for sleep ?
In case of employees who, when their
work is done, need not trouble their
brain more, this rule may still be ob-
served.' "

The latter case illustrates purely an
over-worked, exhausted condition in
which probably no pathological changes
have occurred.

I could repeat these with a dozen in-
stances of my own, and to them I will
add a third type that was not due to the
causes that I have described, and that
operated to produce Dr. Von Ziemssen' s
cases.

The third case is that of a young
student who inherited a weak digestion.
He had always from earliest remem-
brance suffered from dyspeptic disorders,
and although he was not over-taxed by
work, nor did he lead in any way a fast
life, his stomach gradually did less and
less work until he presented himself to
me, suffering from profound anaemia and
the usual train of nervous symptoms due
to it.

This latter case is also an exponent of
a great many similar cases. In appear-

28

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

ance the young man was robust, and here
I would say, that many dyspeptics appear
to be in perfect health. They are often
well nourished, and the look of good
health which they have leads their
friends and relatives to consider their
discomforts as imaginary. They are
looked on as hypochondriacs. Their
digestion is slow, and attended with
pain and discomfort; four or five hours
after eating, sometimes a longer period
elapses before the stomach has suc-
ceeded in coping with the indigested food.
Besides the three conditions I have pre-
viously described, i. e. catarrh of the
stomach, the ptomaine poisoning and the
peripheral nerve irritation due to the
latter, and to the long continued presence
of the food, is a fourth. The stomach
walls become weakened, undergo atrophy
and are much thinner than normal. This
results in dilatation of the stomach; it
becomes a thin walled cavity, much larger
than normal. The fermentation or decom-
position of the food produces gas, which
distends both the stomach and bowels.
Gastric disturbances are invariably ac-
companied by constant diarrhea or ex-
treme constipation One or the other of
these conditions is almost always present;
the one condition is present perhaps quite
as often as the other. The distinctive
point between gastric and intestinal indi-
gestion is that in the latter the uncomfort-
able symptoms begin two or three hours
after the ingestion of food, and diarrhea is
a symptom. When the trouble is purely
gastric the pain and discomfort com-
mence immediately or soon after eating,
and constipation is apt to be the rule. It
is, however, common to see both condi-
tions united in the same individual. The
diarrhea and the constipation should be
treated as symptoms by appropriate
remedies, such as are usuall}'- in vogue for
this purpose. The latter may be effectu-
ally remedied by means of a pill of

extract of cascara, aloin, and strychnine.
Mineral waters or other aperient saline
solutions also do good as laxatives. An
excellent plan is to give a teaspoonful of
phosphate of soda in a tumblerful of hot
water a half hour or so before each meal,
or twice a dav, before the two principal
meals, breakfast and dinner, regulating
this by its effects. As an anti-fermenta-
tive, salicin in ten grain doses before
meals often effects good results In a
very excellent paper entitled "Remarks
on Fermentative Dy.spepsia," Dr. Austin
Flint, in the New York Medical Journal
of October 14, 1893, advocated the sub-
gallate of bismuth, which he had used
since December, 1892, with excellent re-
sults. I have myself in two cases veri-
fied Dr. Flint's results, but a third case
in which I used the agent resulted nega-
tively.

There is no form of treatment as effi-
cacious as the one which we find at our
hand for the treatment of such conditions
as I have described. It consists in irri-
gating the stomach through the sesopha-
geal tube. This instrument, which is a
modification of the old stomach pump,
does its work through the principle of
siphonage. It has been used for a long
time, although its use has been restricted
to comparatively few physicians. It is,
I believe, a French device and was first
used in Paris some years ago. It consists
of a soft rubber tube about two feet in
length, connected through a short glass
cylinder with another similar tube, ter-
minating in a funnel.

The red portion ot this tube is intro-
duced through the mouth into the stom-
ach, which is filled through the funnel
with water. This water may be medicated
with bi-borate of sodium, bi-carbonate of
sodium or any other agent which may
seem best to the physician. Pure warm
water will, I think, be found to answer
the purpose quite as well as any medi-

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

29

cated solution ; at least, I have been
unable to attribute any more beneficial
results to medicated solutions, of which
I have tried a vast number, than to the
pure water at a temperature something
more than lukewarm. After a pint and
a half of water (approximately) has been
allowed to pass into the stomach, the
funnel is lowered quickly, just as it is
about to empty, to a point about two feet
below the level of the stomach and the
water in the latter is syphoned into a
suitable '*l-eceptacle. The operation is
then repeated until the water flows clear.
The procedure is not difficult although
occasionally very sensitive, nervous sub-
jects find considerable trouble in swal-
lowing the tube for the first time.

No harm can possibly be done by
the soft rubber tube. The best time
for stomach irrigation is three or four
hours after eating, although in some
cases this will be found earlier than is
possible when the stomach is diseased or
whea the patient has eaten a hearty meal
of solid food. The patient should be
directed to eat a light lunch in the mid-
dle of the day of liquid or semi-liquid
food, and should afterwards present him-
self to the doctor at four or five o'clock
for treatment.

The rationale of this treatment is as
follows :

First, the stomach is emptied and
thoroughly cleaned ; the irritating ma-
terial is taken from it ; the action of the
water repeatedly distending and contract-
ing the walls of the stomach is that of
passive exercise, tending to strengthen
the muscular coats ; the peptic glands
are freed from irritating substances. After
a time the stomach gains in strength. It
must not be forgotten that digestion is
to an enormous extent aided by muscular
contraction in the stomach. When the
muscles of the stomach are weak this
muscular action is of course less.

In the dietetic treatment of these cases
it is quite as important as active and more
directly remedial methods. There are
three objects to be attained. First. The

prevention of over distending the stomach.
Second. The prevention of fermatation.
Third. The prevention of irratation. The
foods selected should therefore be mostly
solid, small in volume, and not too
hot.

In very advanced cases, the food should
be taken in small quantity at frequent
intervals; say everj^ two or three hours.
Nitrogenous foods are better than carbo-
hydrates, becau-e the former contain the
elements of nutrition in a smaller bulk,
and are not so easily fermentable as the
carbo-hydrates. Meats such as fresh beef,
mutton, eggs, oysters, and tender chicken
are indicated. Alcoholic beverages, spices,
condements, made dishes, potatoes and
the starches generally do harm. Beef
peptonoids are excellent in that they
supply nourishment in highly concen-
trated form.

Anything that exhausts the nervous
system or in other words, that uses up
nerve force faster than the digestive
organs can digest the food which sup-
pies that force must sooner or later
resnlt in derangement and in disease

of the stomach, and this disease is a
factor of the greatest importance in pre-
venting the recovery of the patient and
in increasing the effects of the nerve ex-
haustion.

It would seem that when nature at-
tacks the health of an individual, she
calls innumerable factors to her aid, all
of which aid her in her destructive work.

The lesson I have striven to teach this
evening is three-fold :

First. Do not neglect a disordered
stomach, no matter how brilliant the intel-
ect is unless backed by a sound stomach
it is of little use. With a healthy
vigorous digestion there is no work too
difficult, no load too heavy.

Second. Nervous exhaustion is in a
majority of cases due primarily to diges-
tive disease.

Third. Washing the stomach by
means of the stomach tube, affords the
most efficient means of curing the condi-
tion I have described.

30

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

WOORARA, TWENTY YEARS OLD, STILL EFFICACIOUS.

By H. a. HAUBOLD, M. D.,
Assistant to the Chair of Physiology, Bellevue Hospital Medical College.

ON January 20th, 1894, Dr. John
Gonley, sent me a specimen of
woorara, together with a statement that
the poison had been in his possession for
twenty years, and a request that I deter'
mine whether it still retained its physio-
logical properties and what its effects
were.

A mixture was made of one grain of the
powdered material with one fluid drachm
of water. It makes a dirty brown solu-
tion holding small particles of the un-
dissolved powder in suspension.

The mixture was not filtered.

A medium sized adult dog was em-
ployed as a subject.

The hypoglossal nerve was exposed as
it curves through the submaxillary
triangle on its way to be distributed to
the muscles of the tongue, and stimulated
with a mild electrical current.

This was accompanied by violent
movements of the tongue showing that
the excitability of the motor nerves was
intact. The woorara was then injected
into the left flank of the animal for which
a one drachm hypodermic syringe was
employed.

The needle was of a sufficiently large
bore to allow of the passage of the undis-
solved particles.

At the end of five (5) minutes the
animal's gait became staggery, the inco-
ordination being at first most marked in
the lower extremities. This was followed
by progressively increasing paralysis
(this also having its start in the lower
extremities), which slowly extended to
the other muscles until the paralysis was
complete. At the same time respiration
became slower and more superficial until

at the end of fifteen (15) minutes the res-
piratory efforts ceased entirely.

The heart's action was at first not af-
fected, but after a time became slower,
and this organ continued to act rythmic-
ally after respiration had entirely ceased.

In order to test the action of this agent
on the heart, a bellows was inserted into
the trachea and artificial respiration thus
maintained for forty-five (45) minutes, at
the end of which time the heart's action
was of as good a character (although a
little slower) than at the beginning of the
observation. About twenty (20) minutes
after the administration of the drug the
hypoglossal nerve was again stimulated
with electric process but the excitability
of the nerve was entirely abolished.

A singularly striking contrast to the
violent muscular contractions produced by
the stimulation applied before the intro-
duction of the woorara.

The direct muscular excitability was
tested on the muscles in the neck and
found to be retained, even by an exceed-
ingly mild galvanic current, effecting both
an opening and a closing contraction.

It would seem fair to deduce from this
observation that woorara does not lose its
effectiveness after being kept for a con-
siderable time (certainly years). That
there is a form of woorara that does not af-
fect the heart, nor interfere with the in-
hibitory action of the spinal accessory
nerve fibres contained in the pneumo-
ofastric's cordial branches. That this
strange poison paralyzes the motor
nerves completely, has no direct effect
upon the muscles themselves and that
it produces death by paralysis of respira-
tory organs.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

31

Published under the auspices of the

Alumni Associatioo of tlie ColleEe of Ptiarnacy

OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,

209 EAST 23d STREET.

Vol. I.

March r, 1894

No. 2.

The Alumni Journal will be published Monthly,
excepting June. July and August.

Entered at New York Post Office as second-class matter.

SUBSCRIPTION :
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Single Copies, . . . 15 Cents.

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on one side of the paper only, and sent to the editor,

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scriptions should be addressed to

A. Henning, Treas., 209 East 23d Street.

All communications relating to advertising should be
addressed to

F. B. Caswell, Manager Advertising Department,

209 East 23d Street.

APPRECIATION.

We are reminded, with this issue of
The Alumni Journal, ofone of the early
interviews we had with the late Prof.
John M. Maisch, who was also a life
member of the N. Y. C. P. So many
will recall that upon the walls in his
study were arranged a large number of
framed certificates showing his honorary
connection -with so many of the most dis-
tinguished pharmaceutical societies. We
could not refrain from making some men-
tion to him of the number and character
of these diplomas, to which he replied,
" it is gratifying to know that one's labors
are appreciated." And so with the issue
of the first number of The Alumni Jour-

nal, the managers are highly gratified
with its reception. The expressions of
appreciation and well-wishes have come
from very many sources. We are all
encouraged to continue in our work^
as we have the support and assur-
ances of very many able contributors.
With this issue we shall begin and
hereafter devote several pages to a
resume of the most recent work in
the domain of pharmacy and the sciences
relating to pharmacy. We have also es-
tablished a department relating to the
newer literature. This shall be devoted
to mention and review (in some cases) of
the latest works published. And as time
goes on we shall add additional depart-
ments as may seem essential to the
needs of our readers. We thank our
friends for their kind words and sup-
port and assure them that we are stimu-
lated to make The Alumni Journal a
valuable publication to all those inter-
ested in pharmaceutical advancement.

CHLOROFORM.

One of the most interesting fields of
labor, for a large number of investigators,
during the past few years, has been
the examination of chloroform, for the
purpose of discriminating between good
chloroform and that which is less trust-
worthy in use. It seems to have been
ascertained that the chief products in the
decomposition of chloroform are carbonyl
chloride, hydrochloric acid and chlorine.
Mr. David Brown contends that chloro-
form containing alcohol decomposes un-
der given conditions, producing these
products even while alcohol is present in
the decomposing chloroform. Carl
Schacht, of Berlin, and E. Biltz, of Er-
furt, confirm Mr. Brown's observations,
but state that in the presence of alcohol
these bodies interact with the latter form-
ing harmle.ss products. Consequently
so long as any alcohol remains uncon-

32

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

sumed, only hydrochloric acid can be de-
tected in place of free chlorine. More-
over, they attribute the well-known pre-
servative action of alcohol in chloroform
to this fact. Mr. Brown {Pharm. Jour.
Tra7is., 1893, 321) takes exception to
these statements and declares them to be
contrary to his experience. He con-
cludes that the preservative action of al-
cohol must be ascribed to some other
cause and that it is folly to arrest decom-
position altogether in chloroform by the
excessive addition of alcohol. Without
doubting in the least degree, Mr. Brown's
statements that pure chloroform to which
0.077 P^^ cent, of alcohol had been
added, decomposes when exposed in
colorless glass to direct sunlight — Dr.
Squibb(£)!'/^(?»2. , Jan. , 1894) calls attention
to his experience that pure chloroform to
which 0.625 P^^ cent, of alcohol had been
added, in ground-stoppered bottles of am-
ber glass, has kept for at least ten years
without any trace of decomposition.

One of the most recent tests in detect-
ing decomposing chloroform is that pro-
posed by Prof. W. Ramsey (see U. S. P..
1890) in the use of baryta water. Mr,
D. B. Dott has not found this, however,
to be satisfactory. Mr. Brown relies
wholl)^ upon the zinc-iodide and starch
test in detecting the first signs of decom-
position in chloroform. He also says
that by increasing the quantity used for
the foreign odor test and diminishing the
quantity of sulphuric acid to 10 percent,
in the acid test, that a very large quantity
of impure chloroform is detected which
by the usul methods of testing would
pass into consumption. The two latest
novelties in the domain of chloroform are

those of Pictet and Anschutz. The former
freezes out the impurities of chloroform.
The latter produces a homo-salicylid-
chloroform. It seems questionable as to
whether these chloroforms are any better
than a good quality of the commercial
article.

THE MOST RECENT WORK.

E77ietine in Ipecacuayiha. — C. C. Keller
examined a quantity of ipecacuanha root
from Rio Janeiro and found the best to as-
say between 2.7 and 2.9 per cent, of eme-
tine. Only the poorer qualities assayed
less than 2 per cent. He maintains that
pharmaceutical preparations should be
made from ipecac, assaying, at the mini-
mum. 2.5 per cent, of alkaloid. — Chem.
Zeit., 1894, 9.

Antiseptic Value of Ozone. — ^J. deChrist-
mas {A)i?ial. de /' Inst. Pasteur, 1893,
VII., 689) finds that ozone added to air
in the proportion of o. i per cent, by
volume, possesses antiseptic properties
as there is a cessation in the develop-
ment of the spores of pathogenic microbes
on the surface of objects exposed to this
gaseous mixture. But so soon as the
proportion of ozone falls below o. i per
cent, all antiseptic action ceases. It
thus follows that ozone is impracticable
for use in the disinfection of houses and
hospitals. Because, on the one hand,
the practical difficulties in the produc-
tion of ozone in sufficient quantity has
not been overcome. And, on the other
hand, the air becomes unfit for respira-
tion long before it is saturated with
ozone to the degree required. Hence all
appliances and "ozoni.sers" recommended
for disinfection depend upon an errone-
ous assumption.

Iridin in Iris floretitiria. — G. de Laire
and F. Tiemann (^Ber. d. Cheni. Ges.,
1893, 2010) obtained on extraction of the
roots of Iris florentina, a glucoside iridin,
Co^HooOis, which crystallizes in white
needles, melts at 208'' and turns yel-
low in the air. On heating with dilute
sulphuric acid it splits into glucose and
irigenin, CigHjeOg. This latter, with
strong alkalies, yields iridic acid and
a phenol, iretol, CeH2(OH)3.0 Me
[=2:4:6:1].

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

33

Permanganate as an Antidote to KCy.
— J. Kossa, (^Vratch, through Nouv.
rim., IX., 567) considering that po-
tassium permanganate ought, theoreti-
cally to act as a chemical antidote to
potassium cyanide, by checking the
paralysis of the respiratory centres, has
performed some experiments, the results
of which appear to fully justify his hy-
pothesis. Rabbits were shown to be
fatally affected in a few minutes by 0,01
Gm. of the poison, but if, at the time of
administration, 0.5 Gm. of permanganate
dissolved in 50 C.c. of water was intro-
duced into the stomach, doses up to o.i
Gm. failed to cause death. Successful
experiments were also performed with
acqueous solutions of hydrocyanic acid
containing 0.1 percent. It is suggested,
therefore, that in cases of cyanide poison-
ing, Y^ to Yh litre of a 3 to 5 per cent,
solution of permanganate be adminis-
tered immediately. — Pharm.Jour. Trans.,
1894, Feb., 622. .

Inertness of Quicklime. — V. H. Veley
{Jour. Chem. Soc, 1894, i) comes to the
conclusion that dry chlorine does not
combine with dry lime, at ordinary tem-
perature, to form the so-called bleaching
powder. No appreciable chemical change
is observable between these two sub-
stances below a temperature of 300°,
when a partial replacement of oxygen
by chlorine takes place; under these con-
ditions the reaction is analagous to that
of baryta and chlorine, not specially
dried, and at ordinary temperatures.

Cacao Alkaloids. — W. E. Kunze
{Zeitschr. f. anal. Chem., 1894, i) has
examined all of the known methods for
estimating and separating the alkaloids
of cacao. As a result he gives a new
and rational method, which, in his hands,
has given a very satisfactory result. He
estimates the total alkaloids by precipi-
tating them, from a sulphate solution.

by means of phosphomolybdic acid; the
precipitate is then decomposed with
baryta-water; the liquid is treated with
carbonic acid gas, evaporated on a water-
bath and the dried residue extracted with
boiling chloroform. The alkaloids are
weighed and finally separated by form-
ing a silver salt with the theobromine.
This latter may be determined either
grarimetrically or volumetrically.

Cinchona is merely mentioned here to
call attention to the fact that the term
yellow cinchona of previous editions of
the U. S. Pharmacopoeia has been
dropped by the new one ot 1890, substi-
tuting the term cinchona simply as
meaning the C. Calisaya, officinalis and
hybrids of these.

The marked improvement, however,
in this new edition is shown in the
detailed assay process now given for de-
termination of the serviceable alkaloids,
by which the quality of bark brought
into this market should be improved, for
all have it in their power now to demand
a rich bark if they will simpl}^ take a
little trouble to determine exactly what
they are buying. — Squibb' s Ephem., Jan.,

1894-

NEW LITERATURE.

Bardeleben, P. — Kurzes Repetitormm dej
officinellen Pflanzen und Pflanzen-familien zur
Vorbereitung zum Gehiilfenexamen und fiir
Studirende der Pharmacie und Medicin.

Beauregard H. — Le Microscope.

Berg, O. C. and C. F. Schmidt. — Atlas der
ofBcinellen Pflanzen.

Berkenheim, A. — Ueber Menthol. Inaug.
Dissertation. Gottingen.

Bloxani C. L. — Laboratory Teaching ; or,
Progressive Exercises in Practical Chemistry.

Bocquillon Liniotisin. — Formulaire des medi-
caments nouveaux et des medications nou-
velles pour 1894.

Bocquillon - Limousin, H. — Formulaire des
alcaloides et des glucosides.

Collin, jS'w^.— Guide Pratique pour la Deter-
mination des Poudres Officinales.
C ulbreth, D. R. — Pharmaceutical Botany.

34

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

Dupiiy, E. — Cours de pharmacie. Tome i,
avec 64 fig.

Farmacopea ufficiale del regno d' Italia.

Fischer. B. — Die neueren Arzneimittel.

Fliickiger F. A. — Grundriss der Pharmacog-
nosie.

Graham Otto's. — Ausfiihrliches Lehrbuch der
Chemie. 3te ganzlich umgearbeitete Auflage.

Haenle, O. — Einfiihrung in die organische
Chemie.

Halliburto7i, W. D. — The Essentials of Chemi-
cal Physiology ; for the use of students.

Hartwich. — Historisches iiber die Cultur der
Arzneipflanzen.

Jahresbencht der Pharmacie, herausgegeben
vom Deutschen Apothekerverein unter Red,
von Heinrich Beckurts. 27 Jahrgang, 1892. 2.
Halfte.

This work, which corresponds to the Report
on the Progress of Pharmacy of the American
Pharmaceutical Association and the Yearbook
of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain
is indeed welcome as an additional source o^
reference to the literature of pharmaceutical
progress for 1892. It contains over 100 pages
more than the Jahresbericht for 1891. The ar-
rangement is much more practical in the parts
treating of Chemistry and Pharmacy than in the
previous editions. It is to be regretted that a
work of such a high character has not an index
to facilitate its use.

Mayr, H. — Das Harz der Nadelholzer, seine
Enstehung, Vertheilung, Bedeutung, und
Gewinnung.

Medicus, IV. — lUustrirtes Pflanzenbuch.

Miero-Organisma and Fermentation. — A.
Jorggensen. Trans, from 3rd German Ed. by
A. K. Miller and E. A. Lennholm.

Natiofial Dispensatory. — Containing the
natural history, chemistry, pharmacy, actions
and uses of medicines, including those recog-
nized in the pharmacopoeias of the United
States, Great Britain and Germany, with numer-
ous references to the French Codex. By Alfred
Stille, M. D., I.L. D., John M. Maisch. Ph. M.,
Phar. D., Charles Caspari, Jr., Ph. G. , and
Henry C. C. Maisch, Ph. G., Ph. D. New
(fifth) edition thoroughly revised, according to
the new United States Pharmacopceia (7th
decennial revision, 1894). In one imperial
octavo volume of 1910 pages, with 320 elaborate
engravings. With ready reference thumb-letter
index.

Peckolt, T. e. G. — Historia das plantas medi-
cinas e uteisdo Brazil.

Pharmacopcea helvetica (Switzerland). Ed.
III. Deutsche Ausgabe.

Pier sol, G. A. — Text book of normal Histo-
logy.

Raivitz, Bh. — Grundriss der Histologic.

Soh7i, Chas. E. — Dictionary of the Active
Principles of Plaiits. Alkaloids, Bitter Princi-
ples, Glucosides ; their Sources, Nature and
Chemical Characteristics, with Tabular Sum-
mary, Classification of Reactions and Full
Botanical and General Indexes. The first por-
tion of the book gives the plants concerned in
alphabetical order, to which each belongs, the
names of the chemists by whom it has been
investigated with references to their original
memoir. Then follow the names and the com-
position of their active principles, their solubili-
ties and reactions. The second part of the work
is the practical summary. For the full details of
tests for any one substance, the reader is referred
to Part I,, and for other substances giving simi-
lar reactions to Part III. In parallel columns
is to be found the names of the substance, with
its formula, appearance or crystalline form,
melting point, solubilities, reactions and behavior
with special re-agents, etc. Then follow the
botanical index and the general index, with
certain addenda.

Thorns y Hermann. — Die Arzneimittel der
organischen Chemie.

Trillat, A — Les produits chimiques employes
en m^decine, chimie analytique et industri-
elle.

Tschirch, A.,und Oesterle, O. — Anatomischer
Atlas der Pharmakognosie und Nahrungsmittel-
kunde. Lieferung 2. Mit 5 Tafeln : Cocoa,
Senna, Glycyrrhiza, Cinchona, Ipecacuanha.

V. Villers, A., und F. v. Thilmen. — Die Pflan-
zen des homoopathischen Arzneischatzes. Mit
42 kolor Kpfrtaf

Winkelmann, A. — Handbuch der Physik.
Mit 108 Abbildungen.

Wright, C. R. A. — Animal and Vegetable
fixed Oils, Fats, Butters and Waxes.

Yearbook of Pharmacy. — Comprising ab- ,
stracts of papers relating to Pharmacy, Materia
Medica and Chemistry, contributed to British
and Foreign journals from July i, 1892, to June
30, 1893.

This work appears this year much earlier than
usual, much to the gratification of all those who
consult such publications. As we have not seen
the present edition as yet we are not able to re-
view it. We understand that it contains ninety
pages less than the Yearbook for 1892, and that
like its predecessors represents the pharmaceu-
tical progress during the period to which it
relates.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

35

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION AND THE PHYSI=
OLOQICAL ACTION OF THE NEWER SYNTHETIC REHEDIES.

Delivered at the meeting of the Alumni Association, January loth, 1894.

By VIRGIL COBLENTZ, A.M., Ph.G., Ph.D.

Professor of Theory and Practice of Pharmacy, Director of the Pharmaceutical Laboratory.

{Contimied from page jo.)

T^HE question of relationship between
^ physiological action and chemical
constitution has often been considered,
but never has it received the careful and
systematic study, that has of late years
been bestowed upon it. This has been
brought about by the vast number of
organic syntheses, for among these pro-
ducts, many valuable medicinal remedies
have been discovered. From the time of
its discovery in 1820, quinine has held
the field as an antipyretic ' ' par excel
lence. ' ' The labors of Koenigs, Skraup,
Hesse and others, have lent much to the
explanation of its constitution. Its oxy-
dation by means of CrOj have shown it to
be a derivative of chinolin, inasmuch as it
yielded ox3^-methyl-chinolin-carboxylic-

00 FT
acid C9H5N<^j-.^^|t On heating with

alkalies they obtained chinolin and deriv-
atives of same. By action of HNO;,, the
chinolin molecule was more thoroughly
split up, yielding pyridin-carboxylic
acids. With this relationship between
quinine and chinolin established, the
medicinal properties of the latter mother
substance were studied. Donat first
pointed out its antiseptic properties, later
such salts as the tartrate and salicjdate
found application as febrifuges. In 1882
under the name of " Kairin," O. Fischer
introduced the first synthetic substitute
for quinine, consisting of the following
chinolin derivatives ; the hydrochloride
of oxy - chinolin - methyl - tetra - hj^drur
(Kairin- M) and the hydrochloride of oxy-
chinolin-ethyl-tertahydrur (Kairin- A).

This opened a new era in synthetic
antipyretics. Two j^ears later Knorr
followed with his discovery of antipyrin,
obtained by methylating the condensa-
tions product of phenyl-hydrazin with
aceto-acetic-ether. This was quickly fol-
lowed by Skraups Thallin a tetra-hydro-
p-chin-anisol. A close examination of
these antipyretics will show that they all
contain a N united under similar condi-
tions, this plays a most important part, in
consequence of its affinity for other
elements, and lends a basic character to
the bodies in question. Such syntheses
are of equal value to both the chemist
and physician, the}- demonstrate to the
chemist that the sj^stematic analysis
yields valuable conclusions, which furnish
the key to an unlimited variet}^ of possi-
bilities, while it assures the physician of
a still further improvement of the thera-
peutic value of already valuable remedies.
Since these discoveries, it has been the
earnest labor of pharmacologists to trace,
if possible, a definite relationship that
might exist between certain chemical
groups or groupings of different bodies,
and their physiological action ; their
efforts have been rewarded bj^ some
valuable discoveries, although as yet,
comparative little progress has been
made, it does not shut out future possi-
bilities. The time will come when our
knowledge concerning this subject, will
be so advanced that the chemist will be
able to construct compounds to meet the
most exacting requirements of modern
medicine.

36

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

The introduction of chlorine in the
molecule of a hydrocarbon imparts a toxic
effect increasing with the number of chlo-
rine atoms, thus we have — ■

Mon-chlor-methane— CH3CI

Methyl chloride.
Di-chlor-methane — C H.CL

Methylene chloride.
Tri-chlor- methane— CH CI3

Chloroform.
Tetra chlor-methane— C CI4

Carbon-tetrachloride.
Again the introduction or substitution of
methyl groups, under certain conditions
causes a marked neutralization of the
toxic effect of a body in question, thus the
hypnotic action of sulfonal is greatly
lessened by the substitution of methyl
for ethyl groups. Xanthin, caffeine and
theobromine are homologues, the tetanic
effects exhibited by xanthin (CaH.N^Oo)
are tound only in a greatly reduced degree
in its methyl derivatives caffeine (C5H
(CH3)3N4 02) and theobromine (C5 H,
(CH3)oN^02). Similar relationship ex-
ists between strychnin and brucin. The
tertiary united carbon as in

Pental ^i"'>C:^-C<^.''\ or

Amylene-hydrate ph'-^^'^OH ' °^

Sulfonal CH >^^S0!-C h' '^ b'P^otic.

As we will later see, that slight altera-
tions in the structure of these bodies,
such as the introduction of new groups,
preparation of homologues, produce
marked differences in physiological
action. A careful studj^ of this feature
applied to a large number of synthetic
compounds has demonstrated that certain
normals, in the configuration of the con-
stitution of certain bodies, occur with
regularity in antipyretics, hypnotics and
other remedies.

In this study progress is rendered slow

and difficult, and if all conditions are not
carefully considered, erroneous results
may be obtained ; thus substances which
persistently resist the action of reagents
in the laboratory, readily break up under
the influence of the vital processes in the
organism, while the reverse is true of
readily decomposable substance's, these
undergoing no change in the system.
Again many bodies react contrary to
expectations, because they undergo un-
expected changes in the organism, be-
coming altered before performing the
action desired. Solubility plays also a
very important roll. We also find singu-
lar contradictions, as instances of this,
antifebrin and antipyrin, remedies having
no chemical relationship to one another,
produce similar effects on the animal
organism.

Again on the other hand, bodies which
are chemically closely related, are found
to possess widely different physiological
action, for instance red phosphorus is
non-toxic, while the yellow is the reverse.
Among the oxy-benzoic acids, the 7neta
and para acids have no medicinal action,
while ortho compound forms the valuable
salicylic acid. Thus while the mono-
hydroxy-benzene (phenol CgHsOH) and
amido-benzene (anilin CeHjNH.,) are pois-
onous, the para-amido-phenol

(CeHj<C^TT ) which contains both

groups, is relatively non-to^ic. Ethylated
and acetylatedp-amido-phenol, (phenace-
tin) is antipyretic. Many other inex-
plainable examples might be given, this
however, should not deter our attention
from a most important subject, even
though we are not at present, able to
offer satisfactory explanations for these
apparent contradictions to the theory.

On the other hand, we have striking
examples which serve to prove that there
must be a definite relationship between
chemical constitution and medicinal

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

37

action. Attention has often been called
to the similarity of action of the inorganic
compounds of K.-Hg.-Fe.-Zn., also those
ot phosphorus, arsenic and antimony,
iron and manganese, zinc and cadmium.
Again comparing the alkali metals*
it has been shown, that the potassium
salts owe their more prompt action as com-
pared to those of soda, to their higher
molecular weight and greater electrolytic
conductivity ; from this the rubidium
salts may naturally be expected to take
a higher position for similar reasons.
The electrolytic conductivity of the
iodides of these metals show a similar
ascending progression like unto that of
the molecular weights thus :

Element Na K Rb.

Molecular Wt. 23 39 85.4

Elect.cond. of iodides 105.7 128.5 130-6
Dilution 32.

These data are said by Erdmann not
only to represent the actual and relative
rapidity with which the different iodides
are distributed throughout the organism,
under the influence of osmotic pressure
and electrical currents, but their data
also afford a direct measure of their
degree of medicinal activity, for physi-
logical activity is conditioned b}' the
ability to enter into chemical re-actions,
and according toOstwald'slaw, chemical
activity is proportional to the electrolytic
conductivity." This explains why the
practitioner prefers the potassium iodide
to the soda salt, although the latter con-
tains 85% iodine, compared to ']6% of
the former. Also upon these grounds
rubidium iodide, containing about 60%
iodine is receiving attention, it being
claimed to be far more active than either
of the other iodides.

The apothecary classifies the organic
remedies according to their chemical

*Erdmann Phar. Ceiith. '93-598.

constitution as derivatives of methane,
benzene, etc., while the physician classi-
fies them according to their therapeutic
action on the organism as hypnotics,
antipyretics, etc. The chemist is en-
deavoring to find, if possible, a middle
way by studying the relationship between
chemical constitution and medicinal
action, which will enable him to build
up and construct bodies of known definite
physiological action. Anything in the
way of a general chemical classification,
leads to diflSculties, as will be seen in
that of Dujardin-Beaumetz ; he classed
the aromatic hydroxyl derivatives as
(phenol, napthol, etc.), as having anti-
septic properties. Amido derivatives as
(acetanilid, kairin, thallin, etc.), anti-
pyretics, and such compounds in which a
hydrogen in the amido group is replaced
by a fatty radical, (particularly methyl),
as hypnotics, as antipyrin, exalgin
(methyl-acetaiiilid), phenacetin, (acet-
phenetidin), etc. As was pointed out by
Ville, such a classification is incorrect
from a chemical standpoint, for the
bodies classed under the amido group do
not belong together, for acetanilid con-
tains nitrogen in the side chain, while in
thallin and kairin it is in the nucleus, as
a chinoline derivative. Likewise exalgin
and phenacetin are derivatives of anilin
while antipyrin is a derivative of pyrazol.
Again Hodgkin classified the methane
derivatives and aldehydes as hypnotics
and anaesthetics while tliose of the ben-
zene series were classed as antipyretics
and antiseptics ; such a classification of
chemical constitution and physiological
action is too general and very misleading,
for as we have already said, the physio-
logical action of such bodies depend on
the construction of their molecules and
not great groups. I will now endeavor
to present a general outline of what has
been done in this direction. In order to
render the subject as lucid and concise

38 THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

as possible, the matter has been consider- explains the intensity ot the action of

able abridged. p-aniido-phenol by the simultaneous pres-
ence of the OH and NH, groups. The

THE AMIDO GROUP. activity of p-amido-phenol is lessened

This group is found in a large number through the introduction of esters, still

of remedies, either intact or serving to more so by alkyl or carbamic esters (ure-

form the basis of new bodies. The fol- thanes).

lowing division into antipyretics and The most important substitution pro-
hypnotics is that of Thoms*. duct among the different anilides, is acet-

analid CeHsNH— CO— CH, the antifebrile

ANTIPYRETICS. effects of which are well known. The

ANimNE-AMiDO-BENZENE GROUP introduction of the benzoyl group in

C H NH. analin gave benzanilid

Those compoundsy arising from the CbHsNH LO LeHs

introduction of acid radicals in amido- a body having a similar action, but far

, /^ ^^ /OH \ ^ less potent than acetanilid hence adapted

phenol ( C6H4<<T.^TT ) are more energet- j • • . .• ^ uu ^x.

r y ^JNHa/ for admmistration to children, the same

ic than the alkylated aniido-phenol deriv- can be said of formanilid — CgHsNH —

atives, since the acid g];oup is more easily COH— and salicylanilid CeHsNH— CgH^

split up in the organism than the alcohol ~(0H) CO. In order to avoid the un-

group. Through the introduction of an pleasant after effect (collapse) produced

acid radical in the amido group of p-ami- by acetanilid, has led to the introduction

dophenol, its toxic effects are lessened, of various groups calculated to nullify

still further, through the simultaneous this action.

entrance of an acid radical in both the From this table it will be seen that the

amido and hydroxyl groups. If instead introduction of an alkyl or oxy-alkyl

of the acid rest in the hydroxyl group, an group in the para position of the benzine

Solubility. Dose.

CeHs.NH— CO— CH3 Acetanilid i — 194 0.25—0.5

p.u.^OC,H5 (i) ^Phenacetin i— 1100 o ■; — i o

'-6-ti*<-NH— CO— CH3 (4) ^ p-acetphenetidin ^^""^ ^'^ '

r^^^OZYl, (i) ^Methacetip 01—02

^«-^*^Nh— CO— CH3 (4) ^ p-oxy-methyl-acetanilid ' ^^ ' '

P TT M^^^3 ^Exalgin . , o a — o 8

^«^^^<C0CH3 ^ methyl-acetanilid "'^°^- ""^ °^

^^^^<^NH— CO— CH3 (3) P-acettoluid i — 1800 0.5—1.0

P ^ ^OCJis ^Phenocoll tt , ^ . _. q

^«^^^NH— CO— CHoNHo ^ p-amido-acet-phenitidin ^ ^^ "^ -^

alcohol radical be substituted (phenace- nucleus, the 7iature and the energetic
tin) a compound results which is milder action of acetanilid is altered, for exam-
than either of the above. Von Mering pie, phenacetin, in this an oxy -ethyl
group is introduced in the p-position to

*Phar. Centh. '91 — 712. . - , ,

tj. vou Mering-Therapeut. Monatsh ■93-7-577- the acetly group, its houiologue mctha-

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

39

cetin contains likewise an oxy-methyl
group in the para position, these two
bodies, contrary to anticipations have
a weaker effect than acetanilid, which
is however accounted for by their com-
parative insolubility and difficulty in
splitting up in the organism. Exalgin,
a methylated acetanilid because of its in-
solubility suffers a loss in antipyretic
effect, acettoluid is likewise feebly anti-
pyretic.

On the contrary, increased solubility
does not always indicate increased activ-
ity, for example, Schering in order to in-
crease the solubility of phenacetin, intro-
duced an amido-group NH^ in the side
chain which enabled it to readily form
salts, thus the hydrochloride of pheno-
coll is soluble i in 20 and yet it is given
in same doses as phenacetin. Neurodin*
an aceto-p-oxyphenylurethane, in doses
of I gramme is an active antineuralgic.
Through the introduction of an ethyl
group as in thermodin we find it to be
antipyretic in doses of 0.5 gm.

Phenyl-hydrazin CeHsNH— NH„ you
will remember, may be considered a de-
rivative of anilin, in which a H is re-
placed b}' an amido group; on introduc-
ing an acetyl group (CH3CO) in this,
hydracetin

/acetyl-phenyl -hydrazin \
VCeHsNH— NH— CH3CO /

was formed, this owing to its powerful
toxic properties (dose o 05) was not
favorably received, Knorr took up this
idea and by forming a condensation pro-
duct between phenyl-hydrazin and ethyl-
aceto-aceticester (CH3— CO,— CH,— CO-
OC2H3) and this on methylating yielded
phenyl-di-methyl -pyrazolon or antipyrin

N— CeH,

Since this discovery, numerous experi-
ments have been made to produce bodies
of equal therapeutic value, by introducing
certain groups into the phenyl radical,
thus Riedel prepared a methyl derivative
by introducing a methyl group in the
para position of the phenyl group, which
he named tolypyrin.

N-CeH— CH3

0=C

Hg=

|N-
=C-

-CH3
-CH,

p-tolyl-di-methyl-
pyrazolon.

Comparative experiments have shown
that this new body is equal to antipyrin^
not only in degree, but also in the art of
its therapeutic action. In most cases
four gms. of tolypyrin performed the
same work of 6 gms. antipyrin.

As Thomsf has suggested, the intro-
duction of an alkyl or oxy-alkyl group
in the benzene nucleus reduced the ener-
getic action of acetanilid, with this view
he prepared a like derivative of antipyrin,
to note the effect produced by these
groups in the benzene nucleus to the
pyrazolon ring. N— CeH^ — OC0H5

OC

NCH,

HC=

=CCH,

0==C

HC=

IN— CH3

=C— CH,

*Von Meriiig Therapeut Moiiatsh, '93-/-577.
fPhar. Ceuth. '93-145

Para - antipyrin (p - ethoxy - phenyl -
dimethyl-pyrazolon) was prepared, and
from clinical experiments, it was found
that instead of diminishing the effect of
antipyrin, the ethoxy group increased it
to such an extent as to render it useless
in medicine. That the introduction of a
methyl group in antipyrin has given a
more powerful body tolypyrin, finds con-
firmation in the fact that cresol

OFT
CeH^<C^pTT which differs from phenol

CgHs OH only in a methyl group is char-
acterized by a stronger antiseptic action.
That we find the secondary effects of
antipyrin suppressed in tolypyrin may be

40

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

accounted for by the comparative insolu-
bilitj^ of the latter, it being much slower
absorbed by the system. Knorr cites
among examples of tautomerism in the
pyrazol series, three forms of phenyl-
methyl-pyrazolon thus :

which contain ethyl groups are active,
and the intensity of the effect of these
depends on the number of ethyl groups
contained in the molecule." A disulfon
containing one ethyl group

NH

HCII

II
HC

q

|N ^
1-1

CH

N— CeH,

0=C| ||N
^ H,C C— CH

Methylene
Formula.

N— C.Hb

/\
0=C| jNH Imid Formula.

I I
HC==C— CH3

N— CeHs

/\

OHCll 1|N Phenol Form.

HC"

'C— CH,

from these he prepared six different
methyl derivatives. The alkyl deriva-
tives ot the phenol forms show no trace
of antipyretic action, w^hile those of the
methylene and imid formula including
antipyrin, all possessed well defined anti-
febrile properties.

HYPNOTICS.

In this division the amido group does
not play any important part. Many of
these are derivatives of carbamic acid,

NH.

C=0

-OH

the ethers being called ure-

'NH,

thanes ; the ethyl ether C^^O

--0— C,Hs*

forms the excellent hypnotic urelhane.

Some vtry interesting work has been
performed by Baumann* who compared
the physiological action of sulfonal to
bodies of similar constitution, the Disul-
fones. ' ' Among the disulfones only those

*Z. Phys. Chera. XIV-52.

tWritten either {Q.VL^)^=Q.={i,0^(i^Yi^\^ or (C2H5)j=C
—(SOzCHa), the same may besaidof the other disulfones.

(

'^^^^>C<gQ;_^2;;) produces an

effect only half as intense as that of one
containing two ethyl groups (sulfonal)t

CH.-^^^SOa— C.Hs

Again sulfonal

is far less powerful than trional, a disul-
fon containing three ethyl groups

-C^Hs
-C2H5

The most power-

ful of them all is tetronal, a disulfon con-
taining four ethyl groups, thus

CoH5^,,^^P^^SO., — C2H5
CHs-^ ^SO^— C,H5

A disulfone

containing four methyl groups is without
medicinal effect. In certain configura-
tions the ethyl group plays a certain
pharmacological part, which under like
circumstances is not shown by the ?nethyl
group. In the above instance the com-
parison affords us valuable conclusions.
To illustrate the vast difference in their
effect on the system, Baumann adminis-
tered doses of 1.5 gms. pro kilo of the
four fold methylated disulfon without
any visible effect, while a dose as small
as 0.3 gms. pro kilo of the tetronal (four-
fold ethylated disulfon) produced power-
ful toxic effects.

SOME DIFFERENT AMIDO DERIVATIVES.

There are a number of bodies in which
the amido group does not play the prin-
cipal part in the therapeutic effect, but
assists materially in the production of
more soluble compounds and le.ssens the
toxic effect of the body. Here we have
the uric-acid solvent piperazin

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

4t

Saccharin (benzoic sulfinid). An anti-
septic we have hydroxy lamin NHj-OH
the hydrochlorate of which forms a sub-
stitute for pyrogallic acid and chrysaro-
bin. Mercurial antiseptics containing
the aniido group are mercurous forman-

ide HCONH>^^ Succinimid mer-
cury
(c.H,<^g>N-Hg-N< ^g >C,H,)

As an amido-salol we have salophen (p-
aceto - amido - phenyl - salicylic - ester).
From what we have thus far seen of the
amido group it is evident that a satisfac-
tory explanation of its therapeutic sig-
nificance, is scarcely possible, consider-
ing the present state of our knowledge.

INFLUENCE OF THE CARBOXYL AND SUL-
PHONIC ACID GROUPS ON THE TOXIC
PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

Erdmann's* investigations have shown
that the antipyretic derivatives of para-
amido-phenol, as phenacetin and pheno-
coll are rendered totally inert, when
rendered soluble by the preparation of
their carboxylic and sulfonic acid deriva-
tives. Further the introduction of these
groups into other antipyretics have de-
monstrated the same. Bodies of well
defined toxic properties suffer a marked
diminution of action. This observation
is of the greatest value from a hygienic
standpoint in the coal-tar industry, for
the introduction of these groups in the
aniline colors, thereby rendering them
inert, removes the objection to their
employment as color for candies, foods,
products, etc. These bodies on entering
the system are split up into their various

*Phar. Centh. '92-357.
fMeiic'i^i Chem. Ztg '92 212.
iSchneegans&Mering— Therapeut Monatshcft '92 — 327.

constituents or compounds ; now the
chief causef of poisoning is to be found
in these reduction phenomena; so in this
case a lessening of toxic effect may be
explained in that the carboxyl (COOH)
represents a group saturated with oxygen,
which is no further reduced in the or-
ganism. Napthalin, pyridin and chino-
lin are toxic, their corresponding car-
boxyl derivatives are far less so. The
introduction of the COOH group into
acetanilid (malon-anilic acid CeHsNH —
CO— CHo— COOH) yields an inert com-
pound. While the phenols show strong
toxic properties, this is considerably
lowered or sometimes entirely lost in
their carboxylic and sulfonic acid deriva-
tives. Guaiacol f C6H^<Cq-^ ""j

is of the greatest value in treatment of
tuberculosis, but its carboxylic acid deri-

/ /-OCH3 \
vative CeH3 — OH possesses only

\ ^cooh;

feeble antiseptic properties.

It has been fovmd that those bodies
which exert a powerful action upon the
nervous centers lose this action entirely
in their sulfonic acid derivatives. This
has been borne out in the alkaline salts
of caffeine sulfonic acid (nasrol or sodium
sulfocaffeate) having lost their effect on
the vasomatoric center while the diuretic
effect is retained.

The primary alcohols are less narcotic
than the secondary, and these less so than
the tertiary I . In the tertiary alcohols,
the medicinal action depends upon the
nature of the alcohol radical, which is
united to the tertiary carbon atom ; is the
radical CH3 present as in tri-methyl-carbi-
nol (tertiary-butyl-alcohol CH3)3=C-OH)
the action is relatively feeble ; with intro-
duction of ethyl groups (C0H5) it in-
creases in ratio to the number of such

42

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

groups united to the tertiary carbon atom.
The same may be said of the pinacones,
thus methyl-pinacone

(cH>C(OH)-C(OH)<CH.)

is no more narcotic than ethyl alcohol,
but this action is more marked in methyl-
ethyl-pinakone and still more so in di-
ethyl-pinakone

(C=H.->c(OH)-C(OH)<C.H.)

Ureas containing one or more substituted
alcohol radicals possess no narcotic ac-
tion, however, we find the contrary to be
the case in those which contain a tertiary
alcohol radical, here the rule that an
ethyl united with the tertiary carbon
atom is more active than methyl, takes
effect. For this reason those ureas con-
taining the tertiary butyl radical

^CH3
-C— CH3

are less hypnotic than those

containing tertiary amyl. — C-

'C2H5
-CH3
^CH3

In view of what has already been ac-
complished, there is but little doubt that
a relationship between chemical consti-
tution and medicinal action, exists to a
certain extent. This is evidently sub-
ject to several conditions, most important
among these, may be mentioned the in-
tramolecular structural arrangement, —
the degree of solubility which regulates
the more rapid or slower absorbtion in
the system, — various decompositions
which these bodies undergo after enter-
ing the body, — the electrolytic conduc-
tivity of the compound. A definite
classification is not at present possible
for the field is new, and comparatively
little has been thus far accomplished,
from this however, we may draw an idea
of future possibilities.

AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL
ASSOCIATION.

To the Members : —

As your committee of the Scientific
Section of this association, we desire to
call your attention to your responsibility
in connection with your membership, and
would urge that you give immediate at-
tention to the matter of contributing to
the Scientific Department of our associa-
tion in the coming year. We would
strongly urge that you should not dis-
miss the matter from your mind and
leave your work until the time of ap-
proaching the meeting of '94, but at
least start in the work at once. It is to
be hoped that you will select a subject
V\^hich has a special interest to you, and
report the same to the chairman of this
committee at an early date. If we can be
of any assistance whatsoever, call upon
us freely, and we will be happy to serve
in our capacity in any way that you may
command.

It is gratifying to state that a number
of encouraging letters have already been
received from members who promise to
contribute papers. Our coming meeting
evidently will be an enthusiastic one.
These queries are intended to be merely
suggestive, and it it to be hoped that the
different members in glancing over this
advance list — which may be the only one
sent out — will find something that will
interest them, or, suggest to them some-
thing else which will be more accept-
able.

LIST OF QUERIES PROPOSED.

1. The Ferric Hydrate process of as-
say. With which drugs does it give
uniformly satisfactory results ?

2. Peroxide of Hydrogen solution is al-
ways furnished of an acid character. Is
it allowable to remove this acidity before
dispensing, and can it be done without
certain injury to the reparation ?

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

43

3. White Castile Soap. Is its quality
as good as formerly ? What is the char-
acter and composition of the imitations
on sale in many pharmacies ?

4. Ung. Zinci Oxidum as prepared by
the torumla. of U. S. P. becomes hard
and tough . Would it not be advisable to
diminish the proportion of zinc oxide
and modify the process, with the purpose
of securing a chemical union of zinc
with the fatty acids ?

5. It is said that Grindelia squarrosa
is sold largely instead of G. robusta.
To what extent is this true ? Is the sub-
stitution a serious one ?

6. The employment of many remedies
in the effervescent form has of late years
become very popular. Could not the
same remedies be given to better advant-
age with carbonic acid and water ? — an
article easily furnished at all times by
the pharmacist ; and should not Carbonic
Acid Water be restored to its place in
the Pharmacopoeia and its use encour-
aged ?

7. How do the various commercial
brands of Bismuth Subgallate compare
with one another and with Dermatol ?

8. Do the so-called elegant prepara-
tions of Cod. Liver Oil, from which the
Oil has been removed, possess any thera-
peutic value ?

9. Write an essay on the application
of Acetone in pharmaceutical processes
in the place of Alcohol or Ether.

10. Do the " Pepsin Gums " so freely
advertised contain any pepsin ?

11. What is the quality of the Re-
duced Iron dispensed by pharmacists?

12. Can Ginseng (Panax Quinquefo-
lium), be cultivated ? Has it been at-
tempted ?

13. The names of Medicinal Plants of
commercial value that are gathered in
North Carolina. Their value and rela-

tive amount sold in this country and
exported.

14. What relationship, if anj', exists
in the drug between the alkaloids hy-
drastine and berberine ?

15. With what acid, if any, are the
alkaloids hydrastine and berberine com-
bined in the drug ?

16. Is the poisonous constituent of
Rhus toxicodendron altogether destroyed
when the plant is dried ?

17. Anemone Pulsatilla is valued in
medicine. Does the plant depend on
anemonin for its value ?

18. Is there any drug action in nux
vomica that cannot be obtained from the
alkaloids, strychnine and brucine ?

19. To what degree does the resin of
podophyllum represent the therapeutical
force of podophyllum ?

20. What advantages, if any, can tab-
lets offer over piUs, either sugar or gela-
tin coated ? •

21. To what extent do the ofiBcial
plant preparations known as tinctures
and extracts deteriorate ?

22. Does Rhubarb contain a cathartic
principle identical with the cathartic
acid of senna ?

23. What is the condition of the lard
oil of the market ?

For these titles we are indebted to
various members who have forwarded
them to your committee. Select one, or
name one 7nore acceptable, and let us hear
from you.

ly. E. Sayre, Chairman,

Lawrence, Kansas.

Charles M. Ford, Sec^y,

700 15th St., Denver, Col.

F. S. Hereth, Associate Member,
194 Randolph St., Chicago, 111.

44

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

JUSTUS KARL HASSKARL.

On January 5, Dr. Justus Karl Hass-
karl, the introducer of the cinchona
plant into Java, died at Cleve, in Ger-
many, at the age of 82. Hasskarl was
born Dec. 6, 18 ri. at Cassel, where his
father, (who traced his descent to a
Swedish family which had settled in
Germany at the time of Gustavus
Adolphus, during the thirty years' war)
held an official position. During Hass-
karl's childhood, his father was transfer-
red to Bonn, and there the subject of this
note visited the gymnasium. Botany
was his favorite subject, and in 1827,
when his school days closed, he obtained
a small appointment at the botanical
gardens at Poppelsdorf, near Bonn. His
drafting into the military service in 1830
intercepted his botanical studies for a
couple of years, but as soon as he could
free himself he returned to the profession
to which his inclination drew him, and
found a place as manager of Weyhe's
Horticultural Gardens in Dusseldorf.
Hasskarl conducted a bontanical class in
connection with the establishment, but it
* would seem that his employer refused to
allow him to teach any but the most ele-
mentary principles of the science, and that
as a result of differences on this point, Hass-
karl was dismissed in 1834. In the mean-
time a paper of his on Cunnighamia had
attracted some attention in scientific
circles, and means were found to enable the
young man to return to Bonn and finish
his training at the University, where in
addition to botany he studied medicine.
During that time he contributed several
papers to the Regensburger Flora, and
received the high distinction of being ap-
pointed to the Regensburg Botanical
Society. In the following year Hass-
karl was thrown into contact with Pro-
fessor Goldfuss, the geologist, who made
him his contemporary assistant at the

Natural History Museum. A wealthy
Rotterdam ship owner who visited the
museum, and appeared to have had a cer-
tain ambition of figuring as a Maecenas
in a cheap way, offered to provide Hass-
karl, who was longing for a chance of
botanical work in the tropics, with a free
passage to Java in one of his ships. The
offer was eagerly accepted, and in 1836-
he sailed for Java. The journey took 210
days, and the young man arrived at his
destination practically penniless. For-
tunately he attracted the attention of a
compatriot. Dr. Fritze, chief of the
Dutch-Indian Medical Service, who
found him a berth at the Buitenzorg
Botanical Gardens, not so famous then as
they have since become. For nine years
Hasskarl held that appointment. During
this time he introduced a systematic ar-
rangement of the collections at Buiten-
zorg and prepared the first catalogue of
the gardens.

In 1846, he returned to Europe and
established himself at Diisseldorf, earn-
ing his living by casual journalistic
work, translations of jjcientific books
into German and Original work. In
about 1848, the Dutch Government
decided to send an expedition to South
America, for the purpose of collecting
Cinchona seeds and plants. The com-
mand was ofi'ered to Dr. Junghuhn, also
a German bontanist, who had done ex-
cellent work in the Dutch Indies, where
he appears to have made Hasskarl's ac-
quaintance. Junghuhn, after long con-
sideration, declined the post, and recom-
mended Hasskarl, who accepted imme-
diately, and left Holland in 1852.

Hasskarl was instructed by M. Pahud,
the Dutch Minister of the Colonies, not
to confine himself to the collection of
Cinchona Calisaya (then looked upon as
the most valuable species), but to gather
plants and seeds of as many varieties as
possible. Early in 1853, Hasskarl set

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

45

foot in Peru, and immediately proceeded,
via Lima, to the Andes, which he crossed
in May, by the Tarnia road. Unfortun-
ately he happened upon a track where
the richer varieties of the Cinchona were
absent, and the only kinds he discovered
were : One to which he gave the name
of C. ovata (but which has since been
renamed C. pahudiana, C. pubescens
and C. amygdalifolia), of which he col-
lected the seeds, and C. lanceolata, of
which he secured plants. Hasskarl con-
tinued his journey to Cuzco, and thence
to Sandia, in the province of Caravaya,
on the Bolivian frontier, the home of the
best Calisaya trees. Having arrived too
late in the season to gather any seed, he
was forced to return without this prized
variety to Lima, whence he forwarded
the collected seeds by post to Holland.
The plants were sent on, via Panama in
Wardian cases ; but through some mis-
understanding they were returned to
Lima a few months later, and had all
died when they arrived there. In the
Spring of 1854 Hasskarl again set out
for Bolivia. War had broken out mean-
while between that country and Peru,
and the Bolivian frontier was closed to
all persons from the sister republic.
Hasskarl, under the assumed name of
Jose Carlos Miiller, therefore established
his headquarters at Sandia, as near the
Bolivian border as he could get, and
thence sent out expeditions to collect
Calisaya plants. In this he was fairly
successful and in June 1854. he returned
to the coast with 400 calisaya plants
(seeds he could not obtain) only to find,
when Arequipa was reached, that the
Dutch man-of-war which was to carry
the collection to Java, had left a few days
previously. He caught up to the ship at
Callas and reached Batavia on December
13, 1854.

A few months after Hasskarl' s return
to Java, the ship in which his family

were sailing from Holland to rejoin him,
foundered off the Dutch coast. Hass-
karl' s wife and his lour daughters were
amon ^!; the eighty passengers who per-
ished in the waves. Shortly after this
domestic calamity, Hasskarl had the
misfortune to differ from Dr. Junghuhn,
who had meanwhile returned to Java,
and among whose duties was that of su-
pervising the new Cinchona- culture, on
many vitalprinciplesof the system of culti-
vation. Hasskarl whereupon resigned his
post and left Java in 1 856, with all the hon-
ors of war, in the shape of many orders
and crosses, and a life pension. Since that
time Hasskarl has lived in retirement in
Germany, the recipient of many official
honors, and much beloved by his neigh-
bors in the little German frontier town,
where he spent the last thirty years of
his life. Notwithstanding the fact that
Hasskarl's South American mission pro-
duced no permanently successful results,
time has amply shown that the method
of Cinchona-culture advocated by him,
and (to some extent) also by Te5^smann,
were scientifically correct.

CINCHONA IvBDGERIANA.

It is a singular fact that the most valu-
able of all Cinchonas, the Ledgeriana
variety, was not introduced into the
Indies by any of the collectors especially
appointed by the British or Dutch gov-
ernments, but by a private trader in
South America, the late Mr. Ledger,
who collected the seeds with the assist-
ance of an Indian carrier, one Manuel
Inca Maemani. When the Bolivian
authorities discovered the part played by
this Indian cascarillero, they threw him
into prison for assisting the foreigner in
robbing the country of one of its chief
riches, and there he perished miserably.
— (Adapted from Cheni. and Drug.,
1894, 73).

46

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

^ssociatioi) Notes.

Minutes of the meeting of the Alumni
Association, held February 14, 1894.

The meeting was called to order by
the President at 8 P. M. Despite the
inclemency of the weather a large as-
semblage, of members, students and
friends, was present. Upon motion the
reading of the minutes of the previous
meeting was dispensed with. Mr. G. A.
Lauffer, '93, was elected to membership.
On motion the regular order of business
was suspended and Dr. Cyrus Edson
delivered his lecture on ' ' Nervous Ex-
haustion." The lecture was of great
interest and highly instructive. At the
close of the lecture a rising vote ol
thanks was tendered to Dr. Edson.

Mr. W. C. Munson, '93, was elected
to fill the office of third vice-president.
Mr. W. H. Hoburg was chosen to fill
the position on the executive board left
vacant by the election of Mr. Heller to
the position of Secretary. Tne report of
the business manager of The Alumni
Journal was accepted and ordered to be
placed on file. The meeting then ad-
journed.

Harry Heller, Secretary.

Meeting of the Executive Board, held
in the College Library, February 14,
1894.

The meeting was called to order by
the President. The following members
were present : Messrs. Graeser, Heller,
Henning, Hoburg, Hohenthal, Stover and
Miss Mahegin.

The minutes of the previous meeting
were read and adopted. The report of
the Treasurer was read and accepted.

Several bills were presented for pay-
ment and ordered paid upon the report of
the auditing committee.

The report of the business manager of
The Alumni Journal was read, ap-
proved, and, on motion of Mr. Stover,
ordered to be spread upon the minutes.

To fill the editor's chair, made vacant
by the death of Dr. O. G. Harrison, the
name of Mr. Henry Kraemer, who for
several years endeared himself to the
hearts of the students of our college
while officiating as instructor in Botany
and Materia Medica, was presented. The
Board thereupon elected Mr. Kraemer by
acclamation to the office of editor of The
Alumni Journal.

There being no further business to be
transacted, the meeting adjourned.

Harry Heller, Secretary.

(3^r Qradaates.

Mr. Samuel Schwarz, one of the honor
men of the class of '89, has opened a handsome
pharmacy on Broad street, Newark.

Dr. a. L. Metz, '87, the city chemist of New
Orleans, has been appointed on the jury of
honor of the International Association for the
Progress of Hygiene. He is the chemist for the
Board of Health of the State of Louisiana;
Demonstrator in Chemistry of the Tulane
Medical Department and Instructor in Phar-
macy at Tulane.

Emil J. Maring, '91, formerly manager of
Jos. Colp's store, of this city, is now "manag-
ing " his own store, at Dean and Sackman sts.,
Brooklyn.

Andrew T. Snelling, '78, formerly at 400
Front street, this city, now of Richmond, sends
his compliments and best wishes for The
Alumni Journal.

Will the members of the class of '93, who
wish to attend a reunion dinner, send their
addresses to Harry Heller, 209 Bleecker street?

Wm. a. England, '93, came in from the
wilds of Rahway last week, to visit his numer-
ous friends and to call at the "old College."

Max Monteser, '91, has opened a pharmacy
at 172 Avenue A.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

47

^epior Glsss Notes.

The first of last month's meetings was called
for the purpose of taking action in regard to
the untimely death of Dr. Harrison.

A committee, consisting of Messrs. Kirk,
Wood and Kussy, was appointed to draw up
resolutions of condolence and to have the same
engrossed, and they accordingly presented the
following resolutions, which were unanimously
adopted :

Whereas, In the wisdom of the Divine Being,
it has seemed good to Him to remove from our
midst our beloved instructor, Dr. Oscar George
Harrison, and in his death we suffer a great
loss, both personal and to the cause of science,
therefore, be it

Resolved, That we, the class of '94, do most
deeply deplore the loss of him, who, by his earn-
est, upright and manly character, by his untiring,
unselfish devotion to our interests, and by his
true personal friendship, has endeared himself
to us all; and be it

Resolved, That we extend our deepest and
most heartfelt sympathy to his family and his
many friends in this time of their bereavement;
and, furthermore, be it

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be
presented to the widow of the late Dr. Harrison
and also that they be published in the next
issue of The Ai^umni Journal.

We were suddenly made aware of the prox-
imity to commencement two weeks ago, when
President Ehrgott announced his intention of
appointing the executive committee at the fol-
lowing meeting. It is the duty of this commit-
tee to confer with the commencement committee
of the college in reference to the arrangements
for commencement, and to otherwise farther
the interests of the class.

. Owing to a prolonged dispute as to constitu-
tionality of the appointment of this committee
by the chair, the committee was not appointed
until the third meeting thereafter, when the
following were named : Messrs. Brater. Clark,
Wood, Donovan, Hiltz, Kirk and Wurthmann.
The class-pin committee or as denoted by the
President, the "committee on pins," are the
following : Messrs. Home, Wurthmann and
Holland.

As candidates for the valedictorianship were
named : Messrs. Pond, Van Nuis, Stoerger,
Kussey, Wood, Fendler and Holland.

Mr. Fendler declined the nomination. This
was a disappointment to the class.

The valedictorian will be elected at the next
meeting at which time a secretary will also be
chosen, owing to the resignation of Mr. ImhofF,
our present secretary. The candidates for the
office of secretary are : Messrs. Dinning, Pond,
Boyd, Van Nuis and Webster.

It is the unanimous verdict of the class that,
as successor to Dr. Harrison, a more able and
acceptable instructor than Dr. Rusby, could not
have been selected. His method of quizzing
together with his customary wit serve to brighten
the quizzes, and to nourish the admiration
and warm feeling which our students have al-
ways maintained towards him.

Treasurer Home, who is assessing us an X
for commencement, allows no discount for cash
despite the financial stringency.

How about this, Mr. Dinning ? We hear that
you have recently been seen walking gravely
along behind an ornamented pipe. Is this the
reason ?

There was a gay maid in Hoboken
Who gave to her love as a token
Some cabbage bananas
Which she said were Havanas.
The would-be engagement is broken.

That Mr. Bouton's speech, commending
President Ehrgott for his decision in regard to
the appointment of the executive committee,
met the approval of the class, was quite evi-
dent.

Mr. Wade, Owego's representative, is de-
voting considerable titne to study, and has dis-
tinguished himself on several recent occasions.

At the materia medica quiz, the other day,
the Professor asked a student which he would
prefer to take, a half grain of the alkaloid
strychnine or the same amount of the sulphate?
To which he replied "Neither." It seems strange
that he should value his life so highly when so
near to the final examinations.

ONLY THIS AND NOTHING MORE.
There was a sound of revelry that morn

In the stately college hall,
Upon each face a smile was worn,
For it could be seen by all.

What was it that could please like that,

And cause such an uproar?
Why, Mr. Davies' summer hat.

Only this and nothing more.

Joseph Kussey,

Class Reporter.

Assistants /J" ^- ^°°°' ^°'' Section I.
Assistants, ^^^ ^gj^^Qj^ g. Kirk, " II.

48

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

It was indeed a jolly crowd that journeyed
down to a prominent place of amusement in
the vicinity of Tammany Hall, after Dr. Edson's
lecture. The first thing we did on arriving was
to thoroughly inspect the freaks. After this an
entertainment was furnished by the so-called
theatre, which consisted of several little
sketches, the most interesting being the song of
a burnt cork artist, in which he severely criti-
cised "a resigning secretary," much to the
amusement (?) of Mr. ImhofF.

A meeting for the election of a secretary and
a valedictorian was held en Feb. i6. Mr. F. H.
Linning, Jr., received a handsome vote, which
elected him to the former position, while the
selection of Mr. Kussey for the latter honor was
unanimous. Both of the above gentlemen hail
from New Jersey.

The smaller ($2.75) design of the pins sub-
mitted by the committee was adopted. It is

indeed a neat design.

Nelson S. Kirk,

Section 2.

At a meeting of the Executive Committee on
Commencement Exercises, held on Monday,
February 12th, President Ehrgott was unani-
mously elected chairman.

The manufacture of "Sulphur Prtecipita-
tum " in the pharmaceutical laboratory caused
regret to appear on the faces of several unfortu-
nates who, in hoping that the hour to cease their
labors had drawn near, glanced at their silver
watches only to find them black as the ace of
spades.

Dr. C. — The odor of isonitryl is quite pleas-
ant, is it not ?

Student — Well, it depends on the taste.

The step taken by the class, in deciding to
have the valedictory delivered at the class ban-
quet instead of commencement is a good one,
and should be supported by every one loyal to
the college. We are discarding a time-worn
and useless custom, and it is safe to say the step
will not be regretted.

Mr. C. Iv. RiCHTER has presented to the col-
lege collection a number of " Terpeneless essen-
tial oils."

Mr. M. W. SargeanT is assisting Dr. Rusby
in the Pharmacognosy room, filling the position
Mr. W. A. Bastedo formerly held.

Mr. C. T. Wolff announces that he is en-
joying (?) the sleepless nights of a "pater fa-
milias."

It is with much regret that the majority of
the class, in fact both classes, look upon such
rowdyism as was displayed by certain mem-
bers of both classes, during the lecture given
by Dr. Coblentz, on the evening of the tenth
of January. Actions, such as these, are looked
upon by men, as rowdjish, or babyish. In
either case they should be suppressed, by exam,
pie, and by college sentiment, when, if any
manliness exist in the miscreant, it will show
itself. "LOYALTy, '94."

Tai^iop Gl^ss Notes.

Not hearing from the "Junior Class Repor-
ter " as this issue goes to press, we are unable
to publish any notes relating to the Junior
Class. We will endeavor to reserve sufficient
space, in the next issue, for these notes. — [Ed.

CONTENTS. PAGE.

Nervous Exhaustion. — Dr. Cyrus Edson 25

WooRARA, Twenty Years Old, Still Efficacious. — H. A. Haubold, M. D 30

Appreciation.— Editorial 31

Chloroform. — Editorial -. — 3"

The Most Recent Work 32

New Literature 33

Relationship between the Chemical Constitution and the Physiological Action

OF THE Newer Synthetic Remedies. — Continued — Virgil Coblentz, A. M., Ph. G., Ph.D. 35

American Pharmaceutical Association 42

Justus Karl Hasskarl 44

Association Notes 46

Our Graduates 46

Senior Class Notes 47

Junior Class Notes 48

SUPPLEMENT O F THE AL UMNI JOURNAL.

PUBLISHED BY THE ALUxMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

Classification of Drugs of the U. S. P. According to their Origin and Authors

This is a revised classification similar to that previously made and published by the Editor for assisting the
Students of the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York.

VEGETABLE DRUGS.
(Author's Exceptions to Linni.)

Official Names.

Botanical Origin.

Author.

Official Names.

Botanical Origin.

Author.

Acacia

Acacia Senegal

Willdenow

Euouymus

E. atropurpureus

[acquin

Aloe Barbadensis

A. vera

(Linne) Webb

Foeniculum

F. capiilaceum

Gilibert

Aloe Socotrina

A. Perryi

Baker

Galla

Quercus lusitanica

Lamarck

Ammouiacuui

Dorema" Ammonia-

Don

Gelsemiuni

G. sempervirens

(Linne) Per-
soon

Amygdala Ama-

cum
Prunus Amygdalus

De Candolle

Glycyrrhiza

G. glabra and of

Linne

ra

var. amara

var. glandulifera

(Waldstein et

Amygdala Dulcis

Prunus Amygdalus
var. dulcis

De Candolle

Kitaibel) Re-
gel el Herder

Asafoetida

Ferula foetida

(Bunge) Regel

Grindelia

G. robusta

Nuttall

Aspidium

Dryopteris F i 1 i x-

Schott

G. squarrosa

Dunal

mas

<

PauUinia Cirpana

Kunth

Dryopteris margiu-

Asa Gray

Guarana ^

•' sorbilis

Martins

ales

Hedeoma

H. pulegioides

(Linn6) Per-

Aspidosperma

A, Quebrahco-blanco

Schlechtendal

soon

Aurantii Amari

Citrus vulgaris

Risso

Illicium

I. verum

Hooker filius

Cortex

Ipecacuanha

Cephaelis Ipecacu-

( Brotero ) A .

Balsamum Peru-

Toluifera Pereirse

(Royle) Baillon

anha

Richard

viauuni

Jalapa

Ipomoea Jalapa

Nuttall

Benzoinum

Styrax Benzoin

Dryander

Kamala

Mallotus philippi-
nensis

(Lam a r c k)
Mueller Arg

(Thunberg)

Kino

Pterocarpus Marsu-

Roxburgh

Buchu

Barosma betulina

Bartling et
Wendland

Krameria |

pium
K. triandra

Ruiz et Pavon

Barosma crenulata

(Linne)Hooker

K. Ixina

l.inn^

Calumba

Jateorhiza palmata

(Lamarck)

Limoiiis Cortex

Citrus Limonum

Risso

Miers

Succus

ii Ik

Risso

Cambogia

Garcinia Hanburii

Hooker filius

Macis

Myristica fragrans

Houttuyn

Cinnamomum Cam-

(Linn6) Nees et

Matico

Piper angustifolium

Ruiz et Pavon

Camphora

phora

Ebermaier

Mentha Piperita

M. piperita

Smith

Capsicum

C fastigiatum

Blume

M. piperita

Smith

Cardamomuni

Elettaria repens

(Sonnerat)Bail-

M. arvensis Linne

Holmes

lou

Menthol

var. piperascens

Caryophyilus

Eugenia aromatica

( L i n n e ) O .

M. canadensis Linne

Holmes

Kuntze

var. glabrata

Cascarilla

Croton Eluteria

Bennett

Myristica

M. fragrans

Houttuyn

Castanea

C. dentata

(Marshall) Sud-

Myrrha

CommiphoraMyrrha

(Nees) Engler

worth

Oleum Berga-

Citrus Berganiia

Risso et Poit-

Catechu

.\cacia Catechu

(Linne fil.)

raotla;

eau

Willdenow

Oleum Eucal- (
ypti 1

E. globulus

Labillardiere

Caulophyllum

C. thalictroides

(Linne) Mich-

E. oleosa

F. V. Mueller

aux

Oleum Lavandu-

Lavandula officinalis

Chaix

Cetraria

C. islandica

(Linne) Acha-

lae Florum

rius

Oleum Myrcise

Myrcia acris

De Candolle

(

C. ambrosoides and

Linne

Rosas

Rosa damascena

Miller

Chenopodium \

var. authelminti-
cum

Gra>

Pareira

Chondodendron to-
mentosum

Ruiz et Pavon

Chimaphila

C. unibellata

(Linne) Nuttall

Physostigma

P. venenosum

Balfour

Chirata

Swertia Chirata

Hamilton

Picrotoxinum

Anamirta paniculata

Colebrooke

Chondrus ;

C. crispus
Gigartina mamillosa

Stackhouse
J. Agardh

Pilocarpus |

P. Selloanus
P. Jaborandi

Engler
Holmes

Chrysarobinum

Andira Araroba

Aguiar

Pimenta

P. officinalis

Lindley

Ciniicifuga

C. racemosa

(Liune) Nuttall

Pix Burgundica

Abies excelsa

Poiret

Cinchona |

C. Calisaya

Weddell

Pix Liquida

Pinus palusti is

Miller

C. officinalis

Linn6

Prunus Virgini-

Prunus serotina

Ehrhart

" Rubra

C. succinibra

Pavon

ana

Cinnamomum

Cinnamomum (unde-

Pyrethrum

Anacyclus Pyreth-

(Linne)De Can-

Cassia

termined species)

rum

dolle

Cinnamomum

Cinnamomum (uude-

Quassia

PicrEcna excelsa

(Swartz) Lind-

Saigouicium

termined species)

ley

Cinnamomum

C. zeylanicum

Breyne

Quillaja

Q. Saponaria

Molina

zlylauicum

Rhamnus Pur-

R. Purshiana

De Candolle

Coca

Erythroxylou coca

Lamarck

shiana

Colocynthis

Citrullus Colocynthis

Schrader

Rheum

R. officinale

Baillon

Copaiba

C. Langsdorffii

(Desfontaines )

(

R. villosus

Alton

O. Kuntze

Rubus \

R. canadensis

Linn 6

Cubeba

Piper Cubeba

Linne filius

(

R. trivialis

Michaux

Cusso

Hagenia Abyssinica

(Bruce) Gmelin

Santalum Ru-

Pterocarpus santal-

Linn6 filius

Cypripedium

C. pubescens

Swartz

brum

inus

C. parviflorum

Salisbury

Santonica

Artemisia pauciflora

Weber

Elastica

Various species of

f

Smilax officinalis

Kunth

Hevea

Sarsaparilla

Smilax medica

Chamisso et

Elaterinum

Ecballium Elateri-

(Linn6)A. Rich-

Schlechtendal

um

ard

Smilax papyracea

Duhaniel

Erg Ota

Claviceps purpurea

(Fries) Tulasne

Sassafras

S. variifolium

(Salisbury) O.

Eriodictyon

E. glutinosum

Bentham

Kuntze

Eucalyptus

E. globulus

Labillardiere

Sassafras .

S. variifolium

(Salisbury) O.

official Names

Botanical Origin

Author

Official Names.

Botanical Origin

Sassafras Me-

Inula

I. Helenium

dulla

S. variifolium

Kuntze

Iris

I. versicolor

Scilla

Urginea maritima

(Linn6) Baker

Juglans

J. cinera

Scoparius

Cytisus Scoparius

(Linne) Link

Lactucariuni

Lactuca virosa

Senna |

Cassia acutifolia

Delile

Lappa

Arctium I<appa

Cassia angustifolia

Vahl

Leptandra

Veronica virginica

(

Aristolochia Serpen-

Linne

Linum

L. usitatissimum

Serpentaria ■;

taria

Lobelia

L. inflata

Aristolochia reticula-

Nuttall

Lupulinum

Humulus Lupulus

L

ta

L^'copodium

L. clavatum

Siuapis Alba

Brassica alba

(Linue)Hooker

Manna

Fraxinus Ornus

fi 1 i u s e t

Marrubium

M. vulgare

Thompson

Mastiche

Pistacia Lentiscus

Sinapis Nigra

Brassica nigra

(Linne) Koch

Matricaria

M. Chamjmilla

Strophanthus

S. hispidus

De Candolle

Melissa

M. officinalis

Styrax

Liquidamber orien-

Miller

Menisperinum

M. canadense

talis

Mentha Viridis

M. viridis

Sumbul

Ferula Sumbul

( Kauffma n n ;

Mezereum

Daphne Mezereum

Hooker filius

Nux Vomica

Strychnos Nux-vomica

Taraxacum

T. officinale

Weber

Oleum Betulae Volatile

Belula lenta

Terebiuthiua

Finns palustris

Miller

" Cadinum-

Juniperus Oxycedrus

Terebi n t hi n a

Abies balsamea

(Linne) Miller

Cajuputi

Melaleuca Leucadendron

Canadensis

■' Erigeronitis

Hrigeron canadense

f

Thj'mus vulgaris

Linn6

GaultheriEe

Gaultheria procumbeus

Thymol •!

Mo'narda punctata

Linne

' ' Gossypii Seminis

Gossypium herbaceum

Carum Ajowan

( Roxburgh )

■' Juniperi

Juniperus communis

Bentham e t

" Olivse

Olea europoea

Hooker

Ricini

Ricinus communis

Tragacantha

Astralgus gummifer

Labillardiere

Rosmarini

Rosmarinus officinalis

Triticum

Agropyrum repens

(Linne) Beau-

" Sautali

Santalum album

vois

Sesami

Sesamum indicum

Ulmus

U. fulva

Michaux

'■ Theobromatis

Theobroma Cacao

Uva Ursi

Arctostaphylos Uva-

(Linn4) Spren-

" Thy mi

Thymus vulgaris

ursi

gel

" Tiglii

Crotou Tiglium

Vanilla

V. planifolia

Andrews

Opium

Papaver soniniferum

Veratrina

Asagrcea officinalis

(Schlech ten -

Pepo

Cucurbita Pepo

dal et Cha-

Phytolaccae Fructus

Phytolacca decandra

nnsso)Lindley

Radix

IV .4

Veratrum viride

V. viride

Solander

Piper

Piper nigrum

Vinum Album

Vitis vinifera

Podophyllum

P. peltatum

•' Rubrum

it ti

Prununi

Prunus domestica

Xanthoxylum j

X. americauum
X. Clava-Herculis

Miller
Linn4

Pulsatilla

Anemone Pulsatilla
'• prateusis

Zingiber

Z. officinale

Roscoe

Quercus Alba

Quercus alba

Rhus Glabra

Rhus Toxicodendron

Rosa Centifolia

R. glabra

VEGETABI

,E DRUGS (author LINNE).

R. radicans
R, centifolia

Rosa Gallica

R. gallica

Official Nan

les.

Botanical Origin.

Rubus Idaeus

Rumex

Sabina

R. idaeus
R. crispus
Juniperus Sabina
S. officinarum

Absinthium

Artemisia Absinthium

Saccharum <

Beta vulgaris

Acouitum

A. Napellus

(

Sorghum

Allium

A. sativum

Salvia

S. officinalis

Althtea

A, officinalis

Sambucus

S. canadensis

Aniylum

Zea Mays

Sanguiuaria

S. canadensis

Anisum

Pimpinella Anisum

Scammonium

Convolvulus Scammonia

Antheniis

A. noDilis

Scutellaria

S. lateriflora

Apocyuum

A. cannabinum

Senega

Polygala Senega

Arnicse Flores

A. montana

Spigelia

S. marilandica

" Radix

A. montana

Staphisagria

Delphinium Staphisagria

Asclepias

A. tuberosa

Stillingia

S. sjdvatica

Aurantii Dulcis C

artex

Citrus Aurantium

Stramonii Folia

Datura Stramonium

Balsamum Toluta

num

Toluifera Balsamum

" Semen

I. hi

Belladonnae Folia

Atropa Belladonna

Tabacum

Nicotiana Tabacum

Radix

11 ti

Tamarindus

T. indica

Bryonia

i

B. alba
B. dioica

Tanacetura
Valeriana

T. vulgare
V- officinalis

Calamus

Acorus Calamus

Viburnum Opulus

V. Opuhts

Calendula

C. officinalis

•' Prunifolium

V. prunifolium

Cannabis Indica

C. sativa

Zea

Z. Mays

Carum

C. Carvi

Cassia Fistula

Cassia Fistula
C. majus

Clielidonium

Colchici Radix

C. autumnale

ANIMAL DRUGS.

^' Semen

'^

Conium

C. maculatum

Convallaria

C. majalis

Official Names.

Animal Origin.

Author.

Coriandrum

C. sativum
Fagus sylvatica

Creosotum

Crocus

C. salivus

Adeps

Sus scrofa

Linn6

Digitalis

D. purpurea

Adeps Lanse

Dulcamara

Solanuni Dulcamara

Hydrosus

Ovis Aries

ii

Eupatorium

E. perfoliatum

Cantharis

C. vesicatoria

De Geer

Ficus

Ficus Carica

Cera Alba

Apis mellifica

Linne

Fraiigula

Rhammus Frangula

Cera Flava

.1 ii

it

Gentiana

G. lutea

Cetaceum

Physeter macroce-

'■

Geranium

G. maculatum

phalus
C. cacti

"

Gossj'pii Radicis

Cortex

Gossypium herbaceum

Coccus

"

Granatum

Punica Granatum

Fel Bovis

Bos Taurus

"

Guaiaci Lignum

1

t

Guaiacum officinale
" sanctum

Ichthyocolla
Mel

Acipenser Huso
Apis mellifica

:;

Guaiaci Resina

" officinale

Moschus

M. moschiferus

"

Hsematoxylon

H. campechianuni

Oleum Morrhuse

Gadus Morrhua

(.

Hamamelis

H. virginiana

Pancreatinum

Sus scrofa

"

Humulus

H. Lupulus

Pepsin

it

Hydrastis

H. canadensis

Sevum

Ovis Aries

Linn^

Hyoscyamus

H. niger

Vitellus

Gallus B

ankiva

Temminck

CLASSIFICATION OF THE DOSES

OF DRUGS AND PREPARATIONS OF THE U. S. P.

This classification is but general and solely intended as an aide-memoire to pharmacy and medical students.
It is arranged in conformity to a plan adopted by the Editor in his quiz-work a few years ago.

DRUG S, A NIMA L, and

vegetabi,je;.

All poisonous drugs in doses

from 1 lo 2, grs. as:
Aloe Barbadensis

" Purificata
Belladonnae Folia

•' Radix

Cambogia
Cannabis Indica
Capsicum
Colchici Radix
" Semen
Colocyuthis
Conium
Gelsemium
Hyoscyamus
Ipecacuanha
Lobelia
Moschus
~Nux Vomica
Pulsatilla

Rhus Toxicodendron
Sabina
Scilla
Stramonii Folia

" Semen

Tabacum
Veratrum Viride

EXCEPTIONS

Aconitum, >^ to 2 grs.
CantliHris, Yn. to 2 grs.
Coccus, % to Yi grs.
Digitalis. Y2 to 3 grs.
Opium, ^ to 2 grs.
Physostigma, )i to 2 gts.

All others in doses from 10 to
JO grs. as:

Absinthium

Acacia

Allium

Althaea

Amygdala Dulcis

Anisum

Anthemis

Apocyuum

Arnicae Flores
Radix

Asclepias

Aspidium

Aspidosperma

Bryonia

Buchu

Calendula

Calumba

Cardamonium

■Caruin

Caryophyllus

Cascarilla

Castanea

Catechu

Caulophyllum

Chelidouium

Chimaphila

Chirata

Cimicifuga

Cinnainomum Cassia

" Saigonicum

" Zeylanicum

Coca

Convallaria

Copaiba

Coriandrum

Crocus

Cubeba

Cusso

Cypripedium

Dulcamara

Ergota

Eriodictyon

Eucalyptus

Euonymus

Eupatorium

Fel Bovis Purif.

Foeniculuni

Frangula

Galla

Geiitiana

Geranium

Gossypii Rad. Cortex

Granatum

Grindelia

Guaiaci Lignum

" Resina
Guarana
Illicuni
Inula
Iris
Jalap
Kaniala
Kino

Krameria
L^ctucavium
Lappa
Leptandra
Lupulinum
Macis
Marrubium
Matico
Matricaria
Melissa
Menispermuni
Mezereum
Myristica
Myrrha
Pareira
Phylolaccae Fructus

" Radix

Pilocarpus
Pimenta
Piper

Fix Liquida
Podophyllum
Prunus Virginiana
Pj-rethrum
Quercus Alba
Quillaja

Rhanmus Purshiana
Rheum
Rhus Glabra
Rumex
Salvia
Sanibucus
Sanguinaria
Santonica
Sansaparilla
Sassafras
Scammonium
Scoparins
Scutellaria
Senega
Senna
Serpentaria
Sinapis Alba

' ' Nigra
Spigelia
Stillingia
Styrax
Sumbul
Tanacetum
Taraxacum
Uva Ursi
Valeriana
Viburnum Opulus

' PrunifoHum

Xanthoxylum
Zingiber.

EXCEPTIONS.

Cassia Fistula, 3i to 3viii
Cinchona, 3iv lo 3viii
Manna, 3iv to 3ii
Pepo, 3i to 3iii
Taniarindu.=, 3i to 3i
Triticum, 3i to 3ii
PRE PARA TIONS.

Acetae. — Opii, 5 to zcm.
Scillae, 5 to 2chi.

Aquae.— At least 3ss.

EXCEPTIONS.

Aq. Ammoniac, 10 to 3oai
Aq. Amygdalae Amarae,
3ss to 3ii.

Cerata, Charta, Collodii.

— Externally.
Confectiottes. — R o s a e ,

Sennae, 3ii to 3iv.
Decoefa. —Cetrarjae, Sars-

aparillae Comp, 3iv.
Eli^^ifa. — Aromalicum, 3i

to3iii; Phosphori, 15 to

JSmpiasfra. —Externally.
ijmuisio«es. -At least 3iii.

EXCEl'TION.

Emuls.Chloroformi,3i to
3ii.

EXTRACTS.

All poisonous solid extracts
at least \gr. as:

Aconiti

Cannabis Indicae

Colchici Radicis

Coloc3'nthidis

Conii

Digitalis

Hyo.scyanii

Iridis

Nucis Vomicae

Opii

Podophylli

Quassiae

Stramonii.

EXCEPTIONS.

Belladonnae, \ X.o\ gr.

Phyostigmatis Jg to f gr.
All other Extracts in doses

between i and 5 grs. as:
Arnicae Rad.
Cimicifugae.
Euonymi
Jalapae
Kranieriae
Leptandriae
Uvae Ursi.

EXCEPTIONS.

Aloes, 5 to 10 grs.
Cinchonae, 10 to 30 grs.
Colocyuth Comp. 5 to 25

grs.
Ergotae. 10 to 15 grs.
Gentianae, 10 to 30 grs.
Glycyrrhizae,i5 to 60 grs.
" Purum, 15

to 60 g'S.
Haematoxyli.io to 30 grs.
Juglandis, 10 to 30 grs.
Rhei, 10 to 15 grs.
Taraxaci, 10 to 30 grs.

EXTHACTA ELiVlDA.

All poisonous fluid extiacts

in doses from ,Wo i m as:
Aconiti
Belladonnae
Cannabis Ind.
Capsicum
Colchici Rad.
Sem.
Conii
Digitalis
Gelsemii
Hyoscyami
Ipecacuanha
Iridis
Lobelia
Mezerei
Nucis Vomicae
Podophylli
.Sabinae
vSanguinariae
Scillae
Stramonii
Veratri Viridis.

All others according to dose

of drug, wliich are:
Apocyui
Arnicae Rad.
Aroniaticum
Asclepiadis
Aspidosperma tis
Auraiitii Amari
Buchu
Calami
Calumbae
Castaneae
Chimaphilae
Chiratae
Cimicifugae
Cinchonae
Cocae

Convallariae
Cubebae
Cusso
Cypripedii
Dulcamarae
Ergotae
Eriodictyi
Eucalypti
Eupatorii
Frangulae
Gentianae
Geranii
Glycyrrhizae
Gossypii Rad.
Gnndeliae
Guaranae
Hamamclidis
Hydrastis
Kranieriae
Lappae
Leptandrae
Lupulinii
Matico
Menispermi
Pareirae

Phytolaccae Rad
Pilocarpi

Pruni Virginianae
Quassiae

Rhamnus Purshianae
Rhei

Rhois Glabrae
Rosae
Rubi
Rumicis
Sarsaparilla
Scoparii

CI/ASSIFICATION OF THE DOS^^— Continued.

Scutellariae

Senegae

Sennae

Serpeutariae

Spigeliae

Stillingiae

Taraxaci

Tritici

Uvae Ursi

Valerianae

Viburnum Opuli

" Prunifolii

Xanthoxylii

Zingiberis.

G/ycerita.— A c i d i Car-
bolici, 2 to 5 HI. Acidi
Tan n i c i, lo to 40 m,
Amyli freely.

Jnfusa.— At least 3i to gi.

EXCEPTION.

Inf. Digitalis, 5ii to 3iv.

I,i«iJweTlta.— Externally.

3/as.'.-ae.— From 3 to 7 grs.

Misturae.— At least 3ss.

Mucilngines.—^A. libi-
tum.

Oieafa.— Externally.

Oleoresina. — From J to
im.

EXCEPTION,

Oleo Cubeb, 5 to 15 m.
OLE A.

oils at least

All poisonous

2 fid as
Anisi
Betulae
Cajuputi
Cari
Caryophylli
Cinnauiomi
Coriandri
Foeniculi
Hedeomae
Lavandulae Flor.
Menthae Pip.
" Vir.

Oleum Phosphoratuui
Pimeutae
Rosmarini
Sabinae
Sassafras
Thymi.

EXCEPTIONS.

Olea Amygdal. Amar. I

to ?i Ht
Olea'Sinapis Volatile, I

to i Hi

O'.ea Tiglii, i to 2 m
Alt others hi doses as follocvs:
Amygdalae, 3i to 3iv
Cheuopodii, 3 to 10 hi
Erigerontis, 5 to 30 m
Gaultheriae, 5 to 30 ffi
Morrhuae, 3iv to 3i
Ricini, 3ii to 3ii
Terebinthinae, 5 » to 3ii
Lini, 3ss to 3i
Santali, 10 to 30 hi.
Pilnlae.— From i to 3 pills.
Puivnres.— At least 3ss.

EXCEPTIONS.

Ipecac et Opii,5 to 15 grs.
MorphiuaeComp 5 to 15
grs.
Jfesilia.— From i toS grs.

EXCEPTION.

Podophylli, | to 2 grs.
Spiriti.—Vxom 10 to 30 m.

EXCEPTIONS.

Ammoni Arom,30 to 60 m
Frumenti
Juniperi Comp.
Vini Gallici.

Sytupi. — From 3ss to 3i-

EXCEPTION.

Ferri lodidi, 15 to 30W.
TINCTURA.

All poisonous tinctures in

doses from 5 /o 20 hi as:
Arnicae Flor.
Rad.

Asafoetidae
Belladonnae
Beuzoini
Cannabis Ind.
Digitalis
F'erri Chloridi
Gelsemii
Hyoscyami
Ipecae et Opii
Lobeliae
Nucis Vomicae
Opii

Deodorati
Quillajae
Sanguinariae
Scillae.

EXCEPTIONS.

Acoiiiti, I to 5 Hi
Cantharides, 3 10 10 m
lodi, 2 to 6«
Ph\ sostigmatis, 3 to 10 m
Stramonii Sem. 3 to 10 »
Strophanthi. 3 to lo Hi
Veratri Viridis, i to 5 hi.
All others according to possi
ble dose of dt ug.

TritiirHtiones.—Hiaterini
\ to I grs,

Trocbisci.—A t least 2
troches.

F/DjueMf a.— Externally.

Villiie. — From 5i to 3iii.

EXCEPTIONS.

Colchici Rad., s to 2offl

" Sera., 10 to 60 Hi
Ipecac, ,s to 10 iH
Opii, 5 to 15 »■

Quinina, i to 30 grs.

'■ Bisulph.i to 30 grs.

" Hydrobrom. 1 to

30 grs.

'• Hydrochlor, i to 30

grs.

" Sulphas, I to 30 grs.

•' Valerianas. i to 3

grs.
Salicinum, 10 to 30 gr.s.
Sanguinarine, I'o to ^ gr.
Santoninum, i to 3 grs.
Sparteinae Sulph., 1 to i gr
Strophanthin, ^h^s to ^V gr.
Strychnina, ^^ to ^'g gr

Veratrina, ^

Sulphas i^ to
; to Jj gr.

Alkaloids, Gliicosides,
etc., Official and Non-
Official.

to i-ioo.gr.

Aconitine
Aloinum. i to 2 grs.
Apomorph. Hydrochlor, xV

to I gr.
Aspidospermine, Jtoigr.
,-^ulph. j4b to jiggr.
Atropiiia, ^ha to h gr.
CaHeina, 1 10 3 grs.

Citrata, 2 to 5 gr.
Chrysarobinum, ej to i', gr.
Cinchonidinae Sulph.. 3 to

30 KTS.

Cinchoniua, i to 30 grs.

Sulph., I to 30

grs
Cocainae Hydrochlor, J to 2

grs.
Codeina, J to 3 grs.
Colchicine, 5^ to ^r> gr.
Colocvnlhin, J gr.
Convallaniarin, ^-^ gr.
Cotoin (from Coto Bark), 2

to 3 grs.
Daturine, xk. gr-
Digitalin, j'o gr.
Elaterinum, j'^ to i',- gr.
Gelsemiue e'a to 5',, gr.
Hydrastininae Hydrochlor,

J to lA grs.
Hyoscinae Hydrobrom, j^n

to tJo gr. ^ ^

Hyoscyaminae Hydrobrom.

lio to tJu gr- ,
Hyoscyaminae Sulphas, J^

t0 32gr-
Morphiua, j's to \ gr.

Acetas, i^to I gr.
" Hydrochlor, ^V to

*gr.
Morphina Sulphas, t\ to i gr.
Para Cotoin (from Para Coto

Bark), 2 to 5 grs.
Physostigmi lae Salicylas,

Tc\stOr/B8r.
Physostigmmae Sulphas, ^hr,

tos'sgr.
Picrotoxinum, tJj to eo gr-
Pilocarpinae Hydrochlor, J

to I gr.
Piperinum, i to 10 grs.
Quinidiuae Suloh.,i to 30 grs.

CHEMICALS.

Acetanilidum.— At least 5
- grs. •

Acidi.— At least 10 grs.

EXCEPTIONS.

Acidum Arsenosum, ^

to tV gr.
Acidum Carbolicum, I to

3 grs.
Acidum Chroniicum, ./j

to i gr- ^
Acidum Hydrocyanic 11111

Dil. t to 3 ffi
Acidum Nitro - Hydro-

chloricum. 2 to 5 Hi
Acidum Phosphoricuiii.
3 to 7 »»•
Aether, 5 to 60 Hi
Aether Aceticus, 10 to

30 HI

Aliimen 10 to 60 grs.
Alunien Bxsiccatum, 5

to 30 grs.
Aliiniini Hydras, i to 10

grs.
Amiuoniuni Salts, at

least 15 grs.

EXCEPTIONS.

Animonii lodidum, 3 to

10 grs.
Atmionii Valerianas, 2
to 8 grs.
Amyl Nitris, 2 to 4 as
Antimoniuni Salts, at
least 2 grs.

EXCEPTIONS.

.Antimonii et Potassii
Tartras, -J to 3 grs.
Argentuni Halts, at least
hgr.

EXCEPTIONS.

Argenti Cyaiiidum, e'o to
5ffgr.

Argenti Nitras, 4 to i gr.
Arseni I&didum , ^'4 to 4 gr.
Aurii et Sodii Chlori-

duni, -iVi to x'a gr.
Bismuth Salts, at least 15

grs.

EXCEPTIONS.

Bismiithi Citras, i to 5

gr-"^-
Bismuthi et Ammomi

Citras, i to 5 grs.
Calcium Salts, at least 15
grs.

EXCEPTIONS-

Calx Chlorata, 3 to 6 grs.

Calx bulphurata, j\, to 1

gr-
Carbonei Disulpbiduni,

5 to 10 drops.
Cerii Oxalas, i to ,s grs.
Chloral, 10 to 45 grs.
Chloroformum, 2 to 5 ffi
Creosotum, i to 5 grs.
Cupri Sulphas,!, to 10 grs.
Ferrum Halts, at least 10

grs.

EXCEPTIONS.

Ferri Chloridura, i to 3 grs.
" et Strychninae Citras,

I to 5 grs.
" -Lactas, i to 5 grs.

Ferri Pyrophosphas Sol.,

to 5 grs.
" Sulphas, I to 5 grs.
'• •' Exisiccatis, i

to 3 grs.
" Sulphas Granulatus, i

to 5 grs.
" Valerianas, A to 2 grs.

Reductum, 1 to 5 grs.

Glycerinum, 5 to 60 »
Hydrargyrum Salts, in

doses from 2 to 10 grs.

EXCEPTIONS.

Hvdrargyri Chloridum
Corrosivum, ^\ to | gr.

Hydrargyri Cyauidum,
A to I gr. '

Hydrargyri lodidum
Rubrum, ^g to ^ gr.

lodoformum, A to 3 grs.
lodum, ito Jgr.

T^IQUORES.

All poisonous liquoisin doses

from 3 to 10 tti as:
Liquor Acidi Arsenosi

Arseni et Hydrargyi
lodidi
Liquor Ferri Acetalis
Chloridi
Citratis
Nitratis
■' " Sulsulphatis

" lodi Compositus

Potassae
" " Arseuitis

" Sodii Arsenatis
All others at lea^t 3ss.

EX'CEPTION.

Liquor Magnesii Citratis
3ii to 5viii.
Lithium Salts, at least 10

grs.
Magnesium Saifs.at least

30 grs.
Manganese Salts,in doses-

from 2 to 10 grs.
Menthol, i to 5 grs.
Methyl Salicylas, 1 to jm
Naphtalinuni, 2 to 10 grs.
Naphtol, 2 to 15 grs.
Paraldeby dum, i to 3 grs.
Phosphorus, -J,^ to ^^ gr.
Plumbum Salts, in doses

from J to I gr.

EXCEPTION.

Plumbi Nitras, i to A gr.
Potassium Salts, at least
15 grs-

EXCEPTIONS.

Potassa Sulphurata, J to

•Sgr-
Potassii Bichromas, ,Si to

Potassii Cyanidum, J to

Potassii Permanganas, 5
to 3 grs.
Resorcinum, 3 to 10 grs.
Salol, 3 to 15 grs.

SODIUM SALTS.

Sodii Arseiias, 5^ to ^ gr.

" Nitris, 1 to 3 grs.
All others in doses from 5 to
15 grs-

EXCEPTIONS.

Sodii Phosphas. 3i to 3i
" Sulphas, 3i to 3i-
Strontium Salts, at least

8 grs.
Sulphur, in all forms, at

least 3i.

EXCEPTIONS.

Sulphuris lodidum, i to
4 grs.
Terebene, 3 to 10 m
Terpini Hydras, 2 to 10-

grs.
Thymol, A to 2 grs.
Zinc Salts, at least i gr.

EXCEPTION.

Ziuci Phosphidum, jg to
hSr.

PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION
OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

Vol. I.

New York, April, 1894.

No. 3.

Associate Hilitnrs ;

CHARLES RICE, Ph. D.

CHARLES F. CHANDLER,

Ph. D., M. D., L.L.D., etc.

ARTHUR H. ELLIOTT,

Ph. U., F. C. S.

HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D.

VIRGIL COBLENTZ,

A. M., Ph. G., Ph. D.

EDITOR :

HENRY KRAEMER, Ph. G.

Assistant Editors i

FRED. HOHENTHAL, PH. G.
K. C. MAHEGIN, PH. G.

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PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION
OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

Vol. I.

New York, April, 1894.

No. 3.

OBSERVATIONS OF A PHARflACOGNOSIST IN ENGLAND.

By he;nry h. rusby, m. d.

An Address delivered before the AUiniui Association of the College of Pharmac3' of the City of New York,

March 14th, 1894.

LIB
NE\^
BOT^

Mr. Preside7it and Members of the Alumni
Association.
lyADiEvS AND Genti^emen : As the
journey, the results of which I am about
to communicate to yon, was made largely
in the interests of the college, I feel that
my address this evening is somewhat in
the nature of an official report, and have,
therefore, adopted a somewhat more per-
sonal style of narrative than would
appear becoming in an ordinary lecture
addressed to the public. As the value of
one's observations depend largely upon
the conditions under which they are
made, you .should first be informed as to
the objects of my visit to Kngland, and
the circumstances under which they were
pursued. My objects were :

I. To study crude drugs, and their
commerce, in the London markets, and
^:::^ to establish sources of supply for our re-
cr> organized Museum Department.
QQ 2. To complete my investigations into
'■H the modern history of Cinchona, for the

writing of the article on this subject for
the United States Dispensatory.

3. To determine a collection of some
1,200 species of plants received from Bo-
livia, for which no facilities at all ade-
quate were to be found in this country.

My herbarium work at Kew was most
successfully and completely accomplished.
Not only was the identity of the entire
collection accurately established, but the
facilities of the great library' connected
with the herbarium, probably the most
complete botanical library in the world,
were fully utilized, the history of all
names completely traced out, and the
proper ones selected, in accordance with
the most correct rules ot nomenclature.
Nearly three hundred of the species, and
four of the genera, represented were
found to be new to science, and the pub-
lication of these will occupy an early
number of the Memoirs of the Torrey
Botanical Club.

Concerning this part of my work I find

50

777^ ALUMNI JOURNAL.

it impossible to express my appreciation
of the great privilege of working in the
Kew Herbarium, and of the care taken
by the director and his assistants in
placing every facility at my disposal. It
may not be out of place to remark that
large as is the staff of botanists at Kew
their collection is so vast and rapidly
growing, and their duties so extensive,
that a very large number of their collec-
tions are undetermined, and this in spite
of the fact that they are, I believe, the
hardest worked lot of men with whom
I have ever associated. At the British
Mu.seum, where I spent but a very short
time, the condition seemed even worse,
and it seemed to me that the incessant
labors of a score of competent botanists
for a year would scarcely suffice to get
their collections perfectly named up to
date.

In the direction of Cinchona studies, I
was able to obtain much better assistance
in pharmaceutical circles than at any of
the herbaria. My previous efforts, by
means of books and such specimens as I
had access to, to determine the Bolivian
forms of Cinchona had resulted somewhat
unsatisfactorily. There seemed a clear
discrepancy between my results and the
current determinations of .specimens.
These discrepancies I had thought to re-
concile at the Kew Herbarium, but my
disappointment came quickly. From my
point of view nearly all the specimens
there labelled as Cinchona Calisaya were
distinct from that species. After intently
considering this pioblem, I was forced to
maintain my original position, and to be-
lieve that the Kew specimens were
wrongly named ; notwithstanding the
fact that the correctness of this conclusion
involved the wrong naming of millions
of trees at all the centres of Cinchona
cultivation outside of America, at the
time that those localities contributed their
specimens to Kew. To positively de-

termine whether this view was the cor
rect one, it was necessary that I should
examine Weddell's type specimens of
Cinchona Calisaya, and I saw nothing
before me but to make a trip to Paris for
that purpose. This necessity was avoided
by a most curious accident, as I might
almost call it. Mr. Holmes one day in-
vited me to visit with him the home of
Mr. Howard, the grandson of the dis-
tinguished quinologist. In spite of a
strange succession of accidents and mis-
understandings, I succeeded in reaching
the place upon the day appointed, and
greatly enjoyed the examination of the
rich materials in Mr. Howard's posses-
sion. It was not until just previous to
my departure that Mr. Howard incident-
ally remarked that he had a number of
very old specimens in a separate packet,
and thought that it might be worth while
for him to fetch them for me to look at.
You may judge of my enthusiasm when,
upon turning over the sheets, I suddenly
looked upon one of the original speci-
mens from which Mr. Weddell had drawn
up his description of Cinchona Calisaya.
It was exactly the plant which I had
taken it to be, and corresponded with
not more than three or four of the entire
collection of specimens so named at Kew.
I now take this occasion of publishing
the emphatic statement that the plant
which has been called Cinchona Cali-
saya, var. Josephiana has been enorm-
ously cultivated and distributed to her-
baria under the name of Cinchona Cali-
saya. If the plant were in reality a
variety of the species to which it is ac-
credited, the error would be less grave,
but it is in all its essential characters,
and particularly in its economic aspects,
as distinct from Cinchona Calisaya as it
well could be. In studying the com-
mercial features of Cinchona, I received
much valuable assistance from Mr. A. C
Meyjes, the assistant editor of The

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

51

Chemist and Druggist. He not only in-
troduced me to those drug brokers who
had been most long and intimately con-
nected with the trade in this important
article, but he furnished me with statis-
tics which he had compiled with much
labor, bearing upon this important ques-
tion. L,ast, but not least, he secured for
me the privilege of making a careful ex-
amination of the principal stocks of old
barks which are held in London, thus
about completing ray grasp upon a sub-
ject to which I have devoted special at-
tention for a number of years. I cannot
forbear at this point to note my surprise
at the ignorance displayed by the majority
of the Ivoudou drug brokers concerning
the relations existing between the dif-
ferent commercial Cinchona barks.

Coming, finally, to speak of my general
studies and collection of drugs in London,
I would take occasion at the outset to ac-
knowledge my gratitude to the brokers
and dealers who, almost without excep-
tion, were liberal in the donation of speci-
mens for our College Museum, and who,
moreover, were unsparing in their at-
tempts to give me such information as
they possessed, and to assist me in
solving questions which they were unable
to answer.

Previous to my visit to England I had
been fully assured by friends in this city
and elsewhere, that my attempts to ob-
tain specimens for our Museum from the
London dealers and brokers would not
meet success, partly because they lacked
the inclination to confer favors, and
partly because the conditions of the
trade were such as to present natural dif-
ficulties. I am now happy to bear tes-
timony to the contrary. Doubdess some
of the donors were not slow to appreciate
the great advantage of having their la-
bels displayed in a museum which was
likely to be largely consulted by New
York druggists; but I believe that for

the most part this was not the considera-
tion which induced their liberality, but
rather a genuine courtesy and sincere de-
sire to be of service in the furthering of
a public enterprise of this kind.

It seems almost invidious to mention
any names among so large a number of
helpful friends, but I feel that I must
specially acknowledge the kindness and
liberality of Messrs. Clark & Smithe, of
No. 40 Eastcheap; Messrs. Souratty &
Co., and their Mr. Charles Christy;
Messrs. Jenkins & Phillips, Messrs.
Lewis & Peat. Messrs- Figgis & Co.,
and Messrs. Hale & Son. The Pharma-
ceutical Society, through its President,
Mr. Cirteighie; its Editor, Dr. Paul; its
Curator, Mr. Holmes; its Chemist, Pro-
fessor Attfield; and its Lecturer on ma-
teria medica, Professor Greenish, afford-
ed me cons:ant aid and advice. Through
the kind intermediation of Mr. Holmes,
our museum has been placed on a regular
exchange list, both of the Pharmaceuti-
cal Society Museum and the Economic
Museum in the Kew Garden. In ad-
dition to this, various friends in London
have promised to render us special assist-
ance by obtaining such interesting things
as may, from time to time, fall in their
way, and our museum is placed in corre-
spondence with the Department of Works
of British India and that of Australia,
from whom I am hoping that we may in
time receive large accessions. Any at-
tempt to describe the establishment at
Bloomsbury Square would be out of
place here, because it would require
special treatment. The same thing I
may say of the enormous collection of
drugs and economic vegetable produc-
tions in the three museums at the Kew
Garden. I must not, however, let the
occasion pass without endeavoring to con-
vey to you some measure of my own sense
of the importance of building up in this
city some similar collection. Neither the

52

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

American Museum of Natural History,
nor the Botanical Museum of Columbia
College, nor even the Economic Museum
to be established in our new botanical
garden, is the proper place for such a
collection as I have in mind. Indeed,
there is but one body in the city under
whose management and control it seems
to me possible to achieve a high success
in this direction, and that is a commis-
sion appointed jointly by the College of
Pharmacy and the drug section of the
New York Board of Trade.

My idea of such a collection is that it
should combine in the highest degree
practical and commercial, with scientific
features. An economic museum should
be economical in the highest sense. For
this purpose I would have represented
not only rarities, curiosities, and typical
samples, but I would aim to present each
article in every phase which it can as-
sume in commerce. An excellent illus-
tration of this idea of this is to be found
in the case of some of the samples ex-
hibited here this evening. You will
notice that we have in the case of
Catechu a series of man}^ samples, repre-
senting almost every important commer-
cial grade, genuine and spurious, with
the prices of each attached. Although
these prices will vary from time to time,
the relations between the different prices,
that is the relative qualities of the differ-
ent samples, will always be indicated by
these figures. In the case of Tragacanth
also we have nearly a complete represen-
tation of all commercial grades, and our
collection of isinglass is equally complete.
An ideal museum, such as this college
should maintain, should carry out this
idea in the case of each commercial drug.
Every variety and grade, every substi-
tute and form of sophistication and
adulteration should be fully represented,
so that either the student of science or
the man of business could be able to con-

sult it with the greatest degree of profit.
This object can be accomplished in only
one way, and that is by contributions
from special dealers of everything re-
lating to their particular lines of goods.
Thus a dealer in sponges could supply
us with a complete series of samples in
that line; a dealer in varnish gums or
resins could supply typical sets of such
goods, and as has been promised by a
large dealer in Pearl street, another may
furnish a complete representation of com-
mercial rubbers. The degree of sacrifice
entailed upon such contributors would
be slight as compared with the immense
advantages that they would confer upon
the city by building up a complete col-
lection of this kind. Moreover, such
dealers might feel themselves well repaid
by having their collection, labelled with
their names as donors, prominently and
permanently displayed in such a place of
public resort by the very classes whose
custom they wish to secure. A full con-
sideration of this subject, however, re-
quires treatment upon a separate occa-
sion .

Many of those present have doubtless
visited the London drug sales, and many
others are probably also familiar with
the methods of their conduct, but for the
benefit of the majority I feel that I should
say a few words upon this subject. Scat-
tered throughout London, but more espe-
cially in the vicinity of Mincing Lane,
are a large number of brokers who sell
imported goods in original lots. These
men carry no stock, invest no capital,
and are generally not the importers or
consignees ; they act simply as the agents
of those classes, and it is their duty mere-
ly to expose in their offices samples of
the goods to be sold, accompanying these
by printed lists, giving specifications of
the merchandise, and copies of the same
being furnished to all intending pur-
chasers. I hand you for examination a

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

53

number of these publications. The goods
are not sold immediately on arrival, but
are held until the day which is devoted
to the sale of goods of that class ; that is,
a certain day is devoted to bark sales,
another to spice sales, another to the
sales of ivory and feathers, Japanese
work, general drugs, and so on. Upon
the day preceding the sale the respective
goods are exhibited and the printed lists
supplied. The sale is duly advertised in
the commercial papers, the brokers being
specified who have goods for sale upon
that occasion. This day is then devoted
by intending purchasers to an examina-
tion of the samples, and the placing upon
their printed lists of such marks as shall
indicate to them (but unintelligible to
anybody else) the limit of prices which
they are willing to pay for the different
articles. Upon the following day all
meet in the room where the goods are
sold at auction by the respective brokers.
Great rapidity is necessary in making
bids, as the sales proceed at the rate of
about three lots per minute. Hence the
absolute necessity of the bidders follow-
ing closely the price marks which they
have affixed to their printed lists.
■ These sales are conducted under the
rules of the General Produce Brokers'
Association, of London, besides certain
special conditions which are specified
upon the printed lists. There is nothing
to prevent the sale of spurious goods,
provided they are not put up as genuine ;
that is to say, as I understand the matter
from a response to a special request for
information from Mr. Umney — if wooden
nutmegs were offered for sale as nutmegs,
and so sold, or if a root which was obvi-
ously not ipecac were to be sold for ipecac,
then the seller would be liable under the
law ; but no objection would be made to
his selling wooden nutmegs under the
name of wooden nutmegs, or spurious
ipecac without claiming that it were

ipecac, notwithstanding that it might be
well understood on all sides that the
goods were gotten up, offered and pur-
chased with a view to' ultimate fraudu-
lent use. I understand this to be the
same principle according to which any
of our "honest" drug merchants will
refuse to powder the stalks of cubebs for
their own trade, but will sell them to
some one else to be used for that pur-
pose.

It is as these exhibitions preceding the
drug sales that one finds his best op-
portunity to study commercial drugs.
Every sale, to one so deeply interested,
i^ an education by itself, and I feel that
could I only spare the time I should
spend an entire year in London, for the
sole purpose of utilizing every such op-
portunity which offered. Some of the
sights presented even during my short
stay will interest you. Upon one occa-
sion, I saw 65 tons of raw ivory tusks,
etc., on exhibition ; on another occasion
3,000 cases of ostrich feathers, and many
cases of bird skins and miscellaneous
feathers. Gathered upon one floor of the
London docks, I saw enough of Ceylon
cinnamon to fill a large building. Upon
another occasion, preceding a sale of
vanillas, I saw enough of this article
sampled, as it seemed to me, to load
several of our largest freight cars. In an
adjoinining room were musk, ambergris
and civet representing a small fortune.
Such a quantit}^ .of ipecac as I did not
suppose could be gotten together in these
days, was exhibited to me at the
Crutched Friars Warehouse upon another
occasion, and I may remark that there
were but very few bales of strictl)^ first
class root included.

An American who visits these sales
and converses with the brokers hears
frequent statements to the effect that the
worthless, rubbish or poor stock is
purchased largely for American account.

54

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

The statements to this eflFect are neither
reserved nor indefinite. I have been as-
sured by more than one dealer that he
observed constantly that purchasers for
America bid readily upon those grades
which would not be taken for English
consumption, but ignored the better class
of goods. To these assertions I was never
able to fully reply. Although I had
abundant knowledge that many firms in
this city and country carry and consume
full lines of first class drugs. I was not in
a position to reply to the general nature
of such accusations and was obliged to
put up with the disgrace which they im-
plied.

At such times the question appealed
forcibly to me: why cannot a large part
of this trade in original packages be
transferred to New York? but the query
always ended with the reflection that we
have not the lines of shipping to britig
these goods to us from the countries of
production. It seems to me that instead
of devoting months of legislation to de-
cide the question of putting on or taking
off two or three cents a pound duty on a
thousand articles, Congress would be
much better engaged in the study of
deeper and broader questions relating to
the extension of our foreign trade and in
bringing our great commercial centres
into closer communication with distant
countries.

The vastness of the London import
trade can no more be* realized by one
who observes it for the first time than
can the number of gallons of water rush-
ing over the falls of Niagara.

In one of the recesses of such a
building, and not making it at all con-
spicuous by the fractional portion of
space which it occupied, I have come
across not less than 1,500 tons of Cin-
chona bark, awaiting a favorable market.
The collection of specimens which I
have to exhibit this evening numbers

something over 200, so that any general
account of them is impossible, but cer-
tain special observations upon them,
made during my stay in London, may be
mentioned as follows:

Two of my observations apparently
outweighed in importance all of the
others, relating to the two important
roots, rhubarb and ipecac. It is well
known to most of you that under the
present construction of our customs laws
spurious drugs are not admitted to entry.
A wiser construction and a more efficient
aid to the professions of pharmacy and
medicine can hardly be imagined than
this, replacing the requirements for ex-
pert knowledge b}' the thousands of in-
dividuals concerned in the drug trade, by
that of only a few government officials at
the ports of entry, and putting it out of
the power of dishonest importers, who
might desire to obtain and handle fraud-
ulent goods, to gratify such wishes. It
is clear, however, that the law can ac-
complish its good work only by virtue of
maintaining at the highest level the
faithfulness and efficiency of our official
guardians, and while I would not for a
moment make any general criticism or
permit my statements to be construed as
insinuations against either the faithful-
ness or efficiency of our Custom House
officers, I yet feel it a duty to present
for your consideration the statement that
foreign shippers are eluding the watch-
fulness of custom officers in regard to the
very important articles to which I have
referred. There are in England several
large growers of Rhaponticum or spuri-
ous rhubarb, and the statement is current
and generally believed, that an import-
ant branch of their business is in the
shipping of this article to American
ports, whether in separate packages or
mixed with the genuine drug I could
not secure information. To one who is
accustomed to seeing only the ordinary

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

55

article of Rhaponticum it would not appear
.that any one could mistake that article
for Chinese rhubarb nor, indeed, can he,
if an examination is made, but the prac-
tice which there prevails of carefully grow-
ing the root, selecting only a certain spe-
cial grade and size and carefully preparing
it for our market, the resulting product
looks upon a superficial view much more
like the pure grade of Chinese rhubarb
than I would have supposed possible.
Upon examination the bright yellow
color (although it yields less yellow
coloring matter to ether), the presence
of the outer bark and the appearance,
when this is scraped away, of the very
regular fine net work are amply sufficient
for identification. The sample of Eng-
lish rhubarb which I exhibit this even-
ing by no means represents the large and
handsome pieces which are selected for
the purpose of substitution, and of which
I did not succeed in obtaining a good
sample.

Concerning ipecac it is well known
that all Carthagena ipecac is supposed to
be rigidly excluded from our market.
Here again, it would appear that no one,
however careless, could be deceived into
mistaking Carthagena for Rio ipecac,
and if the root were left in its natural
condition the mistake would doubtless
never occur ; but picked over, broken up
and stained for the express purpose of de-
ceiving the purchaser, Carthagena ipecac
it is said, may be made to deceive even
one who is familiar with it in its natural
state. My evidence is very direct and
definite, although circumstances prevent
me from making public the details, that
a regular business exists in London in
picking over the Carthagena ipecac,
selecting certain roots, breaking off cer-
tain parts of them, when necessary, and
staining the suitable portions in imitation
of the Rio variety, for the purpose of
evading our custom house officers. In

its natural state the spurious article is
known by its greater thickness, its dull
light grey color, its tortuousness, and the
absence of the constrictions which mark
the Rio, notwithstanding that it possesses
the thickened collars. The latter, how-
ever, are more distant and broader in the
Carthagena. Within, it presents more
of a horny color and appearance as con-
trasted with the white mealy structure of
Rio ipecac. All these external character-
istics, except the color, can be diminished
by a judicious selection, while the color
can be modified by staining. Upon
breaking the manipulated root it would,
of course, be known by its internal struc-
ture and color. I have here for exhibi-
tion a small sample of the natural Car-
thagena root, but I am, unfortunately^
not able to exhibit to you a specimen
which has been manipulated.

It is worthy of note that the real
medicinal value of Carthagena ipecac is
not known. The careful studies of the
past year have demonstrated the fact that
emetine is not a definite chemical body,
but a mixture. Investigation has not
yet determined anything more than that
the average percentage of emetine in the
Carthagena ipecac is greater than that in
the Rio, and that the two are not identi-
cal in nature. We have no good reason
to believe that the Carthagena ipecac is
not equal or even superior to the Rio, but
in the absence of evidence to the con-
trary it becomes necessary to assume
such to be the case.

Other specimens of special interest are
the following :

A specimen of genuine Savanilla
rhatany presented by the Pharmaceutical
Society's Museum and differing markedly
from the Para rhatany which is now al-
most exclusively sold as Savanilla.

Two specimens of false Pareira brava.

Two specimens of Japanese or spurious
Star anise.

56

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

Typical specimens of the three import-
ant varieties of Nux vomica, viz., Ceylon,
Bombay and Cochin.

Seven specimens of cubebs showing the
four leading commercial grades of the
genuine article, besides dust, stalks, and
a spurious variety.

In Nutmegs I have specimens with the
mace dried upon them ; others with the
testa unbroken, and still others with
broken and damaged kernels.

An interesting variety of pepper,
closely related to long pepper, but of
globular form, is represented by a very
small specimen.

Two samples of Jaborandi illustrate the
inferior Rio and the more new and superior
Pernambuco variety. The latter speci-
men is presented by Mr. Holmes who is
the author of the species of Pilocarpus
which yields it.

A rare occurrence in the London drug
market in these days is the appearance of
a lot of Sagapenum or Opopanax, but
such an occurrence took place just prev-
ious to my visit and excellent specimens
of both these rare drugs were presented
to me by Messrs. Souratty & Co.

Among the tanning products of recent
introduction are the fruits of a species of
Terminalia, which are now^ becoming a
very important article of commerce in the
lyondon market, and of which I exhibit
an excellent specimen.

My collection of Aloes is quite large
and complete. The comparative qualities
are well indicated on the labels-

The same thing is true of my collec-
tion of Benzoins.

Among the more recent objects of in-
terest in the lyondon drug trade is Senna
pods. Up to very recent times these pods
have been interesting only as aiding in
the identification of the varieties of
Senna. They were considered an unde-
sirable element and Senna was deemed
inferior if any large proportion of them

were present. Of late years, however,
their properties have been investigated
and they have been found to have the
same properties and to be probably little,
if any, inferior to Senna leaves.

Wild mace is also a very important
article of commerce at the present time.
L,arge quantities of it are exhibited in
bulk at the spice sales, besides other
large quantities that are mixed with the
genuine mace in its broken form. This
is the product of Myristica Malabarica
and is almost entirely devoid of aromatic
properties. It is not at all difficult to
recognize at sight in an entire condition,
nor even when broken up if one examines
the individual pieces. The entire arillode
is much less flattened and its branches
are straighter than in the genuine mace.
Its surface is bright and shining and its
color always deeper and brighter than in
mace proper. Mace always presents a
grayish red or brown, or perhaps I may
better say a dull red or brown color.
The wild or Bombaj^ mace varies greatly
in shade, three principal colors being
recognized, namely, light, medium and
dark, or yellow, red and brown. Excel-
lent samples of all these three colors are
here presented.

Few experiences were more interesting
to me during my entire stay in England
than the opportunity afibrded for witness-
ing the passing of the ancient trade in Cin-
chona bark. The present era bears the
same relation to that of a quarter of a
century ago concerning this substance,
which the trade in woven fabrics does to
the state of primeval man when he
clothed himself in the skin of animals.
A quarter of a centur}^ ago all our Cin-
chona bark came from the native forests,
and was of comparatively low grade and
exceedingly irregular in variety, quality
and strength. Much of it was worthless,
the most of it poor, and the best of it not
to be compared with the average bark of

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

57

to-day. This change has been wrought
by cultivation, and the cultivated bark
has now all but put a stop to the collec-
tion of the wild article, the latter with
rare exception, not being able to com-
mand a price suflScient to cover expense
of collection and shipment. But at the
time when the price declined heavily un-
der the influence of great shipments of
cultivated barks, enormous stocks of the
wild barks were still held in the com-
mercial centres, particularly in London.
Their holders instead of forcing them
upon the market, even at the heavy loss
which would have been involved, were
short-sighted enough to look for better
days and a later recovery in prices, and
so held on. But this opportunity never
came; the price sank lower and lower,
until at the present time only a few cents
a pound can be obtained for these barks,
many of which cost a dollar or even
more, and even at this nominal figure
they can only be gradually marketed, a
few dozen bales at each bark sale. The
total stock of such barks now held must
be somewhere in the neighborhood of
1.500 tons, and includes the Cuprea,
Pitaya, soft Colombian and Cartliagena;
the hard Colombian or Maracaibo, in
spite of its almost worthless character, is
so fortunate as to present a handsome
appearance, that it still commands a
moderate and steady sale. Not only
have the original stocks of this variety
been entirely' exhausted, but large col-
lections are occasionally made and easily
marketed. All of these varieties, with
various others which represent what may
be called the modern barks are here on
exhibition, and all of them were taken
from samples actually placed on sale
during the past summer.

I cannot close my remarks without
making a brief reference to the Meacham
Drug Farms, the visiting of which had
been a dream of anticipation with me for
many years. Although I was able to
devote but a single day to my observa-
tions there, yet I saw a great deal which
interested me deeply. The formation is
chalky, which the cultivators claim is an

important element of success in the culti-
vation of still-drugs. This view seems
to conform fairly well with the well-
known principle that arid conditions fa-
vor the development of volatile oils. The
section which I visited about Wallington is
almost entirely devoted to the peppermint
cultivation. Formerly it was a famous
spot for the cultivation and distillation
of lavender, but a blight which made its
appearance some years ago has rendered
the successful cultivation of this crop
almost impossible, so that I saw but a
single field of anj^ considerable extent.
This field, however, seemed at the time
of my visit to be in a most flourishing
condition — it was in full bloom and cut-
ting was in progress. A sample which
I brought with me is here exhibited.
Small fields of thyme and chamomile
were also observed ; but, as I stated, the
cultivation ot peppermint was almost the
exclusive interest. The soil in which the
latter is cultivated is not at all wet.
Peppermint is propagated entirely by
cuttings which are planted in beds some
four or five feet broad with furrows be-
tween. The bed is occupied completely
by the peppermint, no order whatever
being observed in the disposition of the
plants. This also was in process of cut-
ting at the time of ray visit in early Au-
gust. The sample taken which is here
exhibited is less than half the ordinary
length and robustness, owing to the ex-
treme drouth.

The cultivators of the plant do not them-
selves do the distilling, which is a sepa-
rate industry. In some cases the owners
of the stills purchase the crop from the
farmers and distil it in their own interest,
but ordinarih^ the crop is brought to them
by the owner, and distilled for a toll or a
fee, and the product returned to them
after di.stillation bv the owner of the still.
The native distillers, at the time of my
visit, were in quite a state of excitement
and indignation over the fact that certain
Frenchmen representing a syndicate had
appeared in the drug region and threat-
ened, by purchasing the standing crops,
to deprive the former of their industry.

58

THE ALUMNI JO.URNAL.

AMERICAN PHARriACEUTICAL ASSO=
CIATION.

Special Membership Committee. — ' 'The
following motion was adopted at the Chi-
cago meeting of the American Pharma-
ceutical Association." That the presi-
dent be instructed to appoint a Special
Membership Committee to consist of one
member from each State and Territory
and one each from the District ofColumbia
and the provinces of Nova Scotia, On-
tario and Quebec. The duty of said
committee shall be that of soliciting new
members in their respective sections of
country. They will report to and act under
the direction of the chairman of the
Council, J. M. Good, St. Louis, Mo., and
the chairman of the Committee of Mem-
bership, Charles Caspari, Jr., Baltimore,
Md. Considerable time has been re-
quired to secure the acceptance of distant
appointees, but the earnest and enthusi-
astic letters received from many indicate
that the great advantages of membership
are appreciated, and the present year
promises to be one of exceptional pro-
gress in this direction. The thanks of
the Association are due to H. M. Whelp-
ley for the practical suggestion.

The following-named members have
accepted the appointment: Alabama,
Philip C. Candidus, Mobile; Arizona,
Clemens L Eschman, Phoenix; Arkan-
sas, Wm. W. Kerr, Russellville; Cali-
fornia, Wm. M. Searby, San Francisco;
Colorado, Chas. S. Kline. Denver; Con-
necticut, Chas. A. Rapelye, Hartford;
Delaware, John M. Harvey, Wilmington;
District of Columbia, Saml. L- Hilton,
Washington; Georgia, Henry R. Slack,
LaGrange; Idaho. Albert O. Ingalls,
Murray; Illinois, T. H. Patterson, Chi-
cago; Indiana, Josiah K. Lilly, Indian-
apolis; Iowa, Mrs. Rosa Upson, Marshall-
town; Kansas, M. O, Miner, Hiawatha;
Kentucky, Wiley Rogers, Louisville;
Maine, Edward A. Hay, Porland;
Louisiana, Alex. K. Finley, New Or-
leans; Maryland, D. M. Culbreth, Balti-
more; Massachusetts, W. L- Scoville,
Boston; Michigan, Arthur S. Parker,
Detroit: Minnesota, James C. Hening,
Stillwater; Mississippi, John C. Means,
Natchez; Missouri, H. M. Whelpley, St.
Louis; Nebraska, James Reed, Nebraska
City; Nevada, William A. Perkins, Vir-

ginia City; New Hampshire, Andrew P.
Preston, Portsmouth; New Jerst}', Wm.
C. Alpers, Bayonne; New Mexico, James
A. Kinnear, Deming; New York, Cas-
well A. Mayo, New York City; North
Carolina, Henry M. Chears, Plymouth;
Ohio, Louis C. Hopp, Cleveland;Oregon,
Geo. C. Blakely. The Dalles; Pennsyl-
vania, Frank G. Ryan, Philadelphia;.
Rhode Island, Henry J. Alfreds, Provi-
dence; South Dakota, Irvin A. Keith,
Lake Preston; Tennes.see, James O.
Burge, Nashville; Texas, L. Myers
Conner, Dallas; Utah, Frank A. Druehl,
Lake City; Vermont, Henry A Chapin,
Brattleboro; Virginia, Edmund R. Beck-
with, Petersburg; West Virginia, Edwin
L- Boggs, Charleston; Wisconsin, John
A. Dadd, Milwaukee; Wyoming, Thos.
G. Maghee, M.D., Rawlins; Quebec,
Seraphin Lachance, Montreal; Nova
Scotia, Francis G Simson, Halifax; On-
tario, John Lowden, Toronto.

Every pharmacist of good moral and
professional standing, whether in busi-
nesss on his own account, retired from,
business, or employed by another, and
those teachers of pharmacy, botany, and.
chemistry and who may be especially
interested in pharmacy and ma-
teria medica, who, after duly consid-
ering the objects of the Association, and
the obligations of ' the constitution and
by-laws, are willing to subscribe to them,
are eligible to membership.

The large volume of proceedings issued
annually to the members containing the
valuable and exhaustive report on the
progress of pharmacy, embracing all of
prime value that has appeared in the
leading chemical and pharmaceutical'
journals in this country and Europe, is
of greater value than the membership
fee. It is hoped that the druggists of each
section will have a local pride in aiding
the members of the committee represent-
ing them to present to the next annual
meeting at Asheville, N. C, the largest
accession of members ever secured.

The following sections have not re-
sponded, and the president would be
pleased to have volunteers offer their
services:

Florida, South Carolina, Washington.
State, North Dakota and W5'oming.

Edgar L. Patch, President.

Boston, January i, 1894.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

59

Published under the auspices of the

Alumoi Associatioo of tde Collep of Pliarnacy

OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,

209 EAST 33d STREET.

Vol. I.

April I, 1894.

No. 3.

The Altjmni Journal will be published Monthly,
excepting June, July and August.

Bntered at New York Post Office as secoud-class matter.

SUBSCRIPTION :
Per Annum, . . . One Dollar

Single Copies, . . . 15 Cents.

All copy for publication, or changes of advertisements
should reach us on or before the 20th of the month pre-
vious to the issue in which they are to appear.

All matters relating to publication should be written
on one side of the paper only, and sent to the editor,

Henry Kraemer, 209 East 23d Street.

All communications relating to finances and sub-
scriptions should be addressed to

A. Henning, Treas., 209 East 23d Street.

All communications relating to advertising should be
addressed to

F. B. Caswell, Manager Advertising Department,

2og East 23d Street.

THE SUPPLEMENT.

With this issue of The Ai^umni Jour-
nal we commence a departure which
has for its object, primarily the care and
interests of the students of the College of
Pharmacy. It so happens that all of the
journals published by or in connection
with the authority of our college do not
receive the support of the students. This
arises because the students are not ready
to peruse what is in many cases too diffi-
cult for them to comprehend. In order to
make The Alumni Journal a students'
journal it has seemed necessary to create
"The Supplement," which shall be
issued from time to time, and contain
such matters as will assist the students
in their studies and which are of interest

to those who are not inclined to dwell
too long upon matters that are too exact-
ing and thorough. In this way we hope
to bring the more solid matter into the
hands and eventually into the heads of a
large number who may care little for the
scientific aspect of pharmacy. In this
country we are almost too practical to
the exclusion of scientific research. To
meet practical people we must use prac-
tical means to accomplish the purposes
of The Alumni Journal. At the same
time to those of our readers to whom
"The Supplement" may not be of such
great interest, we trust that they may
see that in this way we do not take away
from the dignity and character of the
Journal, whose aim is "to be a valuable
publication to all tlio?e interested in
pharmaceutical advancement."

IPECACUANHA.

Last month we referred to the concen-
tration of the labors of so many investi-
gators in the examination of chloroform.
This month we desire to call attention to
some of the most recent developments in
the examination of ipecacuanha. This
drug has received the most careful study
of both pharmacognosists and chemists.
E. M. Holmes, in a paper recently pub-
lished, has produced a key to the micro-
scopical structure of the commercial ipe-
cacuanhas. It is based upon a paper on
this subject by Tschvisch and Ludtke,
is as follows :

I. Woody coliunn containing chiejly
tracheids, bid no vessels.

A. Root bark containing starch and
raphides.

1. Parenchyma of bark uniform = Rio
Ipecacuanha.

2. Parenchyma of bark forming two
laj^ers ^=- Carthagena Ipecacuahna.

B. Root containing 710 starch, but
sugar. Woody centre not visibly por-
ous = Greater Striated Ipecacuayiha .

6o

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

II. Woody cylinder containing vessels,
wood-cells and medullary rays.

A. Root bark containing starch.

1 . Medullary rays composed of a sin-
gle row of cells, woody centre visibly
porous = Lesser Striated Ipecacuanha.

2. Medullary rays forming two or
three rows of cells ^= Undulated Ipecacu-
anha.

B. Root bark containing imdi^i.

1. Medullary rays of a single row of
cells, no starch, sphoeraphides in the
bark = White Ipecacuanha {a).

2. Bark contains stone cells.

3 Medullary rays broad = White Ipe-
cacuanha {U).

III. Rhizome having a monocotyle-
donous structure, brown pigme?it cells in
parenchyma, acicular raphides and starch
present = False Indiari Ipecacuanha.

It should be remarked that although
it is comparatively easy to identify any
of the spurious ipecacuanhas b}' their
microscopical structure it is by no means
so easy to detect the presence of the
spurious roots in powder, since in ^^everal
of them starch and acicular raphides are
present, and the starches can only be de-
termined by careful and repeated exami-
nations and measurements. This in-
sufficiency of the microscope in enabling
one to conclusively pronounce upon the
value of a sample leads to the hope that
a method of assay will soon be devised.
A number of investigators are at present
engaged upon this subject, and the
striking absence of agreement in the re-
sults of different workers in the determi-
nation of the alkaloid in ipecacuanha,
seems to arise from to lack of investiga-
tors in preserving throughout the entire
treatment, conditions which are suited
to the character of the material operated
upon, and of the alkaloid contained

therein.

*

B. H- Paul snd A. J. Cownley have

recently found that the alkaloid emetine
is not a homogeneous body, but a mix-
ture of two or more different substances.
They have found an amorphous alkaloid
associated with others which are dis-
tinctly crystalline, and which are very
different from each other in both chemi-
cal and physical characters. The au-
thors are at present engaged in preparing
such quantities of the several alkaloids of
ipecacuanha as will admit of the chemical
characters being studied so as to furnish
data for their separation and identifica-
tion, besides furnishing material for as-
certaining their respective therapeutic
effects Meanwhile it must be pointed
out that there is no ground whatever in.
the assumption that ipecacuanha stems
possess properties which justify the ad-
mixture with the roots. So far as any-
thing is known, it points in the opposite
direction.

C. C. Keller has recently modified the
process of assay (see Most Recent Work)
recommended by him, and concludes that
Ipecacuanha of the best quality should
contain not less than 2.5 per cent, of
alkaloid. Paul and Cownle}' incline to
the opinion that the percentage amount
of alkaloid does not vary much from two
per cent. A number of examples ex-
amined by J. Attfield contained two per
cent.

The results of assay and microscopical
examinationsof ipecacuanha led A. R. L-
Dohme to conclude that : The inner
' ' woody portion' ' of the root contains very
little emetine and that most of the emetine
is situated in the cork layer and the par-
enchyma cells adjoining. C. C Keller
likewise finds that while the cortical por-
tion of the root contains nearly 3 per cent,
of alkaloid, the woody portion does not
contain much more than 0.5 per cent.,
and he advocates the separation of the
central woody portion of the root in the
grinding.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

6i

THR PHARMACIST AND HIS EDU=
CATION.

FROM PERSONAL CONTACT WITH PHARMACISTS
RUNNING BACK MANY YEARS.

By ARTHUR H. ELLIOTT, Ph D.
College of Pharmacy of the City of New York.

We have often been lead to tliink of
the value of the pharmacists' education,
and the best way of acquiring it. After
many such periods of meditation we have
been forced to exclaim, " Alas, what
shall we do ? " The number of diihculties
we have to encounter at the very be-
ginning of the problem are so discourag-
ing that we may add to the above ex-
clamation, "What may we do?" To-
day the instructor in pharmacentical
education has two very important ob-
stacles placed in his path. First, the
State insists that before a diploma is
given to a graduate in pharmac}^ he
must have had some years' experience in
a pharmacy where physician's prescrip-
tions are dispensed. To our mind this is
the most absurd requirement ever insisted
upon by a set of intelligent men. With
a large experience among j^oung men
coming from stores to a college life and
fulfilling the above requirement of the
law, we are satisfied that often it were
better they had never seen such a place
as a drug store, if the habits they have
acquired there are a sign of the methods
followed in a place where physicians'
prescriptions are dispensed. When these
young men come to us, we have to fight
against the habits so acquired, for many
months before we can begin to see the
results of sowing the first seed for their
true education. In conjunction with
this absurd law comes the second diffi-
culty we have mentioned. Since the
young student must get this so-called
practical education in a store, he hires
his services for a very small amount (or
perhaps he has to give such services)
that he may follow the letter of the law.

There is no system of apprenticeship, he
does what he is told to do. This often
means the veriest drudgery from early
morning' to late at night. He is porter
and salesman and very little else for two
or more years, in a place where physi-
cians' prescriptions are dispensed by
somebody else. Legally he must not put
up such prescriptions alone and the
proprietor of the store is often too busy
to show him how, or to wait to see the
young man do it himself. In fact the
whole system of so-called practical ex-
perience in a pharmacy as now carried
out is a farce. The law is absurd because
it is not definite enough in regard to the
relations between the young man and
the proprietor of the store, and further-
more the education often acquired under
such circumstances has to be broken
down and remodelled in the college life
afterwards. And even where we have
college and store life together, the hard-
ships endured by the students in order to
comply with the law, speak loudly for
the patience and industry of the young
men entering the pharmaceutical profes-
sion. The student who has to follow a
store life, at the same time that he goes
to college, labors under enormous diffi-
culties in getting time to study and digest
what his instructors have given him. He
often has to be in the store from 7 A. M.
to II P. M. and get to and from college
on schedule time. Squeezing his educa-
tion into his laboring days like this, is it
a wonder that you hear so many young
men say, " it is a slave's life? " If he
gets time to study his college subjects, it
is in the small hours of the night, wlien
he should be resting for the labors of the
following day.

Such we conceive to be a reasonably
fair picture ot the situation to-day as re-
gards the education of the pharmacist.
The obvious remedy is to abolish this
store life, and allow the student to get

62

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

his college education first; in the same
manner as the engineer, the architect,
and other professional men. And let us
hope that this time is coming soon. But
our present problem is what to teach the
young pharmacist in the time at his dis-
posal.

At the beginning of the inquiry we are
met by a very serious defect in the ele-
mentary education of the young men
who come to the preliminary college ex-
amination. For some reason or other
they are lamentably weak in elementary
mathematics, such as proportion, deci-
mals, fractions, and the crudest ideas of
geometry. This must either be a defect
in the schools they have gone through,
or else they are taken out of school too
soon. This is such an important defect
that one of our colleges has arranged a
special course of instruction to meet this
difficulty; and the success of the move-
ment is beyond question; the young men
meeting their after-studies with much
better equipped minds in this particular.
We would therefore urge all students
entering college life to study the above
branches of mathematics thoroughly, and
they will find the time so spent well in-
vested.

Coming now to the college life, we
have to consider what the phamacist is
as a member of the community. He and
the physician are the guardians of the
public health, and also the health of the
individual family. In the former ca-
pacity he should understand certain
sanitary problems, and toward the family
he should exercise such care that they
shall not suffer from poor or weak drugs
dispensed from physicians' prescriptions,
and that those things that are accessory
to the work of the physician shall be of
the most approved kind and quality.

Sanitary problems involve a knowledge
of the elementary principles underlying
life in communities. This means the

study of water supply, air, light and
ventilation, together with the broad
principles governing the control of epi-
demics and disease in general. Knowl-
edge of this character involves the study
of chemistry and physics pretty thor-
oughly. This study should be made as
vital as possible by bringing the student
into actual contact with chemical experi-
ments at the beginning of his work; sup-
plementing such studies with discussions
upon the bearing of the experiments upon
life and its problems.

In regard to the identification of drugs
and the chemicals used in prescriptions,
chemistry and physics also bear a very
important part; but here a good knowl-
edge of the microscope and its uses is
invaluable.

In fact the pharmacist should be a
good chemist, with considerable knowl-
edge of physics and microscopy. Beyond
this he will find his work in pharmacy
to consist of the application of chemical
and physical truths to special cases.
Advanced pharmaceutical work is but
the elaboration of such chemical and
physical knowledge to suit the prepara-
tion of special drugs, the testing and
purification of chemicals, and the com-
pounding of both drugs and chemicals
in prescriptions.

As useful accessories to the above es-
sential knowledge for the pharmacist
come materia medica and botany. But
as far as the time now given to pharma-
ceutical education in our colleges is con-
cerned, these latter subjects should be
given a vihior importance or else dropped
out of the curriculum. Materia medica
(vegetable materia medica), while inci-
dentally useful to the pharmacist, is es-
sentially a study for the physician. And
there is so little time now for the student
to acquire the necessary truths of chem-
istry and physics and their application to
pharmacy, that every unnecessary de-

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

63

mand on the student's time and brain
should be eliminated.

Before closing it would be well to con-
sider for a moment the scope of physical
and chemical instruction. Too much
stress cannot be ])laced upon the per-
sonal contact of the student with the ex-
periment. Every eflfort should be made
to carry out this idea. After the observa-
tions of the student comes the discussion
by the instructor and an application of
theory to facts. But here great care
must be exercised not to give too much
theory. Furthermore, it is unwise to
give students details that are not im-
mediately applicable to the work they
have in hand. They are usually un-
able to discriminate and try to swal
low:

"Total grist, husks and all."

Every effort should be made to classify
their work for them, so it may be readily
applied.

The above rather brief and discon-
nected statements give some of our ideas
in regard to pharmaceutical education,
and are the result of considerable thought
after many years of contact with students
and pharmacists. If they lead others to
think upon the same topic, and cause a
change in the present methods of edu-
cating our students in pharmacy, we
shall feel only too glad that they have
been committed to these pages.

OUR METRIC STANDARDS AND UNIT.

Aiomalic Waters. — In experimenting
with the new official method for pre-
paring "Aromatic Waters," M. A. Miner
finds that in triturating 20 Gm. of cal-
cium phosphate with 2 C.c. of volatile
oil, a mobile powder is formed, which
mixes readily with water on trituration,
without evident separation of oily parti-
cles and furnishes a satisfactory product.
— Apothecary, Jan-, 1894.

By WILLIAM HALLOCK, A. B., Ph.D., Phar. D.,
Adjunct Professor of Physics at Columbia College.

" To find the length of a rood in the
right and lawful way, and according to
scientific usage, you shall do as follows :
Stand at the door of a church on a
Sunday, and bid sixteen men to stop, tall
ones and small ones, as they happen to
pass out when the service is finished ;
make them put their left feet one behind
the other, and the length thus obtained
shall be a right and lawful rood to meas-
ure and survey the land with, and the
sixteenth part of it shall be a right and
lawful foot." — ^Jacob KoEBEivOn Survey-
ing ; Germany, 1550. Translated by E.
A.GiESELER in ih.e Journal 0/ the Fra?ik-
lin Institute, 126, 3d ser. 96, pp. 11 5-1 6.

In Italy there existed, in 1832, no less
than 215 foot measures ; and in Germany,
at the beginning of the century, there
were certainly no less, probably more. —
GlESELER, 1. c.

What is a "standard" and what a
"unit"? We have absolute standards
and concrete or type or practical stand-
ards. For example, the absolute stand-
ard of length is the distance from the
equator to the pole on the meridian of
Paris. The practical standard is the dis-
tance between two marks on a certain
bar preserved in Paris, and called ' ' the
meter of the archives." It was in-
tended to be one forty-millionth of the
absolute standard, it is not; but we know
its error, and hence it serves our purpose
very well. Some one may s^y we know
the relation of the yard to the earth's
quadrant and hence it would answer
Very true, but the yard stands alone and
the meter is the keystone of a whole
system.

A fruitful source of misunderstanding
is the standard or unit of mass, or weight.
The old standard is a piece of brass — a
pound. Is it mass or weight ? It is a

64

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

mass, and is always called a weight.
What is the difference ? Mass is the
quantity of matter (brass), weight is the
force with which the mass is drawn to-
ward the centre of the earth The mass
is the same whether it is at the sea-level,
or on a high mountain, ou the moon, the
sun, or anywhere else in the universe ;
mass is constant, is absolute. The weight
of the mass is less on a mountain than at
sea-level, less on the moon than on the
earth, more on the sun, and in fact is
purely relative, depending entirely upon
the position of the mass with reference to
other masses. When we say ' ' a body
weighs ten pounds," we really mean
"the body is drawn toward the earth
with ten times the force with which the
standard pound is drawn toward the
earth." The force is proportional to the
mass, and hence, if the force is ten times
the mass, it is ten times, and the mass of
the body is ten pounds.

The metric absolute standard of mass
is the mass of one cubic decimeter of pure
water at its temperature of maximum
density. The practical standard is a cer-
tain piece of metal preserved at Paris and
called "the kilogram of the archives."
Again, it is not equal to the absolute
standard, but we know its error and so it
answers our purpose.

Another standard that interests us, and
is very intimately connected with the
kilogram, is the liter — equal, theoreti-
cally, to the volume of one cubic deci-
meter ; practically it is the volume, at its
temperature of maximum density, of a
mass of water equal to the " kilogram of
the archives." The difference is very
slight, and can be neglected in all but
the most accurate absolute scientific
work. Similarly the cubic centimeter is
the volume of one gram of water at its
temperature of maximum density.

Our immutable standard of a period of
time is one revolution of the earth ou its

axis — a day. It is also our practical
standard.

The "unit" is usually some fraction
of the " practical standard," and varies
with the quantity measured ; for exam-
ple, the kilometer, meter, millimeter and
micron (i-iooo m. m.) are various units,
any one being chosen according to the
length we wish to measure. Similarly
the day, hour, minute, second are units
of time.

Mark the simplicity of this system.
We measure the dimensions in convenient
decimal units ; the unit area is the square
on the unit of length ; the unit volume is
a cube on the unit of length ; the unit
mass is the unit volume filled with mat-
ter of unit density (water at 4° .o C).
Specific gravity is the number of units of
mass of the substance in the unit vol-
ume, etc., etc.

In practice it is found desirable to use
only certain units, for example ; we often
use the kilometer, the meter, centimeter,
millimeter, whereas hectometer, deka-
meter and decimeter are seldom used. In
mass we use kilogram (called simply
" kilo "), gram, but decigram, centigram
and milligram are much less used. In
volume we use the cubic meter, hectoliter,
liter and cubic centimeter (never called
milliliter). Specific-gravity multiplied
by volume gives us mass (weight in com-
mon usage); conversely, mass (weight)
divided by specific-gravity gives volume.
Compare for a moment these operations
with an attempt to get from cubic inches
to scruples and drachms, or vice versa.
In a word the metric system is homo-
geneous throughout and that one fact
ought to be sufficient to speedily accom-
plish its adoption.

Let us see what is the status of the
metric system to-day and what are its
claims to our favorable consideration. In
the first place it should never be called
the ' ' French system ; ' ' the French first

THE ALUMNI JOURNAl,

65

had the good sense to adopt it, but it is
in no wise French, even the names being
taken from the Greek and Latin. The me-
tric system is not only entirely homogene-
ous as regards its various standards and
units, but it is the foundation of a whole
system of absolute units for the measure-
ment of every conceivable quantity. We
have in this country the amusing spectacle
of a metric superstructure and founda-
tion, with a very heterogeneous unscien-
tific ground-floor intervening. We are
almost as familiar with "ohms," "am-
peres" and "volts" to-day as we are
with "pounds," and "feet," and more
than we are with various ' 'ounces' ' ' 'scru-
ples," "drachms," etc. Yet we could
not measure an ohm or a volt without
the metric system, they are metric units.

Among the blessings which the era of
electricity is going to bring us is the
metric syistem as a whole. Already we
find the "kilowatt" challenging the
antiquated "horse-power" for popular
favor, and we are bringing up a genera-
tion of engineers who appreciate the
m.erits of the system.

To look at the subject from another
point of view, let us suppose we have a
yard or pound and wish to know whether
it is " true and lawful." After some in-
quiry we may learn that w^e must send it
to the Coast and Geodetic Survey, a de-
partment of the U. S. Treasury, at Wash-
ington, D. C, which has the custody of
the United States standards. In due
time we should receive our yardorpound
back again with the report of their errors.
They have been compared with — what ?
A standard yard, a standard pound?
Not at all. They have been compared
directly or indirectly with the " national
prototype standard meter and kilogram,"
which are the copies of " the meter and
kilogram of the ' 'archives' ' and have been
atested by the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures" at Paris, and

issued to each of the co-operating govern-
ments. Thus to-day both ends of our
system are metric. The "meter and kilo
of the archives " are our standards, and
our more complex units are directly de-
rived therefrom. Only our two intermed-
iate units, the foot and the pound, are in
the old system, if indeed, such a hetero-
geneous conglomeration can be dignified
with the name of "system." Let us hope
that this anomalous condition will soon
pass away. The physicist and the chemist
already use the metric system exclu-
sively, and we look to the apothecary,
and the physician to take the next step
toward the millennium when our ante-
quated units will be laid away with the
antequated methods of communication
and transportation, and when we shall
no longer accomplish twentieth century
deeds and measure them in "mediaeval
units.

THE nOST RECENT WORK.

Creosote Pills. — For obtaining very small
creosote pills Fauel recommends the use of a
mass obtained by dissolving five parts of sugar
in twenty-four parts of water and then adding
eleven parts of gelatin. One part of this, used
warm, is said to emulsify two parts of creosote,
and by the addition of liquorice powder a con-
venient pill-mass may be obtained which con-
tains a large proportion of the activeingredients.
When creosote is prescribed in pilular form,
together with tannin and iodoform, Viole ab-
sorbs the first by means of animal charcoal, then
adds the other ingredients, and finally masses
the whole with turpentine. The charcoal is said
to mask the taste of the creosote to some ex-
tent, and by rolling the pills in magnesia,
silvering or coating with tolu varnish it may be
still further covered. — Pharni. Jour. Trans.,
1894- 735-

Detertnination of Alkaloid e by Potassio-
mercuric iodide. — Grandall and Lajoux. [Jour,
de Pharni. el de Chem.) propose the following :

100 Gms. of finely powdered plant parts are
well triturated with 100 Gms. basic acetate lead,
then percolated with 600 Gms. water. The
treatment with basic lead acetate has for its
purpose, the precipitation of the organic acids.

66

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

while the alkaloids go into solution as acetates;
likewise coloring matter extractives and al-
buminous bodies form insoluluble' compounds
with the lead. The percolate is filtered, treated
with slight excess sulphuric acid, the insoluble
lead sulphate filtered off, and the alkaloid pre-
cipitated by excess of pottassio-mercuric iodide,
the precipitate is washed and the alkaloid
removed afterwards by either of two methods.

1. The precipitate is shaken in separating
flask with potassium cyanide, a little solution
of caustic soda and ether. The alkaloids may
be removed from the ether and purified in the
usual way.

2. Add slight excess of solution of sodium
sulphide after standing a short time, acidify
with sulphuric acid, filter, make alkaline and
shake alkaloids out with ether.

The addition of a little oil (olive) to the ether
assists in its rapid separation. V. C.

Toluol Thermometer. — There has lately been
introduced a thermometer in which the mer-
cury is replaced by Toluol. It answers admir-
ably for low temperatures, as its freezing point
is circa — 7d°C., boiling point being -|-i7o°C.
The toluol is colored black which renders the
thread easy to distinguish. The co efficient of
expansion is five times greater than that of
mercuty, also its density is very small, circa
0.870, this allows the use of a larger bulb and
capillary tube. Because of their comparative
cheapness they promise to supplant the mercury
thermometer for general uses. V. C.

Vanillin.— Yon Heyden (Pharm. Centralh),
has patented a new process in which aldehyde-
guaiacol carboxylic acid or its silver salt is
heated in presence of acidulated water to tem-
perature of 180° under pressure, whereby car-
bonic acid gas is split off, yielding aldehyde
guaiacol or vanillin, thus;
COOH

COH
Reaction for Veratrine.-
two three drops of a mixture of sulphuric acid
and furfuraldehyde (five drops to ten C. c. acid).
This mixture by means of a glass-rod is applied
to a minute particle of the alkaloid when a
yellowish-green and then an olive green mixture
results; the edges and the whole of the mixture
afterwards turn to a beautiful blue color. On
warming, the mixture gradually acquires a
purple violet color. The blue substance ob-
tained in the cold is insoluble in alcohol, ether
or chloroform. The least amount of water, or

=co, +

CeH3-OCH3
^COH

-N. Wender uses

alkali, decolorizes the solution and on adding
much water a fairly permanent yellow solution,
is obtained. — Cheni. Zeit., iSgj. pjo.

AStioloo'v of Cholera. — Sanarelli (Ann. de
rinst. Pasteur, 1893, 693), advances the idea
that the morphological unity of the cholera
bacillus must be abandoned, since there exist
different varieties of vibriones morphologically
distinct, which are capable of producing in man
and in the lower animals one and the same
type of cholera, clinically identical. Koch's
bacteriological diagnosis of cholera as recently
established, agrees neither with the idea of a
limited monomorphism nor with the assumption
of a polymorphism of the vibriones, since in
every impure water we may find pathogenous
microbes which possess quite the same char-
acter as the specific exotic vibrones. In addi-
tion to the morbific forms originating in the
water, which exactly resemble those from the
bowel, there are found in water a number of
non-pathogenous microbes which approach the
former very closely, so that they may be re--
garded as varieties capable under certain cir-
cumstances of resuming their former (?) malig-
nant properties. This constant occurrence of
pathogenic mic:obia in all sewage is a proof
of the great importance of the pollution of
water for the origin and spread of cholera. The
water-vibrios and those of cholera dejections
are in every respect very closely allied, which
points to a common origin. Virulent vibriones
do not long retain their malignant character.
They gradually disappear along with the other
characteristic properties of the vibriones, such
as the formation of nitrites and ofindol.

A Ptomaine in Influenza. — Griffith and Ladel
(Pharm. Centralh., 1894, 4) have obtained a
ptomaine from the urine of patients suffering
from "La Grippe." It is a poisonous base,
crystalline, soluble in water and gives character-
istic reactions. Its formula being Ca H9 NO4.
The urine was made alkaline with sodium car-
bonate, and shaken with ether, the base re-
moved from the ether by agitating with aque-
ous solution acidulated with tartaric acid, and
from this the base is removed by adding an
alkali and shaking with ether. The ether on
evaporating leaves the base behind. V. C.

''White Ipecac" and Senega.— P^. Andree,
Apoth. Zeit., 1894, 23), examined a parcel
of senega root sent out by a well-known drug
house and found it to contain a consider-
able quantity of Richardsonia scabra, St,
Hillaire, so-called "white ipecac." The senega

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

67

root is described as not possessing identical
characters will the official root, being harder
more fibrous and not possessing generally the
keel of true senega. Portions of the stem
attached to the roots were colored violet. The
author states that this root contains a larger
quantity of emetine than given by Hager and
that it forms a very dangerous admixture.

Basic Bismuth Salts.— Y,. Fisher, (Pharm.
Centralh. 1894, 4), offers the following method
for the preparation of these salts, in which the
theoretical quantities of freshly precipitated
bismuth hydroxide and the organic acid are
allowed to react upon one another. One mole-
cule (486 gms.) of bismuth nitrate is dissolved in
about four times its weight of dilute acetic acid,
diluted with forty times its volume of water and
precipitated in the cold with aqua ammonia.
The bismuth hydroxide is washed by decanta-
tion till free from nitric acid, the magma is then
triturated in a mortar with one molecule of
salicylic acid (138 gms.) Warmed on water both,
after short time a crystalline magma of basic
bismuth salicylate forms; remove water by
water pump and dry on porous tiles. Forms a
light white powder. The bismuth subgallate
(dermatol) is prepared after same method,
yielding a bright yellow powder, entirely solu-
ble in solution of sodiumhydrate. V. C.

Tincture 0/ Iodine .—C F. Henry has made a
series of experiments, the results of which seem
to indicate that the following formula will most
suitably meet all requirements:

Iodine. iX oz.

Iodide of potassium, 1% ot..

Distilled water, Yz fl. oz.

Glycerin, >< A- oz.

Rectified spirit, sufficient to make 20 fl. oz.
Add the iodine and iodide of potassium to the
water, allow to stand till dissolved, then add
the glycerin and sufficient rectified spirit to
make twenty fluid ounces. Such a tincture
(i in 16) would be suitable for both external
and internal use and is miscible with water in
all proportions. The dose would be two to
eight minims, and 24 minims to the fluid ounce
would make a vapor iodi corresponding to the
present official Vapor lod.i^Q.V.)— Pharm. Jour.
Trans., 1894, 745-

Ammonium Chloride.—^. Kraut, (Zeit. f.
anorg. Chem., 1892, 278), finds that when this
salt is heated in a platinum dish on a water
bath, an appreciable amount is lost by volatiliz-
ation; 50 per cent, of the whole if the heating is
contiued for 270 hours.

Cresol A n tiseptics . —

Creolin, {Artman,) Sanatol, — Cresol sul-
phonic acids, made from crude cresol and
sulphuric acid.

Saprol — Mixture of crude cresol with high-
boiling oils.

Creolin, {Pearson,) Disinfected Izal, laporcar-
bol II — Mixtures of resin with crude Cresol.

Cresol, 50 percent, soluble, Cresol, (Raschig)
Creaspol, Cresol saponat, Lysol, Phenolin,
fapocarbol. Liquor Cresoli sapotiatus — Mixtures
of crude or pure Cresols with soap solutions, in
most cases 50 per cent, Cresol and 50 per cent,
potash soap solution (Lysol, Cresoli saponatus,
etc. )

Aqua cresolica, Cresol water — Mixtures of i
part Liquor Cresoli saponatus with 9 parts water
— amount of Cresol 5 per cent.

Solutol — Mixture of Cresol and Cresol Soda
(Cresol 50 per cent.).

Solveol — Mixture of Cresol with cresylate of
soda (Cresol 25 percent.).

Tricresol — Mixture of 3 Cresols from tar oil.
— Pharm. Centralh., 1894, 102. V. C.

Eucalypteol. — Eucalyptene hydrochlorate
C.,j,Hj^,— 2HCI. Prepared by Anthoine, consist-
of white scales, insol. in water, very sol. in al-
cohol, ether and oils. Melt at 50°. Recom-
mended as antiseptic for the mucous surfaces of
the organs of respiration. Administered in
doses of 0.25 gms. in emulsion. — Phartn. Cen-
tralh., 1894, 95. V. C.

Preparation of Guaiacol. — The Guaiacol ob.
tained by practical distillation of the crude pro-
duct from wood tar is always more or less con-
taminated with Cresols or Creosol etc. Chemi-
cal pure Guaiacol is obtained synthetically by
heating under pressure a mixture of pyroca-
techin, potassium salt of methyl, sulphuric acid
and sodium hydrate in molecular proportions.

CeH,<gj[J'^ + CH3NaS0,-=

Thus prepared it forms in crystalline prisms of
melting point 28,5° and boiling point 20.5°.

The preparation of pyrocatechin (C^ H^(OH2)
(1:2)) was formerly very expensive ; but is now
with little difficulty made from benzene or
toluol derivatives. By action of carbonic acid
en sodium phenol under pressure and high
temperature, paraoxybenzoic ac d is formed.
This on bromating is converted into bromop-
oxybenzoic acid, the bromin taking the ortho
position in the hydroxyl group. This on fusing
with sodium hydrate forms pyrocatechin soda,

68

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

this on treatment with an acid pyrocatechin
results. — Ibid.

Emetine Estimation in Ipecac. — C. C Keller,
12 Gms pulverized drug are placed in a flask of
200 C.c. capacity and shaken well with a mixture
of 90 Gms. of ether and 30 Gms. chloroform.
After five minutes 10 C.c. of aqua ammonia and
after one-half hour 10 C. c. of water are added,
shaking well. Let settle and decant off 100 Gms.
(10 Gms. ipecac) of the clear solution into a
separating funnel, remove the emetin from this
by shaking three times with a i per cent, solu-
tion of HCl (25-15-10 C.c.) The acid alkaloidal
solution is removed rendered alkaline with
aqua ammonia and shaken twice, employing
each time 50 Gms. of a mixture of chloroform
three parts and ether two parts. This solution
of alkaloids is filtered through a small filter
moistened with ether, into a tared flask; the
volatile solvents distilled off, residue dried,
weighed and titrated. The Beckurt's method of
titration with f^. hydrochloric acid is applied
thus: The alkaloidal residue is dissolved in 10
C. c. alcohol, water added until slight turbidity
results. Add few drops of tincture of logwood
(i-ioo) and titrate with ^n_, hydrochloric acid,
the solution striking a light yellow color. —
Schwig. Wochenschr. Fhar., '93-31-473-

NEW LITERATURE.

Atlas der officinellen Pflanzen. — Zweite Ver-
besserte Auflage des gleichnamigen Werkes
von O. Berg und C. F. Schmidt. Herausge-
geben vou A. Meyer und K. Schumann.

Bechold's Hattdlexikon der Naturwissen-
scha/t utid 3Iedicin, bearbeitet von A. Velde,
W. Schauf, V. Lowenthal und J. Bechold.

Beilstein, F. — Handbuch der organischen
Chemie. 3 Auf

Btmge, Kuno v. — Ein Beitrag zur Kentniss
der Hydrastis canadensis und ihrer Alkaloide.
Inaug.- Dissert. Univ. Dorpat.

Calender of the Pharmaceutical Society of
Ireland for 1 8g^. Dublin; Chas. Chambers.

Davis, F. — Qualitative Analytical Tables.

DeCandolle, C. — Monographic phaneroga-
marum. Vol. VIII.

Elliott, A. H. — A System of Instruction in
Qualitative Chemical Analysis. 2d Ed.

Genss, Alex. — Ueber die Cathartinsaure der
Senna. Inaug. -Diss. Univ. Dorpat.

Hahn, Ed. — Pharmakognostische Untersuch-
ung der Adstringens-Rinden der Sammlung des
Dorpater pharmac. Institutes, Inaug. -Diss.
Univ. Dorpat.

Handworterbuch der Pharmacie. — Edited by
A. Brestowski. Parts 13 and 14. L. to Mag-
nesium, and Magnesium acetate tc Mineral-
wasser.

Hjelt, Edv. and Ossian Aschan. — Larobok i
organisk Kemi. I. II.

Hoppe, E. — Lehrbuch der Physic.

Ince,J. — The Latin Grammar of Pharmacy:
for use of Medical and Pharmaceutical students.
With an Essay on the reading of Latin Prescrip-
tions and Reference Vocabulary. 6th Ed,

Jahresbericht der Pharmacie , herausgegeben
vom Deutschen Apothekerverein unter Red.
von Heinrich Beckurts. 2 flalfte. 2 Abtheil-
ung. The second part of the second volume of
this replete work finishes the Jahresbericht for
1892. In this part are contained the subjects
of applied chemistry related to pharmacy, toxi-
cology, literature and critique. Besides these
are contained two admirable indexes, one of
author's and the other of text. The entire
work consists of nearly 900 pages, and is es-
pecially valuable, as the editor has consulted
a large number of publications, many of which
are not so generally consulted in this country.
The abstracts are quite full in all cases.

Lebensmittelpolizei . — Ein Handbuch fiir die
Priifung und Beurtheilung der Menschlichen
Nahrungs-und Genussmittel. Herausgegeben
von P. Lohmann.

Medicus L. -Kurzes Lehrbuch der Chemischen
Technologic. Tiibingen.

Merke, E. — ^Bericht iiber das Jahr 1893.

Pharmaceutical Register of Victoria for iSg^
Melbourne; H. Hearne & Co.

Pharmaceutische Chemie. — Kurze's Repeti
torium der. — III. Th.

Pharmacopceia Helvetica (Switzerland), IIL
Ed.— This is the first official issue of the Swiss
government. Previous to this the first editon
of 1865, followed by those of 1872 and 1S76,
were issued by the authority of the Swiss
Pharmaceutical Society; these were accepted
by most of the cantons as official. In 1888 the
g«jvernment appointed a commission consisting
of pharmacists, physicians and chemists to take
the above in hand. The new Pharmacopoeia
goes into effect July ist. 1894. The titles of the
articles are in Latin, followed by the same ex-
pressed in German, French and Italian. Thus:
Antifebrin, antifebrine, antifebbrina. This
is followed by the method of preparation,
where necessary or practicable; then tests of
identity and impurity; then preservation, and
last and best, the maximum and minimum

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

69

loses. The text is tollowed by seventeen tables,
including those of reagents, volumetric solu-
tions, solubilities of chemicals in water, alcohol
and ether, poisons, alcohol, alkali, acid and
saturation tables, synonyms, etc. The index
is in the three languages, rendering the work
of ready access to all. V. C.

Quantitative Chemical Analysis. — F. Clowes
and J. B. Coleman. Second edition.

Rocznik Farmaceutyczny. 1S92. Edited by
Adama Jaworowskiego. Warsaw, 1894.

Rupp, G. — Die Untersuchung von Nahrungs-
mitteln, Genussmitteln und Gebranchsgegen-
standen.

Schoentjes, H. — Cours de physique experi-
mentale.

Siegel, Attg.— JJeher die Giftstoffe zweier
Euphorbiaceen. Inaug. — Diss. Univ. Dorpat.

Die Arzneitnittel der Organischen Chemie. —
Thoms.

This little book of 174 pages contains an in-
credible amount of valuable matter arranged in
tabular form. This includes all the synthetic
remedies, with, in addition, such products be-
longing to the classes of volatile oils, camphor
arts, alkaloids, glucosides, ferments, organic
acids, etc., that find employment in medicine.

Under division name and formula are given the
chemical terms, synonyms, empiric and struc-
tural formulae. Under second division is given
the methods of preparation, concisely as possi-
ble. The third division includes a description,
as to appearance, melting or boiling point, sol-
ubilities, etc. The fourth division' includes
medicinal uses, with doses. This handy work
cannot be too highly recommended. V. C.

Van Bastelaer, A. — Etudes, Discours et Me-
moires relatif a la pharmacie.

Winter, W. — Lehrbuch der Physik, zum
rschulegebrauch bearbeitet. 3 Aufl.

Sugar in Urine, Methylerie Blue as a
Reagent for. — One C.c. of the urine,
previously diluted to ten times its vol-
ume, is mixed with i C.c of methylene
blue solution (i Gm. per litre) and i C.c.
of normal potassium hydrate solution in
a test tube ; the mixture is diluted with
2 C.c. of water and heated over a flame.
The methylene blue will be completely
decolorized if the original urine contains
upwards of 0.5 per cent, of sugar. If
the color remains permanent the urine
■cannot be called diabetic. — N. Wender
in Pharm. Post-, 1893, 393.

^ssociatioi) Notes.

The minutes of the meetings of the Alumni
Association and Executive Board will appear in
the next issue.

College Notes.

At the annual election of officers of the "Col-
lege, " a full report of which is given on another
page, an invitation was extended to the mem-
bers of the college present to visit Delmonico's,
by Mr. Edward Kemp and was unanimously
accepted. After the result of the contest had
been announced the meeting adjourned and
marched in a body to the famous restaurant of
Delmonico's, where a private banquet room had
been prearranged for the guests. Here Mr.
Kemp also displayed that well-known character-
istic that has made his life and business such a
success, that of doing everything thoroughly.

A bounteous repast was spread ; nothing was
forgotten in the way of refreshments, liquid or
solid. Mr. Kemp also showed he was a lover of
good music ; besides the regular orchestra he
had provided a quartet of mandolins that played
those Spanish airs so enlivening to an assem-
blage of this kind. Mr. S. W. Fairchild pro-
posed the toast to the host which was drank
standing, the members singing, " He is a jolly
good fellow." Mr. Kemp replied in a way that
showed that he was an impromptu speaker of
more than ordinary merit. His remarks were
concise and to the point. Many of his remarks
will long be remembered by the members pres-
ent as he said many things in giving the result
of his experience in connection with the raising
of funds for enterprises similar to the college,
notably the Seventh Regiment Armory of which
fund he was a trustee; telling how the vast
amount required had been raised in a short
time, showing how simple it was if all would
put their shoulder to the wheel and contribute
a share in proportion to their wealth and earn-
ings. The amount raised by the trustees of the
armory was so enormous that the amount neces-
sary to clear the college building of all debt
seemed but a pittance, and there is no doubt
but what the suggestion of Mr. Kemp will be
followed.

He referred to his friend, Mr. Ewen Mc-
Intyre, in a way that was both touching, sym-
pathetic and amusing; he also spoke of Mr.

70

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

I/awrence, one of the original incorporators of
the college, who is still alive and in good
health. Toasts were then drank and responded
to by the President, Mr. S. W. Fairchild, Ewen
Mclntyre, H. N. Fraser, J. N. Hegeman, Wm.
M. Massey, T. J. Macmahan. After the relating
of many reminiscences by the members, the
banquet came to a close. It was well on
towards the early hours of morn when the par-
ticipants wended their way homeward.

F. B. C.

SUMHER COURSE IN BOTANY.

The summer course in botany begins this
year on March 22 and extends to June 28. This
course has been extended from ten to fifteen
lectures, the price of tickets remaining as here-
tofore, I5 for the general course and $15 for the
course in microscopical botany. Tickets for
either course may be obtained at the College of
Pharmacy.

There is quite a rivalry among the graduates
of the N. Y. C. P. in securing subscribers for
The Alumni Journai.. Mr. Newton Dart Phil-
lips heads the list, he having secured by far the
largest number thus far.

Mr. John Kremer and Mr. Herman Schmidt,
have purchased the drug store of Samuel Trau-
gott, 923 Third avenue. New York City, and
business is to be conducted under the firm name
of John Kremer & Co.

Mr. Herman VVeller, '87, has left the em-
ploy of Mr. vScheif, Bloomfield, N. J., with the
expectation of establishing himself in business,
though he has not as yet selected any locality.

Mr. J. Meuser, formerly a junior student at
the college, is about to open a drug store in
Bloomfield, N. J.

Mr. Sumter Bugle, class of '90, has re-
signed his position in South Orange to become
a partner in the store of Mr. Williams at As-
bury Park.

Horace T. Kline, druggist, corner of Sixth
and Fifthy-sixth street, had a slight fire on the
morning of March 8th.

Daniel O'Connell, for ten years at 82^4
Broadway, is about to open a very handsome
day and night pharmacy at 55 Whitehall street,
about the middle of May. Mr. O'Connell
started in the retail business at A. J. Ditman's

about twenty years ago as errand boy, and is
one of the most popular of our down-town
druggists.

Julius Tannenbaum, class of '93, has pur-
chased the drugstore of T. E. Fraser at Lexing-
ton avenue and Fifty-fourth street.

^ei^ior Glass Notes.

MINUTES OF CLASS '94, N. Y. C. P.
A special meeting was called to order by
President Ehrgott on Monday evening, March 5,
1894, who then introiluced Mr. T. J. Macmahan,
a member of the committee of arrangements,
for commencement, the gentleman saying that
Carnegie Hall had been engaged for Wednesday
evening, April 25, 1894, instead of Thursday even-
ing, April 26,i894,as before stated. The minutes
of the previous meeting were read and adopted,
also the report of the treasurer was read and
accepted. Mr. Nelson S. Kirk then moved
that a vote of thanks be tendered to the Hon.
Frank F. Corvies for services rendered. Carried.
Mr. Colton then moved that the optional
inorganic chemistry quiz be held on Wednesday
mornings at 10.30 to 12 M, Carried. Mr. Kirk
then made a motion to adopt a class flower, and
such to be the Convallaria majalis, which he
said was a whitish white flower and would give
a finished contrast with our blackish black
coats on commencement night. Carried.

Meeting called to order by the President on

Friday, March 9, 1894, at 1,15 P. M. Minutes

of previous meeting were read and adopted and

the treasurers report read and accepted. Upon

motion made to appoint a "photo" committee

of three, the following were appointed; Mr. T.

Sherwood Boyd, Chairman; Mr. T. Franklin

Cook and "Col." Louis B. Wade from Owego.
Mr. "Joe" Kussey moved that the executive

committee be the committee of arrangements

for the class banquet. Carried. "Joe" also

made a motion to have the celebrated Class

Glee Club, composed of baritone Wm. Hall and

Mr. Pryor contralto, and others to compose an

elaborate programme for Alumni Day and also

• at the class banquet. Carried.

Frederic Wm. Linmng, Jr., Sec'y,

Class of '94.

The executive committee of the class are at
work arranging matters pertaining to the com-
mencement. They have already engaged
Rogers' Seventh Regiment Band, and, inci-

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

71

dentally, ordered 7,500 invitations of a very
artistic design. The class banquet will also be
ninder the supervision of that committee. Ow-
ing to the fact that the majority of the class are
desirous of holding it after the results of the
examination are announced, it will probably
occur on Monday evening, April 23d.

As the examinations draw nearer and nearer,
the smile on Schuyler's face grows broader and
broader. He is evidently preparing to wreak
his vengeance by the fulfillment of his threat ;
" Wait till nex' April,- and den I will laf at
you."

The alphabetical order of the roll in Section
II. furnishes an odd phrase when the letter S is
reached. It is: "Steevling, Struck, Sullivan."
But "we don't want thee " to be under the im-
pression that Mr.Steevling is of such a desperate
nature as to attempt such a rash act.

Mr. S. has proved himself a high authority on
camphor. His recent recitation, describing the
first crude distillation process was very com-
mendable, and fully merited the applause it re-
ceived.

At a recent pharmacy quiz, we weie in-
formed that the formula for a silk dress, or
more generally for silk, was Ci ^jH^i tN4,,0-,o;
whereupon one student of an inquiring mind
sent a note up to the Professor asking for the
formula for woolen stockings. He is still wait-
ing for the valuable information.

Chairman Ehrgott appointed the following
minor committees: Supper— Wurthman,* Kirk,
Wood. Usher — Hiltz,* Donovan, Brater. Floral
T)ecorations— Kirk,* Brater, Hiltz. Programmes
— Wood,* Clark, Wurthman. Invitations —
Donovan,* Clark, Hiltz. Music— Clark,*
Wurthman, Donovan. Badges— Brater,* Wood,

Kirk.

* chairman.

Nelson S. Kirk, Section 2.

If Messrs. Fleischmann and Bettendorf were
to call on us some Friday afternoon, they would
doubtless be highly pleased with the manner in
which our students memorize and recite the
reactions of their arsenic tests.

Mr. M-

PERSONAL.
-, that hat you wore at the lecture,

Owing to the fact that the time between now
and the examinations is unsufl&cient to allow of
a review of some of the studies, a special review
quiz has been organized by Mr. Ferguson. The
quiz class meets every Wednesday morning at
10.30. The students certainly derive much bene-
fit therefrom, and from the sentiments expressed
on all sides it is certain that Mr. Ferguson's
interest in our behalf is full appreciated.

J. K.

The students are especially indebted to K.
C. Mahegin for invaluable assistance in the
issue of "The Supplement." Without this help
it would have been impossible at this time to
have issued this part of The Alumni Journal.

Wednesday night, is truly " a thing of beauty
and a joy forever ;" nevertheless, accept the
kindly warning of a friend and keep it oflf the
college premises.

Joseph Kussey, Class Reporter.
J. R. Wood,
Nelson S. Kirk,

Assistants.

Tapior Glass Notes.

Cr.ASS OF '95 N. Y. C. P.
A regular meeting of the class was called for
Thursday, Feb. 22, 1894, but owing to the ab-
sence of the President, Mr. C. W. Hitchcock, it
was postponed.

The next meeting was called for Thursday,
March i, 1894, and the class being divided into
two sections for laboratory work, it had to be
practically two meetings. One section was in
charge of the Vice-President, R. C. Watling,
and the other was conducted by the President.
The object of the meeting was to collect funds
for a frame for the resolutions adopted on
the demise of Dr. Harrison.

Unfortunately the second section had to hold
their meeting in the entrance or vestibule of
the college, as our worthy janitor had again
turned oflf "dem lights," and as he expressed
it, the preceding section had raised the "debel."
After pharmaceutical laboratory Saturday a
jolly theatre party was organized, consisting of
Messrs. Hitchcock, Kneuper, Sutorius, Geish-
ard, Kilborn and "Pop" Carter. They wended
their way to the theatre and after a collection
was taken up, which included Mr. Hitchcock's
"punched" nickel, it was found sufficient to
purchase a box. A said box immediately be-
came the centre of attention. In fact, the
audience divided its attention between the stage
and "The Box of Juniors," and it was all attri-
buted to Mr. Sutorius' perpetual smile, which
like the performance was a "continuous" one.
No other noteworthy incident occurred until
"Pop" Carter was obliged to leave, as he ex-
pressed it, "to see a man." Shortly after
"Pop's" departure the party adjourned .y/w^^zV.

C. W. H., Class '95.

THE A L UMM JO URN A L .

PERSONALS.

Our president, Mr. C. W. Hitchcock, has
been confined to the house for the past few
days by a severe attack of grip.

G. Ford Sutorius, our genial secretary, is
'•in training" for crew work. It is understood
that Mr. Sutorius will row in some of the crack
crews the coming summer.

Many thanks are due the editors and stafi" of
The Alumni Journal for giving the students
the initial numlaer free of charge, and it should
be treasured by every student, as it is the first
paper of its kind ever issued by the New York
College of Pharmacy.

Messrs. Thomas P. and Charles C. Heffiey,
class '95, have engaged in the drug business at
207 Park avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

All Juniors who have not procured their
college button, should order one at once from
the class treasurer, Mr. J. P. Lavalye.

A NUMBER of the Junior Class attended the
commencement exercises of the New York
College of Dentistry at Chickering Hall, Tues-
day evening, March 13, 1894.

Pharmacy Quiz. — Prof. — "Now, Mr. H ,

why should you use two 'ms' in the word
'gramme?' " Student: — "Because if you use
only one 'm' there might be a 'fly-speck' on
the paper, and it would be mistaken for a
grain.

STUDENT'S LIFE IN NEW YORK.

By clarence W. HITCHCOCK.

New York offers to ambitious students multi-
tudious advantages for 3tudy. As an educational
center it clearly outranks any of the American
cities. This claim is justified not only by the
vast numbers, but by the excellent quality and
great variety of its institutions of learning.

Its unsurpassed system of public schools em-
ploying about 4,500 teachers, and embracing
practical as well as industrial features, afford
instruction to over 300,000 children; while to its
colleges and universities flock maturer students
from every state and every country.

Of New York's 1,500,000 bustling inhabitants
perhaps 15,000 are out-of town students attend-
ing the higher colleges. Dispersed throughout
the great residential district, however, this large
number is swallowed up in the myriads of busi-
ness men, craftsmen and artisans comprising its
cosmopolitan population, and no distinctly de-
fined "student quarter " exists, as in the cities
of Europe. In boarding-houses large congre-
gations of students are sometimes found forming
harmonious families.

The natural bond existing between the stu-
dents here has been productive of the organiza-
tion of the "Students' Movement," or the
students' branch of the Y. M. C A.— a social
club, offering many attractive features to its
members. In short, through the medium of
this "movement" student life in the great city
is made immeasurably more pleasant and profit-
able than it would otherwise be.

CONTENTS. PAGE

Observations of a Pharmacognosist in England, H. H. Rusby 49

American Pharmaceutical Association 5^

The Supplement. — Editorial 59

Ipecacuanha, — Editorial 59

The Pharmacist and His Education, A. H. Elliott 61

Our Metric Standards and Unit, W. Hallock — 63.

The Most Recent Work. — 65

New Literature.

68

College Notes — ^9

Summer Course in Botany 7o

Our Graduates 7o

Senior Class Notes 7o

Junior Class Notes 7i

Students' Life in New York 7^

\ ,1.

PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION
OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
Entered at the New York Post Office as Second Class Matter.

Vol.

New York, May, 1894,

No. 4.

Associate Editors :

CHARLES RICE, Ph D.
CHARLES F. CHANDLER,

Ph. D., M. D., L.L.D., etc.

ARTHUR H. ELLIOTT,

Ph. D., F. C. S.

HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D.
VIRGIL COBLENTZ,

A. M., Ph. G., Ph. D.

EDITOR :

HENRY KRAEMER, Ph. G.

Assistant Editors :

FRED. HOHENTHAL, Ph. G.
K. C. MAHEGIN, Ph. G.

ALUMNI g^^

OFFICERS

OF THE

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION

FOR 1894-95.

President^
HERMAN GRAESER.

DUDLEY T. LARIMORE,

Vice-Presidents,
ARTHUR C. SEARLES.

PETER J. EHRGOTT

Treasurer ,

ADOLPH HENNING,

68 William Street, New York.

Secretary,

HARRY HELLER,

209 Bleecker Street. New York.

Registrar,

NEWTON DART PHILLIPS,
Tuxedo Park, N. Y.

Executive Board,

K. C. MAHEGIN, |

>• To serve one year.
ALFRED STOVER)

FRED. HOHENTHAL,

WM. A. HOBURG

HAL, ^
, JR. J

To serve two years.

DOMINGO PERAZA,
C. BENKENDOERFER.

I

To serve three ye

IfBn^i

PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION
OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

Vol. I.

New York, May, 1894.

No. 4.

HINTS ON THE IMHEDIATE flANAGEriENT OF SUDDEN ILLNESS OR INJURY

A LECTURE TO PHARMACISTS.

By JAMES K. CROOK, A. M., M. D.,

Lecturer on Clinical Medicine at the New York Post Graduate Medical School and Hospital.
Fellow ot the New York Academ}' of Medicine, etc.

^leyitlevien :

The question of what to do for a sick
or injured person in an emergency is one
which appeals with peculiar force to the
members of the pharmaceutical profes-
sion. When an individual falls in a fit
•or a faint on the street, is injured in an
accident, or bitten by a rabid animal,
one of the first thoughts of the bystander
is to remove him to the nearest drug
store. The pharmacy thus acts as a
kind of reception hospital, and the phar-
macist is for the time in medical charge
of the case. It is during the few min-
utes you are awaiting the arrival of a
physician or an ambulance that j'ou will
frequently have the opportunity to do a
noble work — perhaps to save life. In
minor cases you may be able to render
all the assistance which the occasion re-
quires. I have been invited to discuss
with you some of the numerous medical

and surgical exigencies which are liable
to confront you in every-day life, but I
find it impossible to consider all the sub-
jects allotted to me in the brief scope of
one lecture Some of these, indeed, are
well omitted from such a talk to phar-
macists. In the management of cases of
poisoning, for example, I have no doubt
that your training has been as thorough
as that to be obtained in any medical
college. Again, you will not often be called
upon to render aid in cases of drown-
ing, apparent or real, nor does the time
admit of anything like an intelligent dis-
cussion of splints and bandages. Our
remarks this evening are therefore in-
tended to apply only to the conditions
which you are liable to meet with while
following your vocations as pharma-
cists.

L,et us first consider the subiect of un-
consciousness or inse7isibili{y , in whiph con-

* Delivered at the New York College of Pharmacy, .\pril ii, 1894, under the auspices of the Society of First
Aid to the Injured.

74

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

dition the faculties of the mind and body
are in abeyance. This state is due to so
many different causes that in many cases
even the most experienced medical prac-
titioners are at a loss to determine its
origin. It may be due, for example, to
trouble within the brain or an injury of
the skull, to apoplexy or epilepsy, to
heat-stroke or intoxication, to suffoca-
tion or to simple fainting, to blood poi-
soning (as in ursemic coma) or to one of
the numerous narcotic poisons. How-
ever, there are usually certain indications
which ought, at any rate, to prevent the
making of grave mistakes, and in most
cases point to the nature of the trouble.
If a person is brought to you in such a
condition how should you act ? In the
first place, you can make no mistake by
sending at once for medical assistance ;
then place the patient in a comfortable
position on his back, and loosen the cloth-
ing about his neck and waist ; make
the crowd stand back, and give him
plenty of air. Do not lose your head,
but proceed in a careful, systematic man-
ner. If the face is red or flushed, raise
the head somewhat, and lay cloths dip-
ped in cold water upon it.

A good rule, when in doubt, is to give
no stimulant when the face is flushed.
If the face is pale, it is better to lay the
head on a level with the body, sometimes
even lower. In any case, turn the head
a little to one side, so as to prevent the
reflux of the contents of the stomach into
the lungs in case of vomiting. If the
patient stops breathing, resort to artifi-
cial respiration, which I will explain
later along. In the mean time, learn
whatever you can about the case —
whether the patient has had a fall or a
blow, has been indulging in alcohol or
asphyxiated by gas ; whether or not he
is subjert to such attacks, how it came
on ; whether he fell suddenly, had a con-
vulsion or complained of feeling ill, etc.

Kxamine the surface of the body, espe-
cially the head, for signs of injury or
fracture ; see whether or not the pupils
are of the same size or whether they
contract when exposed to light. Count
the pulse, and notice the respiration —
whether difficult, easy or snoring ; notice
the odor of the breath, and whether the
skin is hot or cold.

This investigation may lead you to a
knowledge of the cause of the uncon-
sciousness, and will at any rate be. of
great service to the doctor w^ho takes
charge of the case, as the symptoms may
be greatly changed before his arrival.

Fainting .—"Tins, occurs with far greater
frequency in females than in males. The
face is pale and the lips colorless, indi-
cating the bloodless state of the brain to
which the condition is due. The patient
is unconscious, the action of the heart
weakened, and the pulse perhaps imper-
ceptible. Treatment : Lay the person
down at once. Raise the front of the
bed, table or sofa so that the head will
be lower than the body, thus facilitating
the return of the blood to the brain.
Sprinkle the face with cold water, and
hold ammonia or smelling-salts to the
nose. These simple measures are almost
always effective, but if the faint con-
tinues, hot baths may be applied to the
feet and a hot water bag to the stomach.

Shock, Collapse or Prostration. — This
is a very common condition in all in-
juries, and may vary in degree from a
slight nervous start to complete insensi-
bility, ending in death. In severe cases
the patient is breathing feebly, the face
is pale, pinched and anxious, the eyelids
are drooping, and the eyes dull and the
pupils dilated. The pulse is feeble and
often absent at the wrist; the skin is cold,
and there may be shivering. In most
cases reaction will take place sooner or
later — sometimes in a few minutes, some-
times after hours or days; in others there

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

75

is no reaction, and the patient dies. Treat-
ment: A gread deal can be done to re-
lieve shock. If the patient is wounded
and bleeding, the hemorrhage must be
stopped as soon as possible. Place the
patient in horizontal position, with the
head slightly raised. If there is no injury
to the head,g\v& a drachm or two of good
brandy or whiskey in half an ounce of
hot water every ten minutes, until five
or six doses have been taken. Wring
out flannels in hot water every five
minutes and lay on the chest and
abdomen; cover patient with a blanket
to keep in the heat. Place hot bottles,
hot bricks and hot water bags along both
sides of the body and legs and under the
arm-pits. To warm and stimulate in every
way is the object of treatment.

Cerebral Apoplexy. — This is caused by
the rupture of a blood-vessel within the
skull, and the consequent escape of the
blood, producing pressure on the brain,
or by the plugging up of a blood-vessel
so that part of the brain-tissue is cut off
from the circulation. Sometimes the
sufferer falls as if struck by a heavy
blow; at other times he becomes insensi-
ble more slowly. In a well marked case
no efforts will arouse the patient from
insensibility. The face is flushed, the
pupils are generally dilated, or one may
be dilated, the other contracted. The
breathing is slow, irregular and snoring,
and the cheeks are often puffed out with
each inspiration — the air being blown
through the lips. The pulse is slow,
full and hard; sometimes there are con-
vulsions or vomiting. The paralysis ac-
companying this condition is very im-
portant, and must be looked for. You
will find that the patient can move the
leg and arm of only one side, the other
side being as powerless as if dead. The
face is paralyzed on the opposite side
from the body paralysis, and the mouth
is usually drawn away from the aftected

side of the face. Treatment: Lay the
patient down, with the head slightly
raised. Apply cold to the head in
the shape of cracked ice in an ice-bag or
in a towel. The feet should be put in a
hot mustard bath. Give no stimulant,
and disturb the patient as little as pos-
sible.

Compression of the Brain results from
a blow or fall on the head, causing a
piece of bone to press on the brain, or
rupturing a blood-vessel and allowing
escape of blood into the skull cavity.
Bleeding from the ears or nose after such
an injury indicates fracture of the base of
the skuil. Treatment: Pending the ar-
rival of the physician, the measures
spoken of under apoplexy are indicated,
the constitutional symptoms being about
the same,

Co7iciissio7i of the Brain or Stunning is
due to a fall or blow on the head without
a depressed fracture. The patient is
stupid, confused, sick at the stomach,
often vomits, and is pale and shivering.
He sometimes faints, and is more or less
insensible, depending upon the severity
of the accident. Treatment; Place the
patient in a cool, quiet room, on his
back, with the head slightly raised, and
the clothing about the neck and body
made loose. If the patient is cold and
faint, or shivers, apply heat to the body
as described under shock. Never give
stimulants in head injicries. After the
first shock has passed, cold may be ap-
plied to the head.

Heat Stroke or Sun Stroke. — This you
will meet with only in hot weather, ex-
cept (rarely) in cases occurring among
engineers or firemen working in a heated
atmosphere. The patient is unconscious;
the skin will be found to be burning hot
and dry. There is apt to be absence of
perspiration, and the face is red and
flushed. On inquiry you will learn that
the patient fell suddenly unconscious, or

76

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

perhaps there were a few premonitory
symptoms of faintness, headache, dis-
turbed vision, or nausea and vomiting:.
Treatment: The object of treatment is
to reduce the heat of the body. You
should apply cold to the surface by the
best available means. A most valuable
method is to remove most ofthe patient's
clothing, wrap him in a sheet and pour
cold water over him until consciousness
returns and the patient feels cool. If in-
sensibility comes on again, the cold water
treatment must be continued. When
this method is impracticable, apply cold
or ice water to the head, back of the neck
or the hands.

Heat Exhaustion. — In a certain num-
ber of cases the symptoms due to exces-
sive heat are more than of simple ex-
haustion. The face is but slightly flushed
and may be pale; the skin is moist, and
may even be cool, while the pulse is fre-
quent and feeble. The treatment is not
directed to a reduction of the tempera-
ture, but simply to the securing of rest.
I^et the patient sit in a cool room, and
give some mild stimulant, such as a little
sherry with vichy water. Do not apply
cold.

Epileptic Paroxysms or Fits. — These at-
tacks are due to a disordered condition of
the circulation in the brain. A person
subject to them is generally aware of
their approach. The face is liable to be-
come pale and the patient may utter a
peculiar cry and falls unconscious, almost
always on the face. At first, the whole
body becomes rigid while the face is con-
gested, then convulsion movements set
in. The tongue or lips are sometimes
caught between the teeth and may be
badly bitten, while the eyes roll and turn
upward. A single attack lasts from a
second to several minutes, but the
seizures may also succeed each other
with scarcely appreciable intervals dur-
ing an hour or more. After the attack

passes over the patient usually has some
headache and feels a strong desire to
sleep. Treatment : Cause the person to lie
flat and prevent him from injuring
himself. A cork or piece of folded cloth
may if possible be pushed between his
teeth to prevent injury to the tongue or
lips. There is no sense in opening out
the patient's tightly clinched hand or
" breaking his grip," as it is called. If
the convulsions end with stupor or partial
or complete unconsciousness the patient
may be permitted simply to rest quietly
with the head slightly elevated.

Hysterical Attacks. — These occur oc-
casionally among young women, very rare-
ly in men. At times the patient appears to
be insensible, at others she wuU scream,
shout and struggle. These are no
symptoms of injury or illness, however;
the skin being normal and the pulse
strong, though possibly somewhat ac-
celerated. It may be learned on inquiry
that the patient is nervous and excitable
and has probably had other similar at-
tacks. Treatment : There is no danger
whatever. Simply keep her quiet and
free from excitement. If the attack con-
tinues and no immediate medical aid is to
be had, you may administer 25 or 30
drops of tincture of valerian combined
with 20 grains of bromide of sodium or
potassium.

Alcoholic Stupor. — This is important
chiefly from its resemblance to more
serious conditions. A person in a drunken
stupor presents symptoms very like those
of apoplexy. But in alcoholism the
pupils are symmetrical, there is no one-
sided paralysis and the cheeks do not
puff out, the face is not drawn to one
side and there is apt to be an alcoholic
odor in the breath. The pulse is soft
but full, and the patient may usually be
aroused by more or less vigorous effort.
Treatment : If there is any doubt as to
the diagnosis it is better to treat the:

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

77

patient as if he had an apopletic fit, or
compression of the brain, as you can do
no harm in that way. If the case is one
of unmistakable drunkenness it is a good
plan to administer an emetic — say a table-
spoonful of mustard or a drachm of
powdered ipecac in a tumbler of warm
water. After vomiting, 25 or 30 grains
of bromide of potassium may be given,
followed by a tumbler of liquid citrate of
magnesia. If there are indications of
collapse — cold, clammy skin and feeble
pulse, heat must be applied as in a case
of shock. Don't forget that death has
been due to alcoholic intoxication.

Asphyxiation from Illuininating Gas. —
These cases are generally easily recogniz-
ed as we have the immediate history of
the case to guide us. The patient is in
a more or less profound stupor depending
upon the amount of gas inhaled. The
ej^es are suffused and the pulse slow and
full, and there is a perceptible odor of
gas in the breath in cases where respira-
tion has not ceased. Treatment: Loosen
the clothing and give the patient plenty
of air. If he can swallow, administer a
little brandy and milk, extend the arms
far above the head, and if the respirations
lag, make firm and gradual, but gentle
pressure with both hands downward over
either side of the chest, corresponding to
the expirations or breathing out. Then
relax your pressure during the inspira-
tion and press down again during ex-
piration. This is one form of artificial
respiration and will often suffice. Con-
tinue it for a few minutes, at the same
time dash cold water in the face and hold
ammonia to the nostrils. If these meas-
ures fail and the respiration has almost
or entirely ceased, the Sylvester method
of artificial respiration should be resorted
to, and to properly carry out this method
you will require an assistant. Place the
patient on his back with the shoulders
resting on a folded blanket or roll of

clothing. Then examine the patient's
mouth. If the tip of the tongue shows
just, within the teeth it requires no at-
tention, but if it has dropped back it
must be at once brought forward as the
patient may be smothered by the organ
closing the air passage. It can generally
be brought forward and secured by a dry
handkerchief or cloth held between the
fingers. If necessary, however, do not
hesitate to pass a threaded needle
through t-he tip of the tongue and hold-
ing it by the thread. Physicians generally
employ a sharp-pointed, hook-like in-
strument called a tenaculum for this pur-
pose. Having satisfied your mind about
the tongue kneel behind the patient's
head, then grasp him by the fore-arms
half-way between the elbows and wrists
and draw his arms up and over his head
rather quickly, but steadily until the
hands touch the ground or floor behind
the head and hold them in that position
two seconds. This motion draws the
ribs up, thus expanding the chest, and
air enters. The arms are held back two
seconds to allow the air, time to com-
pletely fill the lungs. Now reverse the
movement, that is^ carry the arms back
until they rest against the sides of the
chest, the forearms a little on top Press
the forearms firmly downward and in-
ward against the chest for one second.
This pressure depresses the ribs, con-
tracts the chest and forces the air out.
These back and forth movements should
be repeated persistently at the rate of r6
or iS per minute (rate of normal breath-
ing) until some effort is made by the
patient to breathe. This process should
continue for at least an hour and a half
if necessary, or until life is declared ex-
tinct by a phj'sician. As soon as respira-
tion is fairly established put the patient
in a warm bed and place hot bottles to
his feet and along the sides of his legs
and body. Continue to use all kinds of

78

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

warmth and friction. As soon as he can
swallow administer hot stimulating
drinks. A cup of black coffee combined
with a couple of ounces of whiskey in
tablespoonful doses is one of the best in-
ternal stimulants. Keep this up until
consciousness is fully restored and the
patient is out of danger. I have thus
dwelt at some length upon this method
of treatment, because it is applicable in
all varieties of asphyxiation or smother-
ing whether due to drowning, coal gas,
illuminating gas or other causes.

Wounds. These may be incised, lacer-
ated or contused. Then we have gun-
shot wounds and wounds produced by
the bites of rabid animals or serpents.
An incised wound is one made with a
sharp or cutting instrument such as a
knife, razor, or piece of glass and is apt
to be attended by more or less hemor-
rhage, according to the depth or locality.
If the bleeding is slight it may be stopped
by simple cold water or the application
of a piece of dry cotton. Wash out any
impurities with a little carbolized water
(3ss— oii ) , bring the edges together and
place a piece of clean, soft, folded linen
or sheetlint over the wound and a little
bandage placed over this. For the little
household cut, a small piece of adhesive
piaster after bleeding stops, with perhaps
a little bandage to hold it in position, is
about all that is necessary.

Contusions. — These are simply bruises
in which the skin is not broken. The
parts are liable to become black and blue
from injury to the small blood vessels
under the skin. I^ay on the bruise a
soft cloth saturated with a weak solution
of laudaniim in water, or equal parts of
alcohol and water or witch-hazel extract.
If the contusion has been severe and is
located about the chest or abdomen some
of the internal organs may have been
injured, we then have other symptoms
supervening. If the lungs have been

damaged we have coughing and spitting
of blood ; if the stomach, vomiting of
blood. There may also be pallor, faint-
ing, depression and all the signs of shock
and the case requires the treatment for
that condition. If an internal organ
protrudes, for instance a bowel, wash it
off, carefully, by squeezing warm weak
carbolized water over it, and after being
sure it is perfectly clean restore it gently
to its position.

Torn or Lacerated f-F(?^^?^^5. --The.se have
rough or jagged edges and are not liable
to bleed very much. Cleanse the wound
thoroughly with warm water, la}^ a wet
cloth over it and bandage snugly and
comfortably. If a hand or foot is crushed
simply make the patient as comfortable
as possible, look out for symptoms of
shock or hemorrhage and wait for the
doctor. The same indications apply to
gun-shot wounds.

Poiso7ied Wounds, — These are caused
by the bites of rabid dogs, poisonous
serpents or insects, or the entrance of
any poisonous substance under the skin.
Treatment: First, prevent the spreading
of the poison through the system. Bind
anything at hand tightly around the
limb a few inches above the wound. A
string or handkerchief or an elastic sus-
pender will answer. The second object
is to neutralize or remove the poison in
the wound. Oip the proximal end of a
match or a bit of soft wood into strong
nitric carbolic, or other powerful acid
and rub every part of the inside of the
wound with it. A stick of nitrate of
silver will answer or the actual cautery
in the shape of the white hot-end of a
knife blade, or a knitting needle may be
used in the absence of the desired chemi-
cals. The construction may be removed
after cauterizing. It there is any doubt
as to whether the dog was mad or not it
is safer to cauterize. Snake bites are
treated in the same way, but when symp-

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

79

toms of general poisoning come on as
shown by great constitutional depression
as well as extension of the swelling irom
the wound, liberal doses of whiskey or
brandy combined with aromatic spirits of
ammonia maj- be given, though no bene-
fit is to be derived from actual intoxica-
tion. In cases of stings of bees, wasps,
or spiders, an application of the spirits
of ammonia, or witch- haz^l extract or
laudanum and water is sufficient. If the
pain and swelling are very severe the
parts may be swathed in cloths dipped in
the lead water and laudanum lotion.

Hemorrhage or Bleeding. — This is a
most important subject for your atten-
tion as by a knowledge of the means of
treating this symptom you will perhaps
be able to save life. Hemorrhage is an
accompaniment of almost all incised,
lacerated or penetrating wounds and in
many of them constitutes the most im-
portant indication for treatment. The
ordinary oozing from a small cut or
injury comes from the minutest blood
vessels known as capillaries and is easily
stopped by cold water or a piece of cotton
wool. If a vein is opened the flow of
blood is continuous and the color dark.
This is arrested without trouble by a
little pressure on the distal extremity of
the cut vein, or by applying a compress
directly over the injury. If an artery of
any size is cut, however, the blood is
bright red in color and as it is pumped
directly from the heart it flows in inter-
mittent jits or spurts corresponding to
the contractions of that organ. As the
veins accompany the arteries both are
usually severed by the same accident, so
that we have a mixed flow of bright red
and dark blood. Arterial hemorrhage is
the most dangerous form of bleeding and
the most difficult to stop. It, by any
means the circulation can be cut off, the
remaining blood in the vessel will become
coagulated or clotted and partially solidi-
fied. This is exactly what we wish to
bring about and it is on the principle of
clotting that our efforts to stop bleeding
depend. In severe hemorrhage we may
as a primary measure stuff a handker-

chief or cloth or piece of absorbent cotton
into the wound and bind tightly on, or
bring pressure to bear directly with the
fingers in or over the wound. If this is
not successful you must then apply
pressure above the injury by means of
the artificial tourniquet. In any form of
bleeding from any part of the arm or
hand, leg or foot, there is one cardinal
point where the main arteries may be
compressed. In the upper extremity the
point is just to the inner side ot the
upper part of the arm behind the border
of the prominent (biceps) muscle. In the
lower extremity the main artery may be
compressed about an inch below the
groin at the inner part of the thigh.
Details of treatment : Lay the patient
down and keep the wounded point ele-
vated. Fold a handkerchief or piece of
cloth tightly, or take an apple, a turnip,
or a smooth round stone and apply
directly over the artery as a compress at
the point designated according to the
extremity affected. Then tie another
handkerchief, sleeve of shirt, suspender
or anything of its kind around the limb
over the compress ; carry around to
opposite side and fasten securely. If
this doesn't arrest the bleeding, pass a
cane, umbrella, or anj^ strong stick
through the knot and give it a twist or
turn. This will always arrest the bleed-
ing even though a leg or arm has been
cut off. A still better tourniquet is a
strip of strong rubber about a yard long
and three fourths of an inch wide. Wind
this about the limb tightly above the
injury and it will cut off all bleeding.
Keep the wound elevated and await the
coming of the doctor who will ligate the
vessel if necessary. Bleeding from the
face, mouth or head may sometimes be
arrested by firm pressure with the thumb
on the great vessels of the neck an inch
above the collar bone. In bleeding from
the face and scalp, however, as well as
from the trunk, we must generally relj'
upon the use of ice to the wound, styptic
or absorbent cotton, alum, tannin, per-
sulphate of iron or direct pressure over
the wound.

8o

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

ON THE SPELLING OF EUONYMUS.

BY CHARLES RICE.

Some time ago the writer was asked
to give his views regarding the proper
spelling of botanical names beginning
with "Eu" before a vowel, such as
Euonymics, in which some authorities
spell the first syllable "Ev" {Eiwiymus) .
It was not considered worth while at that
time to preserve a copy of the reply, but,
at the suggestion of the Editor of this
JouRNAiv, the substance of the reply is
here reproduced in a somewhat extended
form.

The syllable "eu" is the Greek prefix
eu, the stem of the adjective ei'/s and of
the adverb eii, meaning "good." When
this forms the first part of a compound,
the second part of which begins with a
vowel, it is pronounced in modern Greek
like the first syllable of the English word,
"evening," and some of the modern
Romanic languages, in order to preserve
this pronounciation, employ the spelling
"ev," for instance, "evonimo," Italian
for "Euonymus." We have reason to
believe, however, that the syllable eii
was pronounced as a dipthong, or rather
as two distinct vowels, by the ancient
Greeks as well as by the Romans, pro-
bably somewhat like the Spanish "eu"
in "Europa".

The Romans originally had but o?ie
sign or letter for both the vowel 71 and
the consonant v, namely : V. Eater on
the form U was used. In the oldest ex-
isting manuscripts both forms occur,
often with slight variations in shape, ac-
cording to the custom of the time, or the
country of the writer. In some manu-
scripts both forms occur promiscuously,
either for the vowel 21, or for the conson-
ant V. W^ith the art of printing, the
choice of the forms U (u) or V (v) appears
to have been left mainly to the discretion
or convenience of the compositor. We
find this already in the earliest printed
books, for instance, in Gutenberg's 42-

line bible (ab. 1455), Schoefier's Psalter
(1457), etc., and for a long time after-
wards. Thus we may meet, for example,
the word "vivus" (alive) spelled in any
of the following ways, even in one and
the same work : vivus, uivus, uiuvSv
viuus, viuvs, vivvs, uiuus, etc.

The particular word which caused the
present inquiry was Euonymus. This is the
OxQ.&k.eudiiyinos derived from eu "good"
and onyma (aeolic form for ono7na,)'
"name," meaning "of good repute."
Tournefort supposes this appellative to be
meant ironically, since the plant is really
injurious to animals. But this is a doubtful
interpretation. Theophrastus (died 285
before Christ) already has the word as an
adjective to denote the common European
spindle-tree {to eudnymon dendrou,-pro\iQr~
ly "the well-reputed tree"). The works
of botanists and herbalists printed in the
15th, i6th, and 17th centuries show both
spellings, "iS'z^c^zywz^.y" and "'Evonymns,'"'
promiscuously. For instance, in the
Historia Generalis Piantariim complied
for and published by Guil. Rovillius (2
vols. fol. Eugduni, 1587), the shrub is
described in Vol. I, pg, 370. In the title
it is printed "Evonymus," but in the
text of the article "Euonymus." Bauhi-
nus in his Pinax Theatri Botanici, pg.
288, or at least his printer, also used
both forms promiscuously. The author-
ity from which Einne (in his Systema
Naturce ed. I, 1735), took the name, is
Tournefort' s histitutiones Rei Herbarice
(1716; pg. 617). In this work it is spell-
ed "Evonymus)" even in quotations from
works where the spelling "Euonymus"
occurs, and Einne adopted Tournefort's
spelling. But in Linne's first special
botanical work, the Hortus Cliffordianus^
(1737; see, however, regarding the date,
O. Kuntze, Revisio ^'lQ.,^^'g. CXXXIV),
we find it spelled "Euonymus," and this
work has been accepted as authority for
this form of the word by the Index

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

8i

Kewensis. It is also the spelling accept-
ed by Bentham and Hooker, Gray, and
others. On the other hand, in the first
edition of Linne's Species Plantariim
(1753) we find the word again spelled
"Evonymus," and this was accepted and
followed by De CandoUe, Baillon, Engler
and Prantl, and others. Curiously
enough, however, some of the latter .
failed to apply the same rule of spelling
to other words likewise beginning with
"Eu" betorea vowel. Thus De CandoUe
coins the term "Euoklenburgia" (instead
of "Evoldenburgia"); Baillon, "Euonco-
ba" (instead of "Evoncoba,") etc. The
Index Keivensis accepts the spelling
"Ev" only in the following recognized
genera : Evacidium (Pomel 1875),
Evayidra (R. Brown, 18 10), Evax
(Gaertner, 1791; of doubtful origin), and
Evodia (Foster, 1776). And the spell-
ing "Eu" in the following; Euadenia
(Oliver, 1S67), and Eiionyvius (Linn6,
Hort. Clifford. (1737) pg. 39)-

While there is apparently sufficient
authority to adopt the spelling "Evony-
mus," if L,inne's Species Plantarum (ed.
of 1753) is made the basis, the form
"Euonymus" is,orthographically, better
supported, and is also more in harmony
with the ordinary pronunciation of the
word ("yoo-onymus") by English and
American botanists. The form "Evony-
mus" is a phonetic concession to some of
the modern languages.

TERBPENELESS VOLATILE OILS.

By Prof. VIRGIL COBLENTZ.

The older method of the classification
of the volatile oils into those containing
oxygen and those free from this has been
dropped, since in many of those oils
which were formerly looked upon as
being free from oxygen are now found to
contain this, in the residual portions,
their presence having been overlooked
by the early investigators, since in some

instances they existed in only very small
amounts.

As far back as 1840 Volckel and
Schweitzer, in examining the oil of car-
away, separated a portion which pos-
sessed the characteristic odor, from the
relative inodorous constituent. Eater,
Volckel demonstrated that this odor-
ous constituent contained oxygen, nam-
ing it carvol. Eater investigators have
verified this work and tound that the oil
contained from 45 to 65 per cent, of this
carvol (odorous constituent), the balance
consisting of an inodorous terpene limo-
nene Cio Hig. This work has been fol-
lowed up by such investigators as Wal-
lach, Semmler, Fliickiger, Geissler and
others, who have cleared up the matter
concerning the nature and constituents
of the larger number of the volatile oils.
The majority of the volatile oils consist
of a mixture of two or more bodies ; one
class of these we designate by the gen-
eral name terpene, the other class con-
stitute the oxygenated portion to which
in main the odor of the oil is due. These
tei penes, that is to say, hydrocarbons
of the general formula (Ci„ Hie (fraction
or multiple thereof), include a large
number of bodies ; their difference in
composition may be explained through
cheir isomeric and polymeric forms. They
are, as a class, comparatively inactive ;
on exposure to air they readily absorb
oxygen, resinify and take on an unpleas-
ant terebinthinate odor and taste, which
is, of coarse very destructive to the odor
and flavor of the volatile oil of which it
may be a constituent. This is particularly
evident in the caseof the oils of lemon and
orange, where the value depends upon
the delicacy of the odor and flavor. These
terpenes possess a lower density than the
oils from which they are obtained, par-
take no part in the flavor of the oil, in-
soluble in dilute alcohol ; hence, the
solubility of the oil depends largely on

82

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

the comparative amount of terpene pres-
ent.

As before stated, many volatile oils
contain, besides the terpenes, an oxygen-
ated or odorous constituent, which is
often deposited as a crystalline mass on
exposure to cold, or is separated by frac-
tional distillation. This class of bodies
were named by Berzelius as stearoptenes,
by Nauman as camphors. These stear-
optenes are characterized by high den-
sity, higher boiling point, ready solubil-
ity in weaker alcoholic liquids. We find
among them alcohols, phenols, ketones,
aldehydes, etc.

For example, the stearoptenes of the
oils of caraway and dill is carvol, a ke-
tone ; cinnamon is cinnamic aldehyde ;
lemon is citrol, an aldehyde ; anise is
anethol, a phenol derivative ; peppermint
is menthol, an alcohol; thyme is thymol,
a phenol ; coriander and angelica contain
a mixture of compounds. It is evident
that where the odor of an oil resides in
this oxygenated portion which is not sub-
ject to change or resinification and is also
soluble in diluted alcohol, it when sepa-
rated, would afford a valuable substitute
for the oil itself,

These facts were first utilized and de-
veloped through the effoits of Heinrich
Haensel, of Piria, in 1876, when he
demonstrated that carvol is the only
valuable constituent in oil of caraway,
placing the " Patent Oil of Carawaj^ " on
the market, This was soon followed by
the "concentrated" oils of clove, pep-
permint, lavender, bergamot, lemon, or-
ange and others. The true value of
these discoveries was not recognized until
Professor Geissler in 188 1 and Professor
Fliickiger in 1883 published the results
of their investigations of the active con-
stituents of the oils of lemon, orange and
angelica. Geissler described the ter-
peneJess oil of lemon, stating that it far
exceeds the commercial oil in strength of
odor and flavor, stability, .solubility and

strength, it being an oxygenated liquid,
like all others of this class, of constant
boiling point, composition and specific
gravity ; the commercial oil of lemon
having the specific gravity of 0.860, the
terpene citrene 0.850, while the terpene-
less oxygenated portion has the gravity
of 0.900.

The insolubility of the volatile oils is
often the source of annoyance and loss,
since in the preparation of the aromatic
extract the addition of oils renders the
solutions turbid with the separation of a
portion of the oil, renders subsequent
clarification necessary, which entails a
loss of material and time. The presence
of these terpenes gives rise to other diffi-
culties, besides hindering the solubility,
and that is their use in essences, confec-
tions, etc. Although the oil employed may
be fresh and sweet, the articles flavored
will on standing gradually develop a tere-
binthinate odor and taste, due to the
oxydation of the terpenes in the oil.
Thus we see that the presence of these
terpenes in many oils simply cover the
true flavor,- and are a constant source of
menace to their quality.

As will be seen from the list below,
the strength of such a concentrated oil
must vary, according to the comparative
amount of terpenes contained in the
crude oil ; the smaller the amount of the
oxygenated constituent after the removal
of the terpenes the more concentrated is
the product. We find them varying
from twice to thirty times the strength
of the natural oil. The value of these
products may be summed up as follows :
Great concentration, easy solubility and
freedom from the terebinthinate odor or
flavor. These points adapt them special-
ly in the manufacture of liquors, essences,
perfumes, confections, etc.

Comparative strength
to other oils.

Terpeiieless Oils of Angelica, Lemon, Or-
ange - -30X

Terpeneless Oil of Juniper Berries . 20 x

" Calamus — _ 8x

" " Wormwood lox

" " Coriander Seed 6x

" Thyme 5x

Oils of Cumin, Laurel, Mace,
Rosemary _ 4X

Terpeneless Oils of Anise, Bergamot, Cara-
way, Cassia, Clove, Fennel, Lavender,
I/Cmon-grass, Peppermint, Pimenta, Sas-
safras 2 to 2^ x

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

83

Published under the auspices of the

Association of tlie Collep of Pliarnacy

OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,

209 EAST 23d STREET.

Vol. I.

May I, 1894.

No. 4.

The Alumni Journal will be published Monthly,
excepting June, July and August.

Entered at New York Post Office as second-class matten

SUBSCRIPTION:
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Single Copies, . . . 15 Cents.

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vious to the issue in which they are to appear. '

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on one side of the paper only, and sent to the editor,

HenrV Kraemer, 209 East 23d Street.

All communications relating to finances and sub-
scriptions should be addressed to

A. Henning, Treas., 209 East 23d Street.

All communications relating to advertising should be
addressed to

F. B. Caswell, Manager Advertising Department,

2og East 23d Street.

AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSO=
CIATION.

One of the greatest blessings to our
scientific and professional men are the
annual meetings of the various associa-
tions devoted to the advancement of the
sciences and professions. While it is
true, that some of these associations have
resorted to questionable methods for ob-
taining a large membership, and conse-
quently their membership does not
wholly represent the spirit and intent of
the founders of these societies, still the
American Pharmaceutical Association
may be said to be free from such a stain in
its management, and quite well represents
in its ranks the prominent workers in the
American pharmaceutical craft. The re-

sult is that each year are produced, in
the different sections devoted to scientific
papers, education and legislation, some
original papers and new ideas for the ad-
vancement of pharmacy. Investigators
from the laboratories in colleges and
stores, are also able at these meetings to
discuss new methods and processes and
appliances which they have found of
value in their respective lines of research.
The benefits accruing from such oppor-
tunities are inestimable. At these an-
nual meetings, furthermore, men recuper-
ate and recreate themselves for another
year's work. Many of us are prone to
think that we must work continually in
our own libraries or laboratories in order
to accomplish our best work. This is a
great mistake, for Darv/in conceived of
the theory of evolution while on a sea
voyage, and Newton discovered the law
of gravitation while lying under an apple-
tree. The highest conceptions come to
the hardest students, and the most seri-
ous obstacles are removed from them fre-
quently, when they pass into some change
of scene -and new field of thought.

The next place of meeting of the
American Pharmaceutical Association is
in Asheville, N. C, on Sept. 3d. It is
particularly well situated for the access
of members from a large number of our
large cities, being nearly equi-distant
from New York, St. L,ouis, New Orleans,
Chicago, etc. Asheville, as is well
known, with a charm of situation pecu-
liarly its own, offers attractions to sum-
mer and winter visitors in its pure, in-
vigorating air, scenery, grand beyond
description, and first-class hotel accom-
modations. The number of inhabitants
of Asheville is about 1,400, having in-
creased nearly 500 per cent, during the
past fifteen years.

The ride from New York is most inter-
esting, and particularly grand and re-
markable when the tortuous ascent of

84

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

the Blue Ridge Mountains begins, and an
additional engine is attached to the train.
From this time the scenery becomes more
and more sublime, and is probably only
equalled by the majestic summits of the
Rocky Mountains. The train creeps
like a huge serpent over wild chasms and
heights so dizzy as may make one shud-
der as he looks into the yawning abyss
below. On every side the mountains
rise, clothed from base to summit with
the mighty products of the forest which
no axe have yet hewn. These add in-
spiration to the view, while cascades of
sparkling brilliancy dash down the
mountain side, almost upon the train.
At last when Round Knob is reached, and
a stop is made, as if to give the panting
engines a moment's rest before attempt-
ing the final great ascent to the summit
of the range. And then on again, and
up and up, higher and higher, the pon-
derous engines labor, fairly groaning un-
der their burden, until plunging into the
great tunnel, 1.800 feet in length, which
crowns the very summit of the range
finally emerges. This is the "Laud of
the Sky." Here
"Nature has known no change, felt no decay,

For untold ages in this ancient land.
Her dark woods wave, her rivers hold their way,

Majestic as when first from Nature's hand;
Down the dread depths, as in the dawn of Time,
The raging cataracts their water urge."
From a curve just before the tunnel is
reached, it is possible, on a clear day, to
see the track at seventeen distinct points,
so tortuous has been the ascent. Some
idea may be thus gained of the engineer-
ing required in these mountains to enable
us to ride around and through and over
into the prosperous city of Asheville.
The approach from the South via of
Spartanburg, and from the West via of
Knoxville, is none the less, beautiful and
inspiring.

Asheville is situated with an average
elevation of 2,200 feet above the sea

level and is completely surrounded by
mountains that have an average eleva-
tion of 4,000 feet, though there are four-
teen peaks which tower several hundred
feet above Mt. Washington. Two miles
south flows the Swannansa, a clear,
rapid-flowing mountain stream from thir-
ty to sixty feet wide. Along the banks
of the river, arched with overhanging
boughs of forest trees, runs for miles a
road ot surprising beauty, similar in
many respects to the drive along the
Wissahickon in Philadelphia. One mile
to the west of Asheville is the French
Broad River, a similar stream, which is
remarkably beautiful as seen from vari-
ous points on the mountains. It is little
wonder that upon viewing the scenes of
this part of North Carolina that Mr.
George Vanderbilt should have decided
to create here a palace which should em-
phasize the work of man as this beautiful
section does the work of the Creator.
Much has already been written regard-
ing this vast estate of Mr. Vanderbilt,
but it may be of interest to many to
know that Mr. Vanderbilt selected this
particular location alter having travelled
the world over. He purchased a large
tract of land, we believe not only because
of the climate and attractive scenery, but
for a still greater and grander works than
he has yet revealed. He has kept add-
ing to his land until he has acquired title
to nearly 100,000 acres (more than 180
square miles), one portion of which
touches the city limits of Asheville, from
which it stretches over mountain and
valley for such a distance that it will be
possible for him to ride for thirty-five
miles in a straight line from his chateau
without leaving his own possessions.

Mr. Vanderbilt's magnificent palace
stands upon an esplanade 700 by 300
feet. Huge retaining walls of solid
masonry — sixteen feet in thickness at the
base and at some points forty teet high —

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

8.S

surround the esplanade. The outside
walls of the palace are 375 feet by 192,
and when completed will be four stories
in height. K detailed description of the
gorgeousness of the castle and its sur-
roundings would pass too far the limits
of this article, but the imagination of the
reader may run riot and he will not be
far out of the way. Let him as a basis
take into consideration the ideallocation,
then the vast wealth of the owner, his
unquestioned taste and the renowned
abilities of his architects, a house of such
dimensions that it is possible to have in
it a banquet hall with ceilings sixty-five
feet high, a librarj^ as large as an ordi-
nary church, a reception hall into which
a city house could be easily put, stone
stairways so broad and massive that a
regiment could march down them, log-
gias with their score of richly carved
pillars and graceful arches, and all sur-
rounded b)' a private park of nearly
100,000 acres. In this tract will be a
grand arboretum, to contain every tree
species that can be grown in this lati-
tude, A careful record is being kept of
the treatment of each species, and the
whole shall stand as an example of sci-
entific forestry conducted under favor-
able auspices. It is the intention to
make the arboretum one of the finest in
existence. There are already in the
nursery more kinds of trees and shrubs
than there are in the botanical gardens
at Kew, and the collection is being
steadih' increased. The climate will
allow a larger variet}^ of trees than an^'
other large arboretum. The continua-
tion of this work at Biltmore along these
lines may ■ be expected to yield much
information of general value and materi-
ally assist in solving those problems
with which American forestry has yet to
deal.

The other attractions to the members
of the American Pharmaceutical Associ-

ation will be drives to Beaumont, Rich-
mond Hill, Connelly's, Sulphur Springs,
Gold View, Sunset Drive, and many other
places. To those who may wish to collect
specimens ofplants and minerals there will
be special interest, as the geological and
botanical studies of this part of the
country have fully revealed. As for the
scientific and educational interest of this
meeting the assiduous labors of the Chair-
man devoted these sections testifies. The
hotel accommodations are first-class and
charges are reasonable. So, taking every-
thing into consideration, a more desirable
place could not have been selected, and it
is believed that there will be a very large
attendance of members.

THE nOST RECENT WORK.

Aluminiuui for Laboratory Uses. — G. Rome-
mann, {Ahstr. Chem. Nezvs., 1894, 121). The
author shows the advantages of aluminium as
compared with other metals, especially sheet
copper. He points out its resistance to H^S,
hot and moist air, sulphuric and nitric acids
and the organic acids, its low specific gravity,
its high specific heat and its good conductivity
for heat and electricit3^ He compares an air
bath of aluminium during heating and cooling
with a copper air bath, showing that the former
is more easily heated and effects a more uni-
form internal distribution of heat. The metal
remains perfectly bright, and after being used
for three months it shows only a very slight
whitish coating. The exfoliation noticed in
copper does not occur here. The coating con-
sisted of alumina or basic aluminium sulphate.
The metal is scarcely attacked within by the
action of boiling water. After use for three
weeks a loss of weight could not be recognized.
Rings and clamps as supports proved satisfac-
tory. Sand baths and crucibles of aluminium
cannot be recommended as they are softened at
500°. Chimneys for burners and funnels for
hot water were satisfactory.

Quinine in Pills. — Kurssteiner {Moniteur,
xliz'., 1423) prepares quinine in pilular form
by mixing intimately ten Gms. of quinine
sulphate and two each of citric acid, powdered
gum, and sugar of milk, then massing with
syrup. The pills are first rolled in starch
and afterwards in talc. — Pharin. Jour. Trans.
1894. 818.

86

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

Incompatibility of Sodium Phosphate and the
Alkaloids.— Chrisiiaens calls attention to the
incompatibility of sodium phosphate (Na^H
PO4) with solutions of the alkaloids, being of
alkaline reaction, its deportment to the alka-
loids would be the same as that of the alkalies
themselves. When added to a solution contain-
ing an alkaloid, this is slowly deposited in the
bottom of the container and is liable to be taken
at an entire dose. — V. C.

Simple or Mixed Ethers of Parffian Series.—
Krafft and Roos, of Heidelberg, have patented
a new and simple process for preparing these
ethers which depends on the reaction between
an alcohol of the paraffin series and a mono or
di-sulfonic acid of the aromatic series, thus ;
ist. CeH.SOaOH-l-CaHsOH^

CH^SO^OC.Hj-l-H.O
2d. C^H^SO^OC^Hj-l-CHjOH^
C^H.OC^H^-l-CeHsSO^OH

The phenyl sulfonic acid regenerated can be
used over again, it being capable of converting
over one hundred times its weight of ethyl
alcohol into ether. As is well known, the sul-
fonic acid ester may also be produced by action
of a sulfo-chlorid or alcohol, thus :

a. CgH^SOXl-l-C^HsOH^
CeH.-SO.OCaHH-HCl

b. C6H5S020C.,H5-|-C2H.30H=
CeHgSOaOH-l-CaHjOC^H,

This latter synthesis is better adapted to those
alcohols of higher molecular weight. For
mixed ethers the mixed corresponding alcohols
[i. e., methyl and propyl alcohol) are heated
with a sulfonic acid. — V. C.

Opium Assay.— Ti. B. Dott. Ten Gms. of
powdered opium are digested with 25 Cc. water;
1.8 Gm. barium chloride, dissolved in about
12 Cc. water, is then added. The solution made
up to 50 Cc, is well mixed, and after a short
time filtered ; 22 Cc. (representing 5 Gms.
opium) are mixed with dilute sulphuric acid, in
quantity just sufficient to precipitate the barium.
About I Cc, is required, and the solution should
be warmed to cause the precipitate to subside,
and the solution to filter clear. To this filtered
solution a little dilute ammonia, about 0.5 Cc,
should be added to neutralize the free acid, and
the solution concentrated to 6 or 7 Cc. , and al-
lowed to cool. One Cc. spirit and i Cc. ether
are then added, and next ammonia in slight
excess. The ammonia should be added gradu-
ally until there is no further precipitation, and
a perceptible odor of ammonia remains after
well stirring and breaking down any lumps
with the stirring rod. After three hours the

precipitate is collected on conterpoised filters^
and washed. Before filtering, it should be
noted that the solution has a faint odor of am-
monia; if not, one or two drops of ammonia so-
lution should be added. The dried precipitate
is washed with benzene or chloroform, dried

and weighed. It is then titrated with — acid

10

until the morphine is neutralized, as indicated

by the solution reddening litmus paper, i Cc.

Gm. morphine hydrate.

acid = .0303

10

That is on the usual acceptation that the hy-
drate is Cj -Hi,,N03.H.O, although, as I have
shown, there is good reason to believe that it
has the composition Cj ^Hj ^NOg.gHjO.

The precipitate given by the barium chloride
is much less bulky than that given by the B.P.
process with its large quantity of lime, so that
it is not difficult to allow for its volume with
practical accuracy. The barium chloride not
only precipitates the meconic acid but also a
large proportion of resinoid and impurities
which interfere with the precipitation of mor-
phine. The barium is entirely gotten rid of by
the sulphuric acid, so that there is no risk of car-
bonate or basic salt of barium being present in
the morphine precipitate, and so causing error
in the volumetric estimation. The ammonia
added is just the proper amount required to
neutralize free acid and to precipitate the mor-
phine from its hydrochloride. It is a great at-
vantage that it is not necessary to give a longer
time than three hours for the morphine to
precipitate. No notice need be taken of a very
slight precipitate which forms after the mor-
phine has been illtered off, as the precipitate
does not consist of morphine, but for the most
part of calcium meconate. On comparing this
method with that above referred to (which we
might call "the proof spirit process"), I ob-
tained 1.35 Gm. of morphine hydrate, in
both cases, from the 10 Gms. of opium: =
13.5 per cent. In another opium, assayed twice
by the barium chloride process, I obtained
precipitates (after washing with chloroform)

, ^, " . ,. . . N

a = 0.59; b = 0.59.

These neutralized of

10

sulphuric acid, 16.9 Cc. and 17 Cc,' indicating
.51 Gm. and .515 Gm. morphine, i. e.^
the opium was = 10.2 per cent, morphine. I
do not mean to say that the results always come
out so closely, but the same may truly be said
of the best processes for opium assay. It would
save time in the analysis if, instead of drying
the precipitate and washing with benzene, the
liquid containing the precipitate were washed
with ether, by decantation, and the washed

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

87

morphine precipitate titrated directly with the
standard acid. But the method by drying the
precipitate, before washing with benzene, is to
be preferred.— ^rzV. and Col. Drus;., 1894, 372.

The Preservation of Infusions. — E. White
sterilizes the flask which is to hold the infusion
by boiling distilled water in it for ten minutes
and then the infusion is poured into it and the
necjc immediately closed with sterilized wool.
If in any case it might be thought admissable,
the raising of the contents of the flask to the
boiling point after plugging renders their pre-
servation more certain. In case of cold-water
infusions such as calumba and quassia, filtration
through the kieselguhr block of a Berkefeld
filter into a sterilized flask is recommended.
Flasks being inconvenient for keeping these
preparations, the author has devised bottles with
taps at the bottom, and the mouth closed by a
rubber cork through which a thistle-funnel,
plugged with sterilized cotton wool, passes.
Rinsing several times with sterilized water be-
fore adding the infusion is sufl&cient sterilization
if it be not required to keep the infusion for
more than a month. — Phann. Jour. Trans.,
1894, 686.

Sodiiun Peroxide. — This powerful oxidizing
agent is made by the combustion of metallic
sodium in pure oxygen. In oxidizing powers it
far excells hydrogen and barium peroxide. In
contact with water, oxygen is evolved with
violence, with glacial acetic acid and Benzalde-
hyde (oil of bitter almond) it inflames with ex-
plosive violence. With charcoal, when warmed
explodes, in contact with sawdust inflames, like-
wise with ether. In contact with alcohol it is
indifferent, hence answers as solvent for oxyda-
tion of many organic substances, thus iodine to
periodic acid, lead oxide to orthoplumbate of
sodium. Reduces silver and mercury salts,
also permanganate potassium. Sulfur and sul-
fides are oxidized to sulfuric acid and sulfates.
In the industry is employed in very dilute soliv
tion for bleaching purposes.— V. C.

Cinchonifine .—U. Jungfleisch and E. Leger.
{Compt. rend., 1894, 536). Cinchonifine ranks
among the alkaloids insoluble in ether, and
also insoluble in alcohol of 50 per cent. It
crystallizes out of boiling alcohol in small,
anhydrous needles, brilliant and colorless. It
is insoluble in water, ether and dilute alcohol,
very slightly soluble in the cold in alcohol and
chloroform, but soluble in alcoholized chloro-
form. Melting point, 273.6°. If strongly heated
it is volatilized with decomposition. It is dextro-
rotatory. Cinchonifine renders tincture of

litmus blue, but does not redden phenolphtha-
lein. The alkylic derivatives of cinchonifine
crystallize distinctly. Details of a large num-
ber of salts are given. Hesse, after having con-
tested the existence of cinchonifine, has recently
described, under the name of homocinchonine,
a base which presents great analogies with
cinchonifine, and is obtained in a similar man-
ner.

Chlorides in Urine. — Freund and Toepper
{Ceniralh. f Klin. Mes.) Mohr's process is
made available for the determination of chlor-
ides in urine, by adding to the urine j^ijth vol-
ume of a mixture of a 3 per cent, acetic acid
and 10 per cent, of sodium acetate. — Cheni.
News. 1894, 145.

lotal Nitrogen in Urine. — Petit and Monfet
decompose 10 Cc. of urine by Kjeldahl's
method with 5 Cc. fuming sulphuric acid and
a little mercury; then add water when the
mixture is cold and colorless, neutralize with
soda, acidify with a few dropsof sulphuric acid,
make up to 50 Cc, and determine the nitrogen
with hypobromite in 10 Cc. of the liquid. —
Ibid.

Carborundum. — G. Deprez mentions certain
artificial substances rivalling the hardness of
the diamond, i. Crystalline boron, obtained
by a costly process. 2. Moissan's artificial
diamond, which has not yet been produced in
a practical manner. 3. The product obtained
by Schiitzenberger in his researches on the com-
pounds of carbon and silicon carborundum. It
contains 70 per cent, of silicon and 30 per cent, of
carbon. It is obtained by passing an electric
current through a mixture of coke, sand and
common salt. The process is conducted in a
furnace. — Rev. Univ. des Mines et de la Metal.,
Jan., 1894.

A Symmetrical Aplanetic Objective. — C. V.
Zenger's lenses have the advantage of correct-
ing: I. The exact achromatism for the entire
length of the spectrum. 2. The astigmatism to
a great degree. 3. They reduce the spherical
aberration for a suitable aperture to the mini-
mum value of one second of an arc. 4. They
absolutely correct the curvature of the field. —
Compt. rend., Feb., 1S94,

Filtration with an [diverted Funnel. — A.
Unguer in Zeitschr. f. anal. Chem., xxxii..
Part 5, The mouth of the funnel is turned
downwards and covered with filter paper, over
which is tied a protective tissue. For this pur-
pose the funnel is provided with a projecting
edge.

88

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

Filter Paper Freed from Grease. — Schleicher
and Schiill. {Pharm. Centralh.. Cheml. News,
1894, 121). This paper is specially prepared for
milk analysis according to the Adams process
It contains but 0.025 per cent, of fatty matter,
whilst unprepared paper contains as much as
0.66 per cent.

Canella Bark. — H. G. Greenish has examined
canella barks from various sources and finds
that the structure of the bark is by no means so
uniform as it has hitherto been considered.
Notable variations have been demonstrated, and
the occurrence of these variations is of import-
ance, inasmuch as it is precisely these barks of
more or less abnormal appearance that the his-
tologist is called upon to identify. To ignore
such variations is therefore to render the deter-
mination uncertain. Of special interest is the
possible presence of both schlerenchymatic cells
and cells with red resin, for both of these
elements have been regarded as especially char-
acteristic oi Cinnaiiiodendron corticosuin. In
determining the identity of barks exhibiting
either or both of these characters, caution must
therefore be exercised. The paper is well illus-
trated and should be consulted for detailed
information. — Pharm. Jour. Trans.. 1894, 793.

NEW REMEDIES.

Argentamin. — An antiseptic, employed in
gonorrhcea. It is a solution of silver phosphate
in aqueous solution of oethylendiamine. Iti the
preparation of this the Scherings have sought
to present an antiseptic, which does not precipi-
tate albumen, held in solution in a non-corrosive
and non-toxic solvent. It has been found that
the antiseptic power of strong alkaline solvents
is greater than simple aqueous solution, since
the alkalies dissolve the membrane of the
micro-organism — as organic bases adapted to
this purpose are tethylendiamine and alkyl
derivatives, piperaziu, etc. As antiseptics,
which, in conjunction with these organic bases,
do not precipitate albumen, are phenol, cresol,
thymol, napthol, guaiacol and silver salts.
The solutions are prepared thus, after the pat-
ent : 10 parts of a^thylendiamine are dissolved
in 500 parts of water, adding 10 parts of freshly
dissolved cresol. Where creosote or guaiacol
are employed, it is better to use a larger amount
of the base (asthylendiamine). For the prep-
aration of the silver solutions 10 parts of silver
phosphate (nitrate or chloride) are added slowly,
with constant stirring, to a solution of 10 parts
of the base in 100 parts of viaX^r.—Apoth. Ztg.
1894-211. Phar.Centralh. 1894-180.

Bismuth Phenates — The firm of Von Heyden
made the discovery that those bodies belonging
to the group of phenols (carbolic acid, cresol,
napthol, pyrogallol, etc.) unite with bismuth,
thereby losing their toxic properties. They are
indifferent to the stomach, insoluble in water,
alcohol and ether. They are retained by re-
action between the alkali salts of a phenol and
the inorganic salts of bismuth. Among ihese
pyrogallol bismuth is of interest. Pyrogallol
itself, because of its intensely poisonous nature,
is not employed internally, and only externally
with great caution ; the bismuth compound is
almost non-toxic, and is a valuable antiseptic
in treatment of intestinal diseases — also useful
in skin disease.

Von Heyden's patent salt contains 50 per cent,
of bismuth oxide, the formula being expressed
thus :

O

.3-(OH),

)Bi.

O

(C,H3=(OH),
It is a yellow powder, insoluble in water and
alcohol, soluble in caustic soda solution (differ-
ent from all known bismuth salts) and hydro-
chloric acid. Must be free from subnitrate or
oxychloride of bismuth.

Depilitant. — 'L,€\s\\V.oxi. {Monatsh. f. prak.
Dertnat. '94-233) recommends the well known
barium sulphide paste, which is prepared by
forming a paste of barium sulphate, charcoal,
sand linseed oil ; this is then heated to redness
for some time in a crucible, yielding a dark blue
barium sulfide. Then mix the following :
Barium Sulfide, fine powder, 10 parts.
Zinc Oxide, " " 5 '

Starch, " " 5 "

When used it should be mixed with suffi-
cient water to form a soft paste, then applied to
. the parts ; as soon as dry (10 min.) it is washed
off.

Diapthol.—O. oxychinolin — m— sulforicacid.
E. Merck. Chinaseptol. To a certain extent
diapthol is the aseptol (orthophenol sulfonic
acid* of the (chinolin series.

(Ana) CH CH (gamma)

(Para)

HC C CH (beta)

(Meta) SO;, HC C CH (alpha)

(Ortho) OH N

It forms yellowish- white crystals, insoluble
in water, melts at 295°. Its therapeutic proper-

* Alumui Jour., p. 8

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

89

ties are the same as that of Loretiu (m-iodo-o-
oxychinolin-ana-sulphonic acid), to which it is
closely related.

Gallol. — An aluminum gallate, insoluble in
water, forms stable solution in NH4OH. Light
astringent

Crystalline Guaiacol. — The investigations of
Bebal have demonstrated that chemically pure
guaiacol is a crystalline solid of m. p. 32° c.
and b. p. 204° c. Obtained by exposing com-
mercial C. P. guaiacol (90 per cent.) to low tem-
perature and separating the crystalline mass.

Lysetol — A dimethyl-piperazin. like piper-
azin it is a valuable solvent for uric acid. It is
a very soluble crystalline salt, strongly alkaline
yet not caustic. — Bayer & Co. Phar. Ztg., '94-
T16.

Lysol. — The Therap, Mouatsheft ('94-46-
recommends the following : Tricresol 50 parts,
saponis kalina (Ph. G) 35 parts, aqua dest. 15
parts. Sig. 20 c. c. to the liter of distilled water
The amount of soap may be diminished if de-
sired.

Migriinin. — ^ According to J. Hoffmann, {Phar.
Weekal) this consists of antipyrin 89.4 per cent. ,
caffeine 8.2 percent., citric acid 0.2 percent.,
and moisture 1.84 per cent.

Neurodln. — An acetyl-p-oxy-phenylure-
thane.— E. Merck.

C6H,<

0-CO— CH3
NH— CO— OCH,

Is prepared by the action of chlor-ethylformic
ester upon p-amidophenol.

C CI 0,-C,H5-|-CeH,<gg^

CeH,<

OH

NH— CO— O C.,H-- -H CI

The p-oxyphenylurethane formed is acetyl-
ated by heating with acetic anhydride. Forms
colorless odorless crystals, soluble i in 1400 of
cold water. Melting point 87° C. As antisep-
tic, in doses of 0.5 grains, it lowers the tem-
perature 2.5° to 3°. As anodyne in neuralgia, is
given in doses of i to 1.5 Gm.

Saliiiiiin. — Aluminum salicylate, insoluble in
water and alcohol, soluble in alkalies; with
aqua ammonia it forms a neutral soluble double
salt ; astringent.

Tannal. — An aluminium tannate, energetic
astringent, insoluble in water. Its double salt,
aluminum tannico-tartaricum, is on the con-
trary very soluble. This compound is sold by
Riedel in compressed tablets, as its aqueous
solution is not stable.

Therrnodin — an acetyl p-althoxyphenyl ure-
thane.— E. Merck.

P TT ^^OC >H-,

^■■"^^--N— COCH,— CO— OC2H5

In p— oxyphenyl urethane

'NHCe
-OC,H

(.f.^NHCeH,OH

the H of the hydroxyl group is replaced by an

ethyl group, thus

^^^NHCeH.OC.H^
^^ --OC2H5

This body is antipyretic but not free from side
effects, it is acetylated yielding thermodin.
This forms white needles, odorless and tasteless,
melts at 86° and only soluble i in 2600 of water.
Antipyretic dose is 0.5 Gm.

J'litrin. — Strouchein & Co., of Berlin, offer a
concentrated meat extract in powder form, one
part of which represents the nutritive value of
four parts of beef. — V. C.

OBITUARY.

Brown-SEQUArd. — The death of the famous
pathologist. Dr. Brown-Sequard. took place
April 2, 1894. Dr. Sequard was 77 years of age,
having been born at Port Louis, Mauritius, on
April 8th, 1817. He was the son of Mr. Edward
Brown, of Philadelphia, United States of Amer-
ica, by his marriage with a French lady. Charles
Edward Brown-Sequard went to Paris in 1838,
to complete his studies, and was received as a
member of the medical faculty two years later.
From the outset he devoted himself specially to
researches in experimental physiology, paying
particular attention to the composition of the
blood, animal heat, and the nervous and muscu-
lar systems. His discoveries in these directions
led him to adopt special treatment in cases of
nervous disorders. In 1864 he went to America,
and was appointed profes.sor of physiology and
nervous pathology at Harvard University. He
remained in the United States for five years,
when he returned to France, but only for
a few years, going back again in 1873 to New
York, where he founded the Archives of Scien-
tific and Practical Medicine. Once more re-
visiting France, he was in 1878 called upon to
take the chair of Experimental Medicine at the
College de France. In 1886 he was elected a
member of the Academy of Science, having
already been decorated with the Legion of
Honor in 1880. The celebrity of his name, as
far as the general public is concerned, however,
dates from 1889, in which year he aroused a
keen controversy both in the press and in

9°

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL^

scientific circles by his announcement that he
had discovered an elixir for which he claimed
the property of rejuvenating the system. The
elixir was a secret preparation, compounded of
extracts from the organs of living or freshly-
killed animals, and was introduced into the
circulation of the human subject by subcutane-
ous injection. Dr. Brown-Sequard gave an ac-
count of the effects produced by his elixir in a
pamphlet published in 1S90. By the medical
profession, however, his chief contribution to
science will probably be looked for in his works
on pathology rather than in the system of
therapeutics, to which he devoted the last years
of his life, and by pharmacists especially for his
work on the gland extracts. — Brit, and Col.
Drug., 1894, 376.

NEW LITERATURE.

Anatoniischer Atlas der Pharmakognosie iind
Nahrungsmittel. 3 Lieferung.

Sevan, D., and Coflin, W. M. A.— A. manual
of practical hygiene, designated for sanitary
and health officers, practitioners and students
of medicine, with an introduction by H. A.
Hare.

Bommeli, R., Die Pflanzenwelt. Das Wis-
senswertlieste aus dem Gebiete der allgemeiuen
und speciellen Botanik.

Clark, C. H. Practical Methods in Micro-
scopy.

Coblentz, Virgil. Manual of Practical Phar-
macy.

We are pleased to make the announcement
that Dr. Coblentz, of our college, will have his
Manual of Practical Pharmacy out some time
this summer. He has been at work on this
during the past two years, but the interference
of other duties has compelled him to lay the
work aside several times. This book will be of
a very practical nature, embracing to a large
extent foreign pharmacy. The chapters on
prescriptions and dispensing promise to be very
exhaustive. What is understood under Inor-
ganic and Organic Pharmacy will not be in-
cluded, as the author intends in a year or so to
enlarge the scope of the work.

Companion to the Latest Edition of the
British Pharmacopwia. By P. Squire. i6th
ed. Revised by P. W. Squire and A. H.
Squire.

Dieterich, E. Neues Pharmaceutisches Man-
ual. Unter Beihulfe v. E. Bosetti. 6 Aufi. I.
Lieferung.

Dispensatory of the United States. By H. C.
Wood, J. P. Remington and S. P. Sadtler.

The seventeenth edition of the United States
Dispensatory, revised in accordance with the
Pharmacopoeia, is a most excellent commentary
and with some exceptions contains all that is
recent in pharmaceutical research, and as an
aid to physicians and pharmacists will prove
invaluable. A new index, termed Index of
Diseases, immediately precedes the main text
at the beginning of the book. It has been so
placed in order to prevent any hurried consul-
tation and possible confusion with the general
index. This is another indication of the en-
deavor of the editors to make it a practical
work, as all those who consult works of a similar
character in which two indices are present,
frequently meet with a hindrance in hasty
r-eference.

Another notable feature is that in increasing
the size of the book a recognition of the ordin-
ary book shelf as found in most stores is con-
sidered in that, the increase has been almost en-
tirely in the width of the page. Also in Section
II, Part II, there is an increase of twenty-five
per cent, of articles beyond the corresponding
section of the last edition, and the double column
has been employed to prevent the lines from
becoming too long for the eye easily to follow.

The botanical nomenclature is not in accord-
ance with the more recent views. Of cou-se, in
the most radical changes this may be admiss-
able, but in other cases this is questionable. The
specific names given with reference to the
localities in which the plants are found being
frequently spelt with a capital, see; Rosa gallica,
Sanguinaria canadensis, Hagenia abyssinica,
Menispermum canadense and many others.

The article on Cinchona has been largely re-
written, based upon elaborate original studies
made by Dr. H. H. Rusby, in South America
and in London trade centres. The article on
opium has been partly rewritten. Under Con-
volvulus panduratus no mention is made of
work of Kromer in finding a glucoside different
from those of other Convolvulacea {Pharm.
Jour. Trans.) The work of Kiliani on Digitalis
is given. Also an illustration of the epidermis
of lower side of digitalis leaf. Illustrations of
the trichomes of some of the Solunacea are also
given. The recent work of A. E. Vogel (Ana-
tomischer Atlas zur Pharmakognosie), and J.
Moeller (Pharmakognostischer Atlas) show that
it is in the surface characters of these narcotic
and other leaves that the most important
methods of identification are to be secured. Un-

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

91

der Arnica the discovery by Borner of a fat con-
sisting of the glycerin esters of lauric and pal-
mitic acids together with about one per cent, of '
a hydrocarbon {Apoth. Zeit.) is not given.

The recent work of Dunstan on aconite is
given. Also the isolation of crystalline alkaloid'
in Nettle by Oddi and Lomonaco, {Pharnt.
Jour. Trans. iSg2.) Under Gonolobus con-
durango, no reference is made to the constitu-
ent condurasterine {Amer.Jour. Pharm. 1892.)
An illustration of a fragment of Jalap tuber,
showing raphides and starch in cells is given-
Also the investigations of Poleck [Amer. Jour-
Pharm. iSgs), confirming the identity of iala-
pine from Ipomcea orizabensis with scam-
monies. Most of the illustrations have been re-
placed by new plates, and under the following
new illustrations will be found : Belladonna^
Cinchona, Digitalis, Jalap, Peppermint, Senna,
Uva Ursi and Veratrum viride. The most
recent work on Ipecacuanha is not given.
Mention is made of the work of Pehkschen and
Salsberger on Veratrum viride and V. album.

A complete review of such a ponderous work
as the United States Dispensatory would require
for its completeness, more space than could be
given in this Journal, at this time, so that the
above review but indicates in a general way,
some of the main features in the revision of the
seventeenth edition of this commentary on the
Pharmacopoeia. During the past sixty years,
this work has passed through seventeen editions.
Such success as this must depend upon extra-
ordinary qualities in the book. In a general
way the work is thorough and complete, and its
great success rests undoubtedly upon the
peculiar ability of its authors to perceive what
facts are useful and essential to a subject upon
their judgment and skill in utilizing and sett-
ing forth these facts, in making the work easy
of access for reference. K. C. M.

Elliott, A. H. — A system of instruction in
Qualitative Chemical Analysis. By Arthur H.
Elliott, Ph. D.

Although only a little over a year has elapsed
since its first publication, this work is now
enjoying its second edition. Its reception has
been very flattering, as the reviews in the
chemical and pharmaceutical journals, and its
adoption as a practical text-book in seven
institutions, have shown.

Nothing will bring out the weak points in a
book of this kind so much as its practical
application in conjunction with a large body of
students. Since its first appearance the work
has been used as a text-book by the students of

the College of Pharmacy, and has conclusively
proved that it is a book that fulfils all that may
be desired of it; and that it is adapted not only
to the simultaneous working of a body of
students under the direction of an instructor,
but on account of its clear, concise text, is
equally valuable for the guidance of a student
pursuing anal5'-tical work by himself. It is the
nearest approach to the living teacher of any
work that I have seen.

The schemes for the separation of metals and
of acids, as well as the special tests for each one,
show the result of the author's many years'
experience in this branch of chemistry.

The work is one that recommends itself and
that will rapidly grow in popularity.

G. A. Ferguson.

Encyclopddie der Naturzvissenschaften. —
Herasugegeben von W. Forster, A. Kenngott, A.
L,adenburg u. A. 3 Abth.

Engler, A. und K. Prantl. — Die naturlichen
Pflanzenfamilien, nebst ihren Gattungen und
wichtigeren Arteu, insbesondere den Nutzp-
flanzen, unter Mitwirkung Zahlreicher her-
vorragender Fachgelehrten, begriindt von E.
u. P., fortgesetzt von A. E.

Frank, B. iind Tschirch, A. — Wandtafeln fiir
den Unterricht in der Pflanzenphysiologie, 6
Arbtheilung.

Glazebrook, R. T. — Light ; an elementary
text book, theoretical and practical for colleges
and schools.

Glazebrook, R. T. — Heat : an elementary
text-book, theoretical and practical for colleges
and schools.

Glucksmann, C. — Kritische Studien im
Bereiche der Fundamentalanschauungen der
theoretischen Chemie. II, Theil.

Jackson, Dugald C. — A text- book on Electro-
Magnetism and the Construction of Dynamos.
Vol. I.

Jorgensen, A. — The Micro-Organisms of Fer-
mentation.

Koch. A. — ^Jabrsbericht iiber die Fortschritte
in der Lehre von den Gahrungs-Organisimen,
Dritter, Jahrgang, 1892.

Knott, C. G. — Electricity and Magnetism ;
elementary course.

de Koninck, L. Z.^Traite de Chimie Analy-
tique Minerale qualitative et quantitative.
Treatise of Mineral Analytical Chemistry. 8vo.
pp. 1064, with 163 figures and a colored plate in
the first volume and 85 figures in the second.

Koppes Aujangsgriinde der Physik mit Ein-

92

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

schluss der cbemie und mathematiscben Geo-
graphic. Fiir den Unterricht an hoheren
Lehraustalten, sowie zur Selbstbelehrung.
Ausgabe A. 19. Auflage. Bearbeitet von H.
Kop])e.

Lejeal, A. — Iv'aluminium.

Limousin. — Formulaire des alcaloides et des
glucosides.

Lohuiann, P. — Lebensmittelpolizei. Ein
Handbuch zur Priifung und Beurtheilung der
menschlichen Nahrungs und Genussmittel.

Mikrophotographischer Atlas der Bakterieti-
kunde.—Q.. Frankel und R. Pfeiffer. 2 Aufl. 7
und 8. Lief.

Mult, Pattison. — The Alchemical Essence
and the chemical element. An Episode in the
Quest of the Unchanging.

Midler- PouilleVs Lehrbuch der Physik,
Meteorologie. — 9. Auf. von Pfaundler unter
Mitwirkung von O. L,ummer. (In 3 Banden).
2 Band, i Abth. i Lief.

Midler, IV., und F. O. Piding.— Deutsche
Schulflora zum Gebrauch fiir die Schule und
zum Selbstunterricht. (In 60 Lieferungen.)

Murzel, P.J. — Chemie. 2 Auf.

MuspratV s theoretische, praktische und an-
alytische Chemie in Anwendung auf Kiinste
und Gewerbe encyclopadisches Handbuch der
technischen Chemie von F. Stobmann und B.
Kerl. 4te Aufl unter Mitwirkung von E.
Beckmann, R. Biedermann, H. Bunte und A,
5. Band. 6. u. 7. Lieferung.

Odorograph ia : A Natural History of Raw
Materials and the Drugs used in the Perfume
Industry. Second Series.

Oliver, fos. W. — The Students' Introductory
Handbook of Systematic Botany.

Phannacoptvia Roumana III. — Third revision
of the Roumanian Pharmacopoeia.

Repetiiorium, kurzes, der pharmaceutischen
Chemie. Zum Gebrauche fiir Apotheker,
Chemiker, Physici, Pharmaceuten. Bearbeitet
nach den Werken und Vorlesungen von Fischer,
Fliickiger, Godeffroy, Hager, Schichkum^
Schmidt, Schneider, Scbwanert, Weidel und
A. HI. Th.: Pharmaceut. Phaparate.

Rochard, 7^— Enciclopedie d' hygiene et de
medecine publique. Tome VI; Hygiene in-
dustrielle.

Sanger, C. R. — The Qualitative Determina-
tion of Arsenic in Wall Paper by the Berzelius-
Marsh Apparatus. On the formation of Volatile
Compounds of arsenic from arsenical wall papers.

On chronic arsenical poisoning from wall pa-
pers and fabrics. (Being a reprint from Proc.
Am, Acad. Arts and Sci., Vols. XXVI. and
XXIX.

Santoponte, G. — Manual practice di foto-
grafia alia gelatina bromuro d'argento. 2 a
ediz.

Science- Progress, a Monthly Review of Cur-
rent Scientific Investigations. Vol. I, No. i.
London: Scientific Press, Limited.

Thorpe, T. E. — Essays in Historical Chem-
istry.

Trimble, Henry. — The Tannins : A Mono-
graph on the History, Preparation, Properties,
Methods of Estimation, and Uses of the Vege-
table Astringents, with an index to the Litera-
ture of the Subject. Vol. II.

In his first volume on "The Tannins" Prof.
Trimble confined himself to a discussion of the
tannins as a class and the tannins of nut-galls
which may be said to stand by itself. In the
present volume the auther considers the physio-
logical tannins: Oak bark. Mangrove, Canaigte
and Cliestnut. In the study of this class of plant
constituents the author has considered them
from the standpoint of the analytical chemist
preparing the way for the pliysiological botanist.
It is very apparent that we must first know how
to obtain a tannin from its source, not neces-
sarily quantitatively', then we must learn to
know its physical and chemical properties, and
finally its composition and constitution. Having
accomplished this much we are in a position to
devise a method of quantitative estimation. After
this its physiological relations may be under-
stood. After some attempts in each of the above
mentioned departments, the author has decided
that the only logical method of pursuing this
study is to take up the individual tannins in the
following order ;

1. The source from which each may be ob-
tained.

2 . Collect what has been accomplished by
others ; that is, study the history.

3. Devise a method of preparation adapted to
the peculiar tannin under consideration.

4. Determine as far as possible its purity,
then its physical and chemical properties, com-
position and constitution.

5. Construct an accurate and rapid method of
estimation.

The botanical illustrations of the leaves and
acorns of the oaks are especially well done. It
is highly probable that no work has appeared
since the time of Michaux in which the plates
are so accurately done and so true to nature.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

93

As a botanical contribution, the illustrations are
of great value. The energy of the author in
securing the original articles from so many
sources, is remarkable. In a bibliographical
sense alone, this and the preceding volume have
astonished the workers in tanning materials
with its repleteness.

In looking upon the composition of the
tannins discussed in this volume and comparing
them with what appear to be trustworthy results
obtained in recent years by other investigators,
Prof. Trimble finds that they arrange them-
selves into two groups ; the gall-tannin group
(C, 52.17 ; H, 3.10) and the oak tannin group
(C, 60.00 ; H, 5.00). This is likewise confirmed
by the action of certain reagents, as: ferric salts,
calcium hydrate and bromine water. The de-
composition of the above tannins by heat, by
acids and by alkaloids again further confirm
the above grouping.

With the above facts in view, the conclusion
naturally forces itself upon us that there are two
groups of the tannins ; there are, however, the
results of many investigators to account for and
reconcile. With as many properties in common,
the author says, in conclusion, we cannot ex-
pect there exist many groups. We naturally
look for only one ; the facts, however, demand
at least two, a close chemical relations, there-
fore, probably exists between these two ; to
discover that relation, and classify the remain-
ing uninvestigated members, still offers a most
attractive field to the plant chemist. This work
of Prof Trimble represents an amount of labor
and a degree of thoroughness and accuracy that
commends itself to all investigators of plant
constituents. It will likewise furnish an admir-
able guide in principle to those who may care
to write up other plant constituents.

Virginia Pliarmaceutical Association Pro-
ceedings for 1893. C. B. Fleet, Secretary,
Lynchburg, Va

Wheeler, .-:/.— The Students' Handbook of
Medicine and Therapeutics.

Wiechmann, F. G".— Lecture Notes on Theo-
retical Chemistry.

Wiedemann, G. — Die Lehre von der Elek-
tricitat. 2 Auflage. Zugleich also 4. Auflage
der Lehre von Galvanismus und Elektromag-
netismus, 2 Band.

Willard, J. T.—An Introduction to the Or-
ganic Compounds of Every Day Life.

Winkelmann A. — Handbuch der Physik.

Wyatt, Francis. — The Phosphates of America,
Fifth ed., revised and enlarged and brought up
to date.

(College Nt>tcs.

The following specimens have been donated
to our College Museum since the publication of
the Journal:

From Mr. Ewen Mclntyre, a Dox of living
specimens of Gelsemium sempervirens. Ait.

From Mrs. Emery, of the Senior Class, a
similar box, together with Tillandsia usneoides,
L.; three species of palm fruits from north-
ern South America, and a fragment of Deme-
rara copal from the same locality. Mrs. Emery
has also presented a fine collection of kowrie
resins from Australia.

Messrs. Leo Bernard & Co. have contributed
a collection of eight specimens of vanillas, and
through Mr. Henning we have received from
Messrs. Schoellkopf, Hartford & Maclagan a
very interesting specimen of Mexican Sarsapa-
rilla packed in rolls to imitate and substitute the
Honduras variety.

A New Waylo Advertise a College. —VxoL Os-
car Oldberg devotes the April number of his col-
lege journal. The Apothecary, chiefly to a com-
parison of the instruction departments of the
various institutions teaching Pharmacy in the
United States. A carefully prepared compari-'
son of this sort would have been of the greatest
service, not only to prospective students, but to
ever}' one concerned with pharmaceutical edu-
cation. We have not compared Prof. Oldberg's
statements relating to other institutions with
the facts, but the gross inaccuracies relating to
the New York College are such as to throw seri-
ous discredit upon the entire contribution. The
instruction hours of this institution, as plainly
advertised in the prospectus, are in the junior
year 25 per cent, and in the senior year more
than 30 per cent, in excess of his figures, while
the hours devoted to laboratory work are nearly
40 per cent, greater. This correction is on the
basis of our last prospectus, and does not take
note of the important changes made lor the
coming year. Without commenting on the
grotesque views on pharmaceutical education
for which the Professor is noted, it seems almost
incredible that in a simple calculation of this
sort he could have made, not a single error, but
a complete series of them, resulting in an aver-
age discrepency 0/35 per cent. Comparisons of
this kind are not unknown in commercial
literature, but up to the present time educa-
tional literature has been happily free from
them. H. H. Rusby.

94

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

ANNUAL COnMENCEMENT.

The Annual Commencement was held at Car-
negie Music Hall, on Wednesday evening, April
25. Promptly at 8.30 o'clock the graduating
class, headed by Mr. H. Atwood, proceeded to
the music of the Seventh Regiment Band, in
double file up the main aisle of this great hall
amid the applause of the thousands of friends
assembled to congratulate the graduating class.
The exercises were opened by prayer by the
Rev. Joseph M. Hodson. President S. W. Fair-
child then made a short address referring to the
steady progress in the work of the college, and
that the concluding lectures were given in the
new building. The roll of 128 graduates was
read by the Secretary, J. N. Hegeman, where-
upon the President of the college, on behalf of
the Board of Trustees, by the power invested
by the authorities of the State of New York,
conferred the degree of Graduate of Pharmacy
upon the members. The Rev. Dr. J. W. Brown,
rector of St. Thomas, then delivered the address
of the evening, which was pronounced the most
appropriate ever given to the graduating class.
He referred to the faculty as being composed of
comparatively young men, which was a sure
indication that this institution was destined to
an even greater future prosperity. He referred
to the acquirements of accuracy, the necessity
of fidelity to study and sincerity of purpose, and
reminded the class that some of the most won-
derful discoveries were made by pharmacists.
This address will be printed in full in the pro-
ceedings of the Alumni Association.

Prof. C. F. Chandler read the "roll of honor"
of the graduating class. He said that to have
been one of the 128 was an honor, but to be one
of the 13 honor men was a thing for them to be
proud of the remainder of their lives, and
trusted that they might always lead in any en-
terprise with which they might be connected.
The honor roll consisted of the following, who,
out of a possible 600 points, received the an-
nexed number: W. A. Bastedo, 577; E. Jordan,
547; B. Culp, 543; F. C. A. Schaefer, 542; J. R.
Wood, 540; H. Kreuder, 536; J. H. Wurthmann,
531; R. W. Schaul, 526; O. Neubert, 521; C. L.
Richter, 523; B. F. Williams, 518; F. J. Hills,
507-

The special prizes of one hundred dollars
each were awarded by the chairman of the
Board of Trustees, v-s. W. Fairchild, to J. R.
Wood in operative pharmacy, F. C. A. Schaefer
in practical pharmacy, and F. Jordan in phar-
macognosy and materia medica. The Alumni

prizes were then awarded by Herman Graeser.
the President of the Alumni Association, who,
in presenting the prizes, delivered the following
address;

Mr. President, Members of the Faculty, Ladies
and Gentlemen:

It is my privilege this evening to appear be-
fore you as the representative of the Alumni
Association of the College of Pharmacy of the
City of New York.

Our association was organized to advance the
interests of the college, to bring its graduates
into closer fellowship with each other, and to
promote sociability and good feeling among
them; to advance the science and art of phar-
macy, and to encourage undergraduates.

It is a peculiar fact that although pharmacy
is an absolute necessity to man through all his
varied career, from the time he beholds the
light of day, until his spirit, wearied with the
toils of life, ascends to realms unknown, it has
never created a great stir among the public, nor
do they realize its importance.

It is like a mighty undercurrent whose resist-
less power and overmastering force have cut a
deep and everlasting channel through the den-
sity of ignorance, and through the dark ages of
fear, torture and superstition, saving to useful -
nets many lives that would otherwize be lost.

The Alumni Association feeling that it had an
unselfish duty to perform in assisting her alma
mater to raise the general standard of excel-
lence required, decided to lend its assistance in
such a manner, that the increased amount of
study required of a student, in order to reach
that standard, would be felt by him to be more
of a pleasure than a duty or hardship. There-
fore it was decided to give what are generally
known as the Alumni prizes.

Competition for these prizes has been one of
the factors in urging every student to put forth
his best efforts to attain the all-desired end of
superior excellence, to reach that point in col-
lege fame where he can stand and wave his
bunting to the breeze, having distanced all com-
petitors, and cry "Excelsior."

There are three prizes to be awarded — a gold
medal to the student attaining the highest
general average, a silver medal to his closest
competitor, and a bronze medal to the student
ranking third.

The total number of marks attainable were
600, of which Mr. W. Arthur Bastedo received
577. or 96. 16 per cent.; Mr. Ernest Jordan re-
ceived 547, or 91.16 per cent.; Mr. Brevard Culp
received 543, or 90.50 per cent.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

95

It gives me great pleasure in behalf of the
Alumni Association, to present to you these
medals for general excellence. It is the highest
honor our association bestows.

As you leave here to-night, graduates of this
college, you are appointed to a position of
trust, in the discharge of the duties of which
you hold the highest confidence and regard of
the public.

In order to successfully hold this position you
must cultivate habits of accuracy, honesty,
industry and sobriety.

But while looking after and serving the public
interest, never forget your duty to your alma
mater, and as you have profited by the labors of
past generations, so must you labor to benefit
posterity.

Remember the saying of one of our ablest
statesmen, that "public office is a public trust. "
You do not hold in trust the public funds, nay,
more than that, you hold in trust their lives.

The committee on arrangements consisted of
H. W. Atwood, W. M. Massey and T. J. Mac-
mahan, who have discharged this work so well
for some years. But in the performance of their
work this evening they eclipsed all their former
splendor, making it the most entertaining and
satisfactory commencement that has been held
yet. A notable feature of the evening was the
presence with the faculty of Prof. Joseph P.
Remington, an honorary member of this col-
lege.

Minutes of the annual meeting of the Alumni
Association held on April 24. Meeting called
to order b}' the President at 2.30 P. M. Roll
called as usual. On motion of Mr. Hohenthal
the reading of the minutes of the executive
board tor the year were dispensed with. Then
followed the reading of the minutes of the last
meeting and the annual address of the Presi-
dent. [This address will be published in the
next issue of The Alumni Journal. Ed.] A
committee was moved by Mr. Hohenthal to be
appointed to take action upon the address of
the President. The appointments reserved.
The Treasurer's report was read and referred to
the Auditing Committee, Messrs. Hohenthal
and Larimore. To a similar committee consist-
ing of Messrs. Hohenthal and Ebbitt was also
referred the report of the Treasurer of The
Alumni Journal. Then followed the report

of the Chairman of the Committee on the ex-
amination papers of the Juniors and a reading
of the roll call of the honorable Junior students.
To the following Junior's were awarded the
Alumni prizes : First, A. Koerber, 154; Second,
Gustaf Strach, 138; Third, Harry M. Kilbourn,
136. Then followed the nomination and election
of officers for the ensuing year. This list will
be found in the inside page of the first cover.

The following amendments to the Constitu-
tion recommended by H. Graeser were adopted :
To Article II. Section 2, after the word resident
read non-resident and honorary members, the
latter consisting of the faculty of the college,
who shall be exempt from all financial obliga-
tions to the association. To Section III.
Meetings shall be held annually, a quorum to
consist of ten members. Then followed the
election of new members. [The complete list
will be published in the next issue of the
Alumni Journal. Ed.]

H. Heller, Sec'y,

NOTICE.

The annual outing of the Alumni Association
of our college will take place on Wednesday,
the 20th of June at Peteler's Hotel, New Dorp,
Staten Island. The same features as last year
will prevail in general, and the committee will
spare no efforts to make this year's entertain-
ment better than last, if that is possible. Last
year's will be remembered with great pleasure
by those that attended, and we hope they will
all come again and bring all their friends.

Pharmaceutical meeting of the Alumni Asso
ciation, held on March 14, 1894, at the college,
was called to order by the President at 8,10
o'clock. The lecture room was crowded. A
noticeable feature was the presence of a large
number of prominent men from the wholesale
trade. Among these were Messrs. W. B. Kauf-
man, J. R. Clay and A. H. Mason. There were
also present Prof. Greenleaf of the Boston Col-
lege of Pharmacy, Dr. J. H. Raymond of the
L. I. Medical College, and Dr. S. E. Jelliflfe of
Brooklyn.

The President made a short address, after
which he introduced the lecturer of the even-
ing, Prof. Henry H. Rusby. At the close of the
lecture, which held the earnest attention of the
audience, the lecturer received an enthusiastic
burst of applause. In response to a request for
debate or criticism on the lecture, Mr. A. H.
Mason arose and addressed the meeting. In

96

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL

the course of his remarks he said that " an Eng-
lish pharmacist would scarcely have been as
charitable in speaking of our pharmacists as the
lecturer had been in speaking of our English
cousins." He also called the attention of Prof.
Rusby to the fact that an act of ParliBment, to
prevent the adulteration of food or drugs,
was strictly enforced in England, and further,
that although London and Hamburg were at
present the great markets of the world for the
sale of crude drugs, that New York was " get-
ting there" very rapidly and taking a large
amount of their business from them. He then
pointed out that the United States laws insist
that the country of origin of all imports be put
upon all bills of lading and consignments.

He was followed by Mr. John R. Clay, who
stated that although some spurious and inferior
drugs found their way to this country, a much
larger proportion of such drugs were used in
England and Germany, and that " all the arts
of sophistication we had learned were due to
the teachings of our mother country, England."
He said that " he had never seen a false Cartha-
genian root in this country, but that importers
should insist upon receiving only original pack-
ages, which method of procedure would spoil
all chances of manipulation in London, and
that no honest importer need bring spurious
ipecac into this country."

In reply Prof Rusby said "that while some
of the statements of Messrs. Clay & Mason were
undeniable, yet his statement in regard to their
sophistication of ipecac for the American market
must stand, as he had seen the drug being pre-
pared for this market."

Upon motion of Mr. Hohenthal, a rising vote
of thanks was tendered to Prof. Rusby, and the
meeting adjourned, to allow of the examination
of the splendid collection of specimens which
Prof Rusby had on exhibition.

H. HelIvER, Secretary.

Executive Board meeting held at 10.15 P- ^•
There were present Messrs. Graeser, Heller,
Henning, Stover and Miss K. C. Mahegin. The
report of the business manager of The Alumni
Journal was accepted and placed on file. A
letter of resignation from Mr. Heller of the as-
sistant editorship was read and finally moved to
be accepted with regret, on the motion of Mr.
Henning, the President then nominated K.
C. Mahegin to filll this vacancy. On motion of
Mr. Heller the nomination was unanimously
endorsed by the Board. Mr. Henning moved

that the usual "Junior prizes be replaced by a
single book for each successful competitor —
said book to be selected by the President. This
was seconded and carried. Mr. Stover moved
that the usual Alumni Day celebration be post-
poned until such time as may be decided by
the Executive Board. Likewise seconded and

carried.

H. Heller, Secretary.

Pharmaceutical meeting of the Alumni As-
sociation held on the evening of Apri' II. In
spite of the inclemency of the weather, a large
audience gathered to hear the last of our series of
public lectures. The President of the Association
called the meeting to order, and then intro-
duced Dr. Jas. R. Crook, who delighted us with
an interesting and practical lecture upon "First
Aids to the Injured." Using some of the mem-
bers of the Senior Class to demonstrate his re-
marks. At the close of the lecture, which was
listened to with great attention, a rising vote of
thanks was tendered to Dr. Crook on motion of
Mr. Pfeiffer, H. HELLER, Secretary.

MINUTES OF N. Y. C. P. CLASS OF '94.

A regular meeting of the "Class of '94" was
called to order by President Ehrgott at i.io P.
M. on March 30th, 1894.

Chairman Boyd, on behalf of "Photo" Commit-
tee, stated the cost of the picture would be I1.25
and that its dimensions would be 18x22 inches.
The " Photo " of the class was taken at 6 P. M.
of said date, March 30th, 1S94, in front of the
" Old College Building y Motion was then
made to accept Clark's as a place for our "Class
Banquet " out of the several places named by
Chairman Hood of the Dinner Committee at the
price stated including the faculty of the College,
Mr. Seabury, Dr. Squibb, the same to be held
on Monday, evening, April 23d, 1894. Carried.

The last meeting of the " Class of '94 " was
called to order by the President at 1.20 P. M. on
April 13th, 1894, in the New College Building,
the President being Chairman of the Executive
Committee, and as that body were holding a
meeting in another part of the house he relin-
quished the chair to Vice-President Wilcox.
The minutes of the previous meeting were read
and adopted and the treasurer's report given
and accepted.

THE A L UMNI JO URN A L .

97

The following resolutions were then submitted
by the Hon. "Joe" Kussy and were unanimous-
ly adopted :

Whereas, During our college course our es-
teemed instructor, George A. Ferguson, Ph. B.,
has at all times manifested a friendly and potent
interest in our behalf, being even self-sacrificing
in his devotedness to our welfare, therefore
be it

Resolved, That we, the "Class of '94," of the
College of Pharmacy of the City of New York,
tender herewith to our esteemed instructor our
jiost sincere and heartfelt thanks assuring him
of our appreciation of his kindness and of our
deep gratification.

Motion was then made by "Nellie" that a vote
of thanks be extended to the retiring class offi-
cers and that they give an extempore address
(but not one like the President gave) which was
done with a roar of applause.

Motion was then made to take up a collection
taxing each student five cents, a nickel or a half
a dime (as "Joe" quoted it) for the purpose of
getting and framing the " Photo " of the "Class
of '94" and the same to bang in the Lecture
Room of the New College Building when so
completed. Carried.

Presi'lent Ehrgott then informed the class
that the invitations for the commencement
would be distributed to the members of the
"Class of '94" on Saturday, April 14th, 1894,
between the hours of 10 and 12 M.

There being no further business to transact
the meeting adjourned.

Frederic Wm. Linnig, Jr.,

Secretary "Class of '94."

At this writing the examinations are over but
the results are unknown. The questions were
fair and impartial with a few exceptions as the
one relating to terebene most of the boys never
heard of the test. The mention of spegelia
and arnica also bothered many.

We were fortunately enabled to have a few
lectures in the new building, despite the incon-
venience of it not being completed. This how-
ever, did not bother the boys much as they all
enjoyed the change of atmosphere.

At Dr. Rusby's last exhibition of the phar-
macognocy specimens, quite a discussion was
held between Messrs. Bouton and Cooke, as to
whether a certain specimen was castor or croton
seed. Mr. Bouton was as certain of it being the
former that he ate one. He was mistaken. The
reader is left to draw his own conclusions.

The boys were more or less nervous previous
to their interview with Dr. Rice (oral examina-

tion). Our friend, Mr. Davies, was found kneel-
ing before a chair containing an open U. S. P.,
a few minutes before his turn. , It is said that
he was praying for Providence to help him
through.

A private quiz class consisting of Messrs.
Hiltz, Linuig, Ehrgott, Wade, Donovan and
Kirk was organized in March. They secured
a microscope to which they devoted considerable
time. Honduras sarsaparilla naturally needed
no introduction when presented to them on
examination.

The following by Mr. Wurthman was a great
aid to that gentleman and his friends. I think
it worthy of publication:
OUR 10 AND 20 PER CENT. TINCTURES.

Of 10 per ceut. tinctures we have quite many,

Aloe, aloe aud myrrh and arnica root
Rhei liulc. catechu comp. aud serpentaria.

Old surabul rhubarb and quassia wood.
Cinchona and gentian each one is a comp,

Bryonia and caluniba to respond are quite prompt
Of kino and matico ihe props are the same,

Opium d. vanilla and card have each won fame.
To say this was all, would not be quite fair.

For twin ipecac and opii and chirata so fine,
Cinnamon aud croci they fall in line

With opium andtolu to ask for their share.
On 20 per cent, tinctures I am a little sore.

Begin with calendula and arnica flor,
Brace -jp with Cinchona valerian and gall

Don't think that b. orange aud calendula are all.
For colds take benzoin, guiaic or lobel.

Your blues with asafoetida or pyreth expel,
Animoniated valerian and guaiac for the nerve

With cinni, and nux on hand for reserve.
Alter hops we often use krameria or ginger

Quillaija will do fi)ie for a boy's soiled finger.
Sweet orange aud spiced rhei to give a good taste

And a golden seal ends my poem in great haste.

We would extend the same warning to Mr.
H. as we did to Mr. M. High hats are all right
in their way, but they don't weigh much.

President Ehrgott was one of the attentive
listeners to Dr. Cook's lecture, especially that
part pertaining to asphixiation, he having had
experience in this Ime while precipitating sul-
phur in the pharmaceutical laboratory.

Monkey skin aloes proved to be a "cinch" on
examination day. N. S. Kirk.

Members of the Class of '94.

I take pleasure in announcing that in the next
issue of this Journai,, there will appear a '94
column to be supported by voluntary contribu-
tions.

Trusting that this will meet with your sup-
port, I remain your fellow class-mate,

Nelson S. Kirk.

98

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

SENIOR CLASS SUPPER.

Class of '94 held their final reunion and ban-
quet at Clark's. ,It was one of the best man-
aged and most enjoyable dinners that the
students with the faculty have ever held.
Shortlj' after 8 the members of the class with
the faculty and invited guests proceeded to the
banquet hall. The President, who was the
Toastmaster, announced that "Some people
have large appetites and but little food ; other
people have little appetite and large amounts
of food. The Lord be praised, we have both."
The '"menu" card was neatly arranged and
will be treasured by every member of the class
of '94 for the pharmaceutical language and the
personalities contained thereon. The repast,
including viands and wines, was of the choicest
and enjoyed by all.

When the time for speeches came Toast-
master Ehrgott made an address of welcome.

This was followed by the following toasts ;
Our History, by Frank J. Keller.
Our Alma Mater, by Fred. P. Hiltz.
Our Faculty, by Nelson S. Kirk. *

Our Future, \yy Joseph R. Wood.
Valedictory, hy Joseph Kussey.

The gentlemen faithfully did their respective
parts well. The Valedictorian particularly
showed that he had been faithful to the trust
entrusted to him by his classmates. As it would
be impossible to give more than a few ideas
contained in these productions with this issue
of The Alumni JouRNAi„it has been decided to
wait until the next issue and print them in full,
as they fully deserve to be.

Dr. Elliott was then called upon. He had an
opportunity to finish his story, to which he
evidently had made mention during the term
by reminding the class that " If thee can't do
better than that thee had better not try at all."
The moral of which was, " Men are always
reminded of their unfaithfulness and are not
always praised lor their good works, but the
actions of employers and superiors often speak
louder than words of their approval of good
work." He spoke feelingly of the uniform
interests between the faculty and students and
impressed upon the students the need of their
support in pointing others to come to the in-
stitution where they have received good instruc-
tion.

Dr. Rusby followed, and after relating a
number of humorous incidents discussed the

commercial and educational problems relating
to Pharmacy. This address will appear in the
next issue as manuscript has not been received
up to the time of going to press.

Dr. Coblentz told a great many amusing
stories about the efforts of the junior students
in the pharmaceutical laboratory. He has the
faculty of telling them in a way which shows
the marked development of the boy into the
the man while at College. He referred to the
work of the Alumni Association and the neces-
sity of the men unitedly supporting the Asso-
ciation in its laudable enterprises. Mr. Oehler
made a clever speech that hit the mark with the
boys. This will be published in the next issue
of The Alumni Journal.

Mr. Mattson, the Instructor in Pharmacy,
in congratulatory terms to the students, and
hoped that this achievement was the beginning
of a series of even greater successes. President
Graeser, of the Alumni Association, reminded
the class of the meetings of the Association once
a month in winter, and of the "Reunion" and
"Outing" during the summer. By being one of
the Alumni, the student shows his appreciation
of the institution that gave him birth as a pro-
fessional man. He spoke especially of greater
organizations in the ranks of pharmacy, and
stated that it was his intention within the next
six months to organize the members of the N.
Y. C. P. Alumni Association in this city, by
taking each assembly district and placing it in
charge of a resident alumnus, who shall at cer-
tain intervals report to the Executive Board of
the Association. "In this manner it will be
easily for us" he said, to "join hands with other
organizations for the common need of our pro-
fession. We must organize just as only large
bodies are organized to become powerful."

The Editor of The Alumni Journal then re-
sponded and referred to the something greater
and grander than the mere livelihood, and even
life itself to each man — the something that mani-
fested itself in the patriotism, principles and
character of the men and women of the living
world — a loyalty such as can be shown in a
measure by the class joining the Alumni Associ-
ation, and so assisting their "Alma Mater" in
its mighty work. Then many members of the
class were called upon, among whom were : T.
3. Wilcox, E. Jordan, T. M. Davies, F. N.
Pond, A. H. T. Walker and others, all of whom
pledged their determination to become mission-
aries in the interest of their "Alma ]\[ater."

PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION
OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
Entered at the New York Post Office as Second Class Matter.

Vol. I.

New York, September, 1894.

No. 5.

.^=^>y-^v(r>jrv

Associate Editors :

CHARLES RICE, Ph. D.
CHARLES F. CHANDLER,

Ph. D., M, D., L.L.D., etc.

ARTHUR H. ELLIOTT,

Ph. D., F. C. S.

HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D.
VIRGIL COBLENTZ,

A. M., Ph. G., Ph. D.

EDITOR :

HENRY KRAEMER, Ph. G.

Assistant Editors :

FRED. HOHENTHAL, PH. G.
K. C. MAHEGIN, Ph. G.

PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION
OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

Vol. f.

New York, September, 1894.

No. 5-

A PLEA FOR PHARMACEUTICAL FELLOWSHIPS.

BY PROF, DR. EDWARD KREMERS.

standard of pharmaceutical education ;
also that it is the duty not only of the
druggists to educate themselves, but that
in the interest of self-defense it is the duty
of the State to demand higher education

LIBI
>iEW

]~\URING the past year several phar-
*^ maceutical journals have called

attention to the desirability^ of endowed
colleges of pharmacy that should be in-
dependent of the tuition fee paid by stu-

dents. It was stated that such schools
would be placed in a position to materi-
ally raise the status of pharmaceutical
education. It is noteworthy that such
endowed colleges were not spoken of as
isolated professional schools, but as part
of larger and broader educational institu-
tions. In fact, the success of a school of
pharmacy which is an integral part of

of its professional men, and to offer such
education at its centres of learning, its
State universities.

II such editorials accomplish this end
they will have achieved much. It is
doubtful, however, whether they will
secure endowments for chairs in phar-
macy of which mention was made. It is
furthermore very doubtful, whether a

one of our largest State universities was multiplication of schools or colleges of

mentioned as having been demonstrated
beyond all question. Such utterances
are certainly remarkable signs of the
times. Furthermore, the following sen-
tence : "This elevation has merely kept
pace with public sentiment among phar-
macists. // has followed rather than led
the sentiment^ certainly is very quicken-
ing after the sickening effusions of self-
laudation with which we were flooded
only a short time ago."
1**^ Editorials of such character may do
much to bring about a more general

CD

00

pharmacy in this country is desirable.
On the conti ary, such a duplication of in-
struction within a State or even a city is
by many considered as being decidedly
detrimental to advancement in the proper
direction. If a new school offers a better
course than the already existing one is
willing to aspire to, great advantages
may be gained, but even then they are
accompanied with a loss or a scattering of
energy and apparatus which is greatly to
be deplored.

A common and apparently practical

recognition of insufficiency of our present plan to secure an endowment is to per-

(') Amer. Druggist and Phavm. Record, 1893. p. 2S7. SUadc SOmC perSOU Or a SOCicty of pCrSOUS

I02

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

to take the initiative on condition that
others will likewise do handsomely.
Most of our larger colleges of pharmacy
have this persuasive power already with-
in themselves. If they were to offer their
buildings and apparatus, in one word,
their entire machinery to the State on
condition that the State would pledge it-
self to properly support and maintain the
school thereafter, thus placing it on a
basis independent of the munber of stu-
dents and the tuition the}^ pay, much good
could be accomplished.

It is not at all necessary to wait for
the millennium when wealthy wholesale
druggists oreven patent and proprietary
medicine manufacturers will liberally sup-
port and endow schools of pharmacy. If
the numerous colleges of pharmacy desire
to remove the stigma of seeking the favor
of the average drug clerk rather than
raising the tone of pharmaceutical educa-
tion unless forced from without, they can
make an effort in this direction at au}^
moment by abolishing their prizes and
using the money for nobler and better
purposes.

At the meeting of the American Phar-
maceutical Association in the White
Mountains, Dr. Fr. Hoffmann suggested
the establishment of fellowships." The
money which is now spent for medals
and prizes could be much more profitably
spent by assisting a talented student in
the pursuance of advanced study after
graduation from the prescribed college
course. This is a worthy object in itself,
but Dr. Hoffmann also pointed out an-
other, and this is a very practical gain.
There certainly is no reason why the
pharmaceutical profession should not
choose most of its teachers from its own
ranks. At present this appears to be
impracticable to a deplorable extent.
The reason, no doubt, is to be sought in

(-') Proceed, .inter. Pharm. .-Issocia/io/i, vol. 40, p. 324,
326.

the almost vanishing number of pharma-
ceutical graduates who pursue advanced
studies.

Dr. Power's remarks made in an ad-
dress last summer^ are only too true :
"The greatest need of pharmacy to-day,
as of other professions, is meji, and by this
I mean not only intelligent and educated
men, of whom we have a good proportion;:
but those who have sound and just con-
victions, which they are /ear/ess to express,
and are willing to openly confront the
evils which tend to nullify the best edu-
cational efforts, or even undermine the
very foundations upon which all hope for
progress may rest."

The ideal, which Prof. J. A. Buchner,
held up at the beginning of this century,
viz., that the pharmacist should not only
be able to carefully examine chemically
and botanically the materials he employs
and dispenses, but that he should be a
" Naturforscher im vollsten Sinne des
IVortes" is one to which we in this
country can hardly aspire even now at the
close of this much lauded century.

At the so-called International Pharma-
ceutical Congress much was said about
improving the status of pharmacy by
better legislation and a set of resolutions
was adopted. Well and good. But can
we expect legislators to do much for the
advancement of pharmacy if our ideals
are low, or :f we are so willing to sacri-
fice our ideals for small practical gain ?
Let pharmaceutical schools demonstrate
to the people of their vState at least in a
somewhat adequate measure what phar-
maceutical education ought to be.
Ninety per cent, of the druggists of this
country have themselves but the faintest
idea of what it should be. The number
of those is not small who ' ' see no use in a
college course,^' because in most cases the
college graduate appears to them not
better qualified to pursue his profession
— or rather make a fortune out of his

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

I01

trade — than the licentiate or non-
graduate. It is with sincere regret that
we must acknowledge that this statement
is not without some truth as far as true
qualification is concerned.

Now and then, editors and correspon-
dents of our numerous drug journals ad-
vise their friends, the druggist, " 7iot to
make staves of themselves,'" but to leave
the stamping of envelopes to others and
to seek more professional pursuits in
chemical and pharmaceutical manufac-
ture and in analytic work. Why do not
more follow this good advice ? Simply
because they are not prepared for such
"work even though they have attended a
■college of pharmac}' and are graduates in
pharmacy.

No doubt it is easier to criticise than to
correct, and it ma}' be a practical impos-
sibility for most colleges to improve their
•courses very materially. The point to
which their attention was called by Dr.
Hoffmann at the meeting of the American
Pharmaceutical Association in the White
Mountains, and to which I again invite
their attention, is that many colleges are
wasting money where it could be spent
much more profitabl}- by assisting the
trul}' deserving student in his honest de-
sire for a deeper insight into the sciences
of his profession. The brilliant yet often
times superficial student who passed the
examinations with ease, or the falsely
ambitious student who crammed for the
examination may have their vanitj' flat-
tered by the award of a medal or other
prize, but little or no practical good will
come from it, neither to the student, nor
to the cause of pharmacy, in the name of
which the prize was ostensibly given.

Our national association is looked upon
by many as the exponent of the most ad-
vanced pharmaceutical ideas. Yet it has
been stated more than once and by good
authority that there is much sham in its

(') Rinidsclniii, 1893. p. 25S.

proceedings, both verbal and printed.
Those who look below the surface will
confess that this is in a great measure
true. It is all well and good to discuss
the advisabilit}- of establishing longer
courses, or whether pharmacists should
fill the positions of public analysts, etc.,
etc. But it would be better bj' far to
lengthen and strengthen courses than to
talk about possible changes and improve-
ments 3'ear after year. To do a thing is
to do it, not to talk about it ad infinitum
and then denounce as ideal and impracti-
cable a change when such is ventured.
How can we expect State or city officials
to appoint pharmacists as State chemists
or city analysts if the}- are in no wa}' pre-
pared for such work, if most colleges of
pharmacy do not even give their students
an opportunit}- to fit themselves for such
work ? The duty of pharmaceutical
teachers is not so much to ventilate their
ideas on this subject at the annual meet-
ings of the American Pharmaceutical
Association, but to put their convictions
into actual practice at home, in their
respective colleges, by offering special
courses in analytical work and urging
their graduates to pursue advanced
studies. If then the State or municipal-
ity is in need of anj' analj^tical work it
will find the analj^st.

Can the American Pharmaceutical
Association do no more than offer a mere
battle ground for ideas ? Can it not take
the initiative ? Our national association
is not poor and offers from its accumulat-
ing wealth a number of money prizes for
papers. It may have done some good
thereby in stimulating investigation.
However, it may be reasonably assumed
that most investigations were fairly well
advanced or that even the papers were
written before the idea of handing in the
latter for competition occurred to the in-
vestigator or writer. The prizes, there-
fore, have acted less as a stimulant than

104

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

as an award. The greatest award to the
truly scientific investigator, however,
comes from the work itself ; the satisfac-
tion of having ascertained a new truth,
of having accomplished a desired end.

In one sense, then, it may be assumed
that the prize system in its original in-
tent to stimulate investigation is largely
a failure. This could be corrected. If
the money now spent for prizes could be
used for a foreigii or travelling fellow-
ship, it could serve the double purpose of
award and stimulus. As award, in as
much as the fellowship should be granted
not only for good scholarship but also for
original work embodied in a thesis or
dissertation. With a possible fellowship
in view many a graduate would, after
having completed the prescribed under-
graduate course, remain another year or
even longer at college to prepare a thesis
for competition. An American Pharnia-
ceiUical Association fellowship, with the
possibilities of studying abroad a year or
two, would certainly constitute an award
worth aspiring to, and, as already stated,
young men with high aspirations would
modify their plans accordingly.

Such a fellowship would also serve as
a stimulus for advanced and original
work. Not only would the holder of the
fellowship devote all of his time and
strength to advanced and original work,
but as already indicated, young men in
this country would prepare themselves
for competition. In this way such a fel-
lowship would reach out much further
than to one person, its holder for a
given time. We are so sadly in need of
more advanced workers in pharmacy that
the American Pharmaceutical Association
certainly could do nothing better than to
aid in a practical manner to fill at least
in small part this great deficiency in our
profession. Besides, having set the ex-
ample, the various colleges now offering
prizes would soon see the great advant-

ages to be gained from such a system that
they would sooner or later abolish their
prizes and offer fellowships in their
place.

Such a fellowship should be a foreign
or travelling fellowship. A home fellow-
ship would under no circumstances be
advisable. Each college should look out
for its own fellowships. The knowledge
that a talented student would bring home
after a two years' stay at a German uni-
versity would certainly make the invest-
ment a profitable one. There are also
innumerable problems in pharmacognosy
that can be solved only by a thorough
study of the drug-yielding plant in the
country in which it is indigenous
or in which it is being cultivated. It
will readily be seen that the possibilities
for such a fellowship are innumerable
and inestimable. It is a pity that we
cannot have a dozen energetic and edu-
cated young men all over the world reap-
ing annually great harvests for the Pro-
ceedings of the American Pharmaceutical
Association and for American pharmacy.
The schools of pharmacy would also be
greatly benefited. In the course of time
they would be enabled to select thor-
oughly educated instructors very largely
from their own ranks.

The details of such a fellowship sys-
tem ; of what character the previous
education and thesis of the applicant is to
be; whether the time of a fellowship is to
extend over one, two or even three years ;
whether the remuneration is to consist of
$400 or $600; whether the judges should
be or not be members of the Ameriian
Pharmaceutical Association, and whether
they are to be, e. g. , a chemist, a botanist,
and possibly a college president as chair-
man, etc., can only be discussed at a
meetinor of the American Pharmaceutical
Association, and are altogether minor
points. Here, then, is an excellent op-
portunity for the American Pharmaceutical
Association to lead in a good cause. Let
us hope that it may not only discuss the
matter, but take definite action as soon
as possible. — Pharm. Rund., 1894, 55.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

105

AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSO=
CIATION.

The forty-second annual meeting- will
be held at the Battery Park Hotel,
Asheville, N. C, the first session open-
ing on Monday, vSeptember 3, 1894. at 10
o'clock A. M.

Two years ago the A. P. A. met among
the rugged mountains of New Hamp-
shire ; this year you are called to meet
among the verdure clad and far more
beautiful mountains of the Blue Ridge, in
the "Land of the Sky." It is earnestly
hoped that as many as can possibly do
so will arrive on Saturday and Sunday,
September ist and 2d, as the trains all
arrive during the afternoon and evening,
so that those delaying their arrival until
Monday will lose the greater part of the
day.

The train from Salisbury, Washington
and the North is due in Asheville at 4
P. M., that from Atlanta and the South
at II P. M., and that from Knoxville,
Cincinnati and the "West at 2 P. M. Pas-
sengers from the West can also come by
way of Atlanta, arriving at 11 P. M. A
committee will meet all visitors at the
trains and assist them in procuring such
accommodations as they desire. The
Battery Park Hotel, (the official meeting
place of the Association) will accomodate
all delegates, members and friends at the
special rate of $2.50 per day, two in a
room. The other hotels, all first class in
every respect and pleasantly located are.
The Berkeley, $2.00 to $3.00 per day ;
The Swannanoa, $2.00 to 2.50 per day ;
The Oakland Heights, $2.50 per day ;
Kenilworth Inn, . There are also nu-
merous first-class boarding houses with
rates from $1.00 to $2.00 per daj^

On Monda}^ evening at 8.30 the citizens
of Asheville will tender their visitors a
reception and promenade at the Battery
Park Hotel, and on Tuesday evening a
literary and musical entertainment will

be given in the hotel ball room. Wed-
nesday afternoon will be devoted to a
carriage ride to Vanderbilt's. Friday
afternoon, September 7th, will be de-
voted to an excursion by special train to
Hot Springs. Leaving Asheville, the
train follows for thirty miles along the
beautiful banks of the French Broad, be-
tween steep and precipitous hills that
finally shut off all view.

At Hot Springs a lunch will be served
and several hours spent in viewing the
hotel and grounds, and the celebrated
baths which are famed the world over
for their curative powers.

Returning to Asheville in the early
evening, the visitors will be in time for
a late supper at their hotel. The com-
mittee trust that the programme which
they have mapped out, will be one which
will be enjoyed by all, and one which
will give the greatest amount of pleasure
with the least amount of exertion. We
confidently expect a large meeting and
an enjoyable one. Our citizens are all
anxious and willing to do everything in
their power to make your stay here
pleasant, and we most earnestly urge you
to come and see a countrj'- that is "God's
Country," a country that nature has
done much for, both in the way of scenery
and climatic condition.

It is very important that we should
know at as early a date as possible, just
who are coming, and how many in each
individual party, that we may arrange for
accommodations with which all will be
satisfied, and particularly is this most
important as regards date of arrival in
Asheville, and if rooms are desired at the
Battery Park Hotel. •

Address the Local Secretary, White-
foord G. Smith, Asheville, N. C,

COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION.

Caswell A. Mayo, Chm., 37 College
Place, New York City; S. A. D. Shep-

io6

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

pard, Boston, Mass. ; W. J. N. Gordon,
Cincinnati, O. : A. K. Finlay, New
Orleans, La.; Harrj^ Sharp, Atlanta, Ga.;
A. E. Ebert, Chicago, Ills.; Charles M.
Ford, Denver, Col.; M. W. Alexander,
St. Louis, Mo.; Wm. Searby, San Fran-
cisco, Cal.

EXCURSION OF THE NEW ENGLAND DRUG
CLERKS AND PHYSICIANS TO THE
FORTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVEN-
TION OF THE AMERICAN PHARMA-
CEUTICAL ASSOCIATION.

The excursionists will leave Provi-
dence Depot, Boston, on the evening of
Friday, August 31, for Fall River, where
they will embark for New York on one
of the floating palaces of the line named
after the former port. Staterooms, sup-
per and breakfast on the following morn-
ing will be provided on board. The
forenoon and a substantial part of the
afternoon may be spent in a ramble about
the city or in business and social calls,
our special train over the Pennsylvania
Railroad to Washington not leaving
Gotham until 4.30 P. M. Washington
is reached at 10 25 P. M., allowing time
for supper at the Sixth Avenue depot
before continuing in the Pullman sleepers
provided there for the night ride. Dan-
ville is reached early the next morning,
and a stop made there for breakfast.
Round Knob is reached at 2.36 P.M., and
there dinner will be served. The road
thence winds up and through the moun-
tains to Asheville, where our train is
scheduled to arrive at 4 P. M., thus al-
lowing ample time for a rest and general
grooming before sitting down to supper
in the baronial dining-hall of that superb
hostelry, the Battery Park Hotel, or in
the comfortable and home-like rooms of
first-class boarding houses in the imme-
diate vicinity of the headquarters of the
Association.

Our party will remain in Asheville
until the afternoon of Saturday, Septem-

ber 8, when the return to New York and
Boston will be made under conditions,
similar to those already detailed.

The cost of the round trips as arranged
will be as follows:

Boston to Asheville and return, includ-
ing, briefly, parlor cars to Fall River,,
stateroom, supper and breakfast on board
the boat, supper at Washington, sleeper
thence to Ashville, breakfast at Danville,
dinner at Round Knob, board and lodg-
ing at the Battery Park Hotel from Sep-
tember 2 to September 8, and meals and
accommodations on the return journey
same as those of the outward trip, $70..

We have also arranged a round-trip
rate of $60 from Boston to Asheville and
return, including all of the above advan-
tages with the single exception of board
and lodging at the Battery Park Hotel.
This sum gives board and lodging at

thoroughly first-class boarding houses
within a half-mile radius of the Battery
Park. We have little doubt but that
this reasonable rate will appeal with
special force to the drug clerks. It
affords a splendid opportunity for a
delightful and instructive vacation at a
very moderate cost.

We have had a number of inquiries
from members of the A. P. A. and others
who desire to join our partj^ in New York,
We have, therefore, made two rates for
the trip thence to Asheville and return,
viz.: $60 and $50. The first includes
all the items between New York and
Asheville and vice versa, as set forth in
the $70 trip from Boston. The second'
differs from the first inboard and lodging
only, which in this case, as in that of the
$60 trip from Boston, will be provided in
first-class bDarding houses within hail of
the Battery Park. For further informa-
tion inquire of Neiv England Dr2iggist,
s. s. Peirce Bldg., Centraf Wharf, Mass.,
or C. A. Mayo, Chairman Transportation
Committee.

Delegates to A. P. A. from the Alumni
Association of the College of Pharmacy
of the City of New York are: Thos.
F. Main, Bwen Mclntyre, D. Peraza,
E. V. Zoeller and S. J. Hinsdale.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

107

Published under the auspices of the

l\lufnni Associatioo of tlie Colleie of Pharmacy

OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,

115=119 WEST 68th STREET.

Vol. I.

September i, 1894.

No. 5.

The Alumni Journal will be published Monthly.
Entered at New York Post Office as second-class matter
SUBSCRIPTION :

Per Annum,
Single Copies,

One Dollar
15 Cents.

.-Ml copy for publication, or changes of advertisements
should reach us on or before the 20th of the month pre-
-vious to the issue in which they are to appear.

All matters relating- to publication should be written
■on one side of the paper only, and sent to the editor,

Henry Kraemer, 115-119 West 68th Street.

All communications relating to finances, subscrip-
tions and advertising, should be addressed to

A. Henning, Treas., 115-119 West 68th Street.

STATE PHARHACEUTICAL ORQANIZA=
TIONS.

Since the last issue of The Alumni
Journal the representative pharmacists,
all over the land, have either attended or
contemplated attending or, at least, have
watched with some interest the meetings
of their respective State organizations.
Hardly was the May issue of The
Alumni Journal in the hands of its
subscribers before the Delaware Pharma-
ceutical Association held its annual meet-
ing at Wilmington. The Louisiana
Pharmaceutical Association convened in
New Orleans and the paper that attracted
some attention was upon " Pharmaceuti-
cal Specialties as Prepared by Manufac-

turing Chemists," by M. T. Breslin. It
was construed as an attack upon the
manufacturers of drugs and chemicals —
many of whom are supplying goods of
inferior quality. The Georgia Pharma-
ceutical Association convened in Ameri-
cus, at which meeting valuale papers
were read by F. Joerges, J. P. Turner,
S. C. Durban, J. W. Goodwyn, H. Sharp
and C. M. Crosby.

The Kentucky State Pharmaceutical
Association met at Paris, May 16-17.
The following papers were read : ' ' Local
Organization," by Addison Dunmitt ;
*'New Proprietary Remedies," by J.
P. Barnum ; "Facts from the Prescrip-
tion File," by C. S. Porter; "Glycerin
of Commerce," by G. Holzhauer ; "Arti-
ficial Carlsbald Salts," by Charles I. Al-
bus ; "The Microscope in Pharmacy,"
by Louis Rominger ; "Creosote of Com-
merce," by G. Holzhauer; "Syrup of
Hydriodic Acid," by O. C. Dilly ;
"Emulsion of Cod Liver Oil," by G.
Holzhauer ; "How the Physician can be
influenced to prescribe the preparations
of the National Formulary," by G. Holz-
hauer. One of the association prizes was
awarded to C. S. Porter for his paper on
"Facts from the Prescription File," and
the other to Louis Rominger for his
paper, "The Microscope in Pharmacy."
At the same time the Tennessee Drug-
gists' Association met at Chattanooga.
A number of papers were read; an amend-
ment to the pharmacy law was considered
favorably. Also the Florida Pharmaceuti-
cal Association met at Tampa. E.A.Phil-
lips read a paper on "State Associations,"
J. M. Dixon on "Saw Palmetto and its
Products;" J. D. Palmer on "Druggists'
Associations." During May the New
Jersey Pharmaceutical Association also
convened. The meeting was held at
Asbury Park. The tollowing papers
were read by H. J. Lohmann : "The use
of Asbestos Filtration and Tablets and

io8 THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

Tablet Triturates ; Are they a Safe Dissolve the phosphate of iron in the water,

Form of Medication ^ " quinine and strychnine in the alcohol, mix the

^rvu « z. A • i- r -ni- two solutions, shake, add the syrup and lastly

The y^r/ta;zi-aj Association of Pharma- ^, ,.,..' .^ , . ■;

the aromatic elixir. Set aside a short time, and

Cists met at Hot Springs, June 5-7. The giter if necessary.

reports read indicated an encouraging Xhe Missouri Pharmaceutical Associa-
state of affairs on all sides. A number tion held its annual meeting at Excelsior
of Associations met about the middle of Springs. Among the papers read were
June. The /wfl'/a^/a Pharmaceutical As- the following : "The Practical Value of
sociation met at Evansville. The follow- a Drug Journal." by A. N. Doerschuk ;
ing papers were read : ':The New Phar- "Aromatic Syrup of Uquorice," by H.
macopoeia," Leo EHel ; "The Alcohol S. Hassebrock ; "Report of the Research
Molecule," J. N. Hurty. Several valu- Committee B of the U.S. P. Committee," '
able and interesting reports were read, by Charles O. Curtman ; "Fifty Observa-
and Prof. Louis Diehl, of Loui.sville, Ky., tions for Pharmaci.sts," by H. M. Whel-
addressed the meeting on the subject of piey ; "The Practical Value of a Drug
the National Formulary. He outlined Journal," by Ambrose Mueller ; "Some
the history of this publication, and Incompatible, Explosive and Question-
related how a plan had been devised by able Prescriptions," by James Good ;
the Kentucky Pharmaceutical Associa- "Report on Cantharides," by A. Bran-
tion to make the use of the Formulary denberger ; "Report on Volatile Oils,"
more popular among druggists of that by C. C. Hamilton; "What is a
State. This plan consisted in having Poison ?" by A. N. Doerschuk ; "A Few
members make preparations in strict ac- Paragraphs on Pharmacy from an Intro-
cordance with the Formulary and present duction of Liebig's Chemistry, Published
them at the meeting of the K. P. A. ; in Heidelberg. Germany, 1843," by Am-
these were to be examined by a commit- brose Mueller; "A Medicinal Dyna-
tee and then presented and explained by meter," by H. M. Whelpley; " Doses for
this committee, at a meeting of the Ken- Pharmacists," by the same. An abstract
tucky Medical Association. The sugges- of the paper on "Potassium Iodide and
tion had been carried out to the letter, Bromide of the Market, etc, " is
some 65 to 70 members having submitted published under "The Most Recent
samples. When presented at the meet- Workr Another valuable paper was
ing of the Medical Association, they at- the "Report of the Committee on U- S.
tracted more attention than any thing else Pharmacopoeia," by C O. Curtman.
on the programme. The writer has the honor to report the

The Mirmesota Pharmaceutical Asso- following in regard to the United States

ciation convened at Lake Minnetonka. Pharmacopoeia :

A number of papers were read being The committee elected by the national

principally reports. C T. Heller read a convention for revising the Pharmaco-

paper on "Elixir Phosphate of Iron, pceia, held in Washington, D. C, in May.

Quinine and Strychnine." 1890, has during the past year completed

The formula is as follows : the work of the seventh revision intrusted

Phosphate of Iron, U. S. P 256 grs. to it, and in August, 1893, the first cop-
Quinine (alkaloid) 64 'I igg qJ tl^g ^Qj-l. ^gj.^ exhibited at the

Strychnine (alkaloid) 1% "

Alcohol - 2 fl. oz. meeting of the American Pharmaceutical

Water 2 '' Association at Chicago, and an edition of

Aromatic Elixir, q. s. ad x6 " 8,200 copies was placed upon the market.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

log

This supply was soon exhausted and was
followed by a second edition of 5,000 cop-
ies, and again, in 1894, ^ third edition of
5,000 had to be printed, and a large por-
tion of these is already sold.

Altogether the reception of the work
has been a favorable one both at home
and abroad. Criticisms have been pub-
lished in a number of journals, some of
them censuring the committee of revision
for introducing or omitting features which
were not in the power of the committee to
control, as their action was limited by the
instructions on the convention which
elected the committee. Among the omis-
sions especially censured was the non-
introduction of a number of modern syn-
thetic chemicals, such as antipyrin, phe-
nacetin. sulfonal, etc., which are received
into European pharmacopoeias. Many of
the members of the committee of revision
were in favor of their admission, but the
stringent rule, number 6, adopted by the
convention, forbade this, and the only
remed}^ for those who wish such prepa-
rations introduced will be that the dele-
gates to the nex: convention give greater
libertv of action to the committee they
may then elect.

Another objection dwelt on by some
critics was the failure of stating the doses
of the remedial agents, or at least the
maximum doses of very active and poi-
sonous preparations. This question was
also under discussion in the convention,
and though no formal restriction was
placed upon the committee of revision,
the sentiment expressed in the convention
was so unfavorable to the introduction of
doses that it was not deemed prudent to
contravene it.

As in all large publications, a number
of mi.sprints have happened, and have
been discovered too late for correction in
the plates of the first edition. In spite of
all care, and the most painstaking proof-
reading, such mishaps will always occur.

and are more liable to be overlooked
where the authors of the book live dis-
tant from each other and from the place
of publication. Unless the printing is to
be unduly protracted, only a limited time
can he given to reading the proofs, and
this is much shortened when they are to
be sent and returned by mail- In spite
of many vigilant eyes, not only of the
editor and the whole committee, but also
of the outside assistants, a few errors
were permitted to pass. Fortunately they
were mostly unimportant, such as each
reader would readily correct when no-
ticed, and a list of errata has been pub-
lished to enable the purchaser of the first
edition to correct them. The plates have
at once been corrected, so that the errors
are eliminated from the later copies.

Since the publication of the Pharma-
copoeia the committee of revision has
not been idle. Its active chairman. Dr.
Charles Rice, with the consent of all the
members, has organized "Research"
committees to engage in preparatory
work in aid of the next revision. Thus
far four such committees have been or-
ganized :

Research Committee A. Subject, The
feasibility of devising practical methods
of assay for drugs containing no sharply
defined proximate principles capable of
being separated in a sufficiently pure
state (such as ergot, digitalis, rhubarb,
etc.)

Chairman : Dr. W. M. Mew.
Research Committee B. Subject, Re-
vision of the description and tests of
inorganic chemicals, including salts
of inorganic bases with organic acids.
Revision of the volumetric assays of the
U. S. P. Study of the proper limits of
purity or strength of chemicals, now offi-
cial or likely to become so hereafter.
Chairman : Dr. Charles O. Curtman.
Research Committee C. Subject, In-
quiry into the feasibility of incorporating

no

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

into the U. S. P. methods of identifying
such drugs as may be found to permit of
it, in a powdered condition.

Chairman : Dr. H. H. Rusby.
Research Committee D. Subject, Re-
vision of the description and tests of or-
ganic chemicals.

Chairman : Dr. Charles Rice.
The members of these committees are
to be selected hereafter, and other com-
mittees are to be organized as occasion
may arise.

The results of the researches of these
committees are to be reported to the
whole committee of revision, and may be
published by the authors, provided they
state that the papers are reports of U. S-
P. Research Committees. This will se-
cure to the profession an early knowledge
of these researches, and an opportunity
to repeat the experiments and verify or
controvert them.

In conclusion the undersigned would
urge this association to take early action
in considering all matters connected with
the next revision of the U. S. Pharma-
copoeia. Neither the pharmaceutical nor
the medical profession is likely to lag be-
hind in the progressive spirit of the age.
New methods are being introduced re-
quiring new agents of medication, obso-*
lete preparations are discarded, other
standards of strength or purity may be-
come advisable, and all of such matters
require careful study and discussion, and
should not be left to be decided at the
last moment in a pharmacopoeial conven-
tion.

The wishes of this State association
should be clearly ascertained in regard
to the admission or rejection of certain
preparations, in regard to inserting the
doses of actual remedies, to processes of
manufacture or assay of galenical prepa-
rations, and other matters connected with
our national Pharmacopoeia, so that when
the time comes to select delegates, they

may be apprised of the wishes of the pro-
fession, and not left to their personal im-
pressions and the impulse of the moment
when called upon to cast their vote for
the rules guiding the next committee of
revision,

The Pennsylvayiia Pharmaceutical As-
sociation met at Reading, Pa. The fol-
lowing papers were presented: "Notes
on Practical Pharmacy," by Joseph W.
England :

'" C-C'^ Cough Mixture. — Under this
name a cough mixture is very largely
used in the phthisical wards of the Phil-
adelphia Hospital. It has, in each fluid
drachm, the following : Codeine sul-
phate, one-eighth grain; diluted hydro-
cyanic acid, two minims; spirit of chlo-
roform and mucilage of acacia, each
fifteen minims, and syrup of wild cherry
a sufficient quantity to make one fluid
drachm. Dose: one fluid drachm.

Distilled Extract of Witch Hazel. — ^The
writer has been informed, on good au-
thority, that the percentage of alcohol in
commercial distilled extract of witch
hazel is not necessarily an index of its
value, for the reason that some dealers
buy the cheaper aqueous distillate from
the distiller and add alcohol. The only
proper product is had by distilling the
fresh twigs with a mixture of alcohol
and water, whereby a greater quantity
of volatile oil is brought into solution
than by distillation with water alone.

Syrup of Wild Cherry. — In making
this syrup, more especially in the sum-
mer season, when fermentation takes
place readily, it is advisable to add some
of the sugar to the percolate as soon as
possible, to prevent change. The phar-
macopoeial formula of 1870 contained no
glycerin, that of 1880 ordered five per
cent., and that of 1890 fifteen per cent,
by volume This last increase seems
excessive. The greater the percentage
of glycerin, the greater the amount of

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

Ill

tannin extracted, up to a certain point.
It is a question whether this increased
astringency in the syrup is therapeuti-
cally desirable.

Bland's Pills {Improved). — The usual
formula for this much-used unofficial
ferruginous preparation of ferrous sul-
phate, potassium carbonate, tragacanth
and glycerin, can be much simplified and
made to yield a more permanent product
by using the following formula: Potassi-
um carbonate, one-third grain; potassium
sulphate, two grains, and mass of iron
carbonate, three grains, in each pill.
Little or no excipient is required. The
pills flatten somewhat on keeping, and
are best dispensed in gelatin capsules.
They are small in size, and do not be-
come hard and reddish-brown on frac-
ture, as do those made by the old form-
ula.

Ointment of Ammoniated Met airy. —
This ointment is most difficult to make
by the official process and secure entire
freedom from "grit." The best method
is, for example, to finely powder in a
mortar 48 grains of the mercury com-
pound and beat it into a smooth paste
with 12 grains of glycerin, and make the
official ointment from this, as wanted, by
admixing one drachm with 7 drachms
of cerate. In this connection, criticism
may be made against the use of alcohol,
as in the 1880 Revision, or olive oil, as
in the 1890 Revision, to render veratrine
smooth in making veratrine ointment.
A small quantity of glycerin is better.
Glycerin is also of superior utility in
softening extract of belladonna prior to
making it into ointment; the Pharmaco-
poeia specifies diluted alcohol.

Mucilage of Sassafras Pith. — This mu-
cilage is best made by beating the pith
in a wedgewood or porcelain mortar with
a small quantity oi sterilized water until
it gets pasty, expressing through chee.se-
cloth, returning residue to mortar, add-

ing more of the water and continuing as
before. In this way, in a short
time, a dense and syrup-like muci-
lage may be had, very different in physi-
cal appearance from the watery product
gotten by following the official directions
ol simple maceration in zvater for three
hours and straining.

As this preparation is used as an emol-
lient in inflammatory conditions of the
eye-ball and mucous membrane, it is ob-
vious that the greater the percentage of
mucilage in solution the more soothing
it will be. In these days of asepsis, the
use of water in making the official muci-
lage is an unpardonable sin in the eyes
of oculists. Sterilized water, i. e., water
or distilled water boiled and cooled, only
should be employed. Three hours' time
in making the preparation is far too
long, when it can be better done in a few
minutes.

Hope's Camphor Mixture. — This old
preparation has been gradually increas-
ing in use, and is recognized by the Na-
tional Formulary under the name of
Mistuia Camphora Acida, which author-
ity follows the formula of Ellis (Grif-
fith's Formulary, 1866, p. 160) in using
nitric acid. The original formula of
Hope, however, specified nitrous acid.
The formula we have used for years is:
Fuming nitrous acid, 2 fluid drachms ;
tincture of opium, 80 minims, and cam-
phor water, I pint. Parrish's Pharmacy
(1884) refers to the mixture as follows:

"This formula was originally made
public after twenty-six years' experience
of its use in dysentery, by Thomas Hope,
Esq., surgeon, Chatam, in the Edinbor-
ough Medical and Surgical Journal, Jan-
uary, 1824. Dr. Hope was in the habit
of directing nitrous acid, not nitric, which
he says he has 'not found to produce any
good effect.' I have been careful to fol-
low his formula literally, and have for
the purpose prepared nitrous acid by the

112

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

process given on p. 200; though nitrous
acid passes into nitric acid by contact
with water, this reaction does not occur
in the presence of an excess of nitric
acid. Few remedies have a more gen-
eral and widespread reputation than this;
it is now frequently prescribed, more
than eighty years after its virtues were
originally discovered."

The nitrous acid used is known in com-
merce as fuming nitrous acid or fuming
nitric acid. It is really nitric acid hold-
ing in solution nitrous acid fumes, which
latter maybe wholly removed by boiling,
or largely by simple and continued ex-
posure to air; so that the commercial
product varies considerably in strength
of absolute nitrous acid.

Remington's Pharmacy (188.5), P- 1027,
specifies nitrous acid in the formula for
this mixture, as does also the National
Dispensatory of 1884 (p. 75) and 1894
(p. 76). Hope's Camphor Mixture is
still largely used, at least with us, in
summer dj^senteries, and if Mr. Hope's
contention as to the necessity of using
only nitroiis acid. 7iever nitric, is correct,
then the National Formulary decidedly
errs in following the formula of Ellis and
specifying the latter.

The objection sometimes raised as to
the difficulty of securing good fuming
nitrous acid can be met. The pharma-
cist can easily make his own nitrous
acid, extemporaneously, from sodium
nitrite and nitric acid, using quantities
sufficient to yield the amount of acid in
the formula, which is small. Messrs.
Rosengarten & Sons state that sodium
nitrite of the new official strength (97. 6
per cent.) is readily obtainable.

Medicated Waters. — In the making of

medicated waters — save those prepared

by distillation or direct solution — the

new Pharmacopoeia directs precipitated
calcium phosphate as the distributing

medium in about the same proportion as

that directed ior magnesium carbonate
in the 1870 issue. As was pointed out
by the writer ten years ago (A. J. P.,
1884, p, 75), in advocating the use of
precipitated calcium phosphate for this
purpose, it is essential, in order to pro-
perly distribute the oil. that the lime
compound be used in double the quantity
of magnesium carbonate usually em-
ployed, on account of its much less bulk.
The official quantity of the lime com-
pound should be 8 gm. to 1,000 cc. of
the medicated water, and not 4 gm., as
directed.

It is best to add, as the Pharmacopoeia
directs, a// the water to the admixed lime
compound and oil before filtration. The
practice of some pharmacists adding only
a part of the water, throwing on a filter
and then adding further water, from time
to time, to the contents of the filter until

the required amount has filtered through,
cannot result in as strong a solution as

if the oil had been brought in intimate

contact with all the water at once.

There is one detail whereby the official
process can be greatly improved, and
that is by using in place of the distilled
water, hot, boiled v^^S-^x, i. e., water boiled
and cooled to a point just short of boil-
ing. In following this practice, the
writer adds the water to the admixed
lime compound and oil, places it in a
proper vessel, covers tightly and filters
after it has stood for some hours, prefer-
ably over night.

The use of hot, boiled water has a
number of very decided advantages.
These are a maximum solution of the oil
and an increased permanenc}' of the
water. Boiled water is far more germ-
proof than the usual distilled water of
commerce, which is believed to be, in
some cases at least, simply condensed
steam- waste.

Criticism may be made against the use
of nearly boiling w^ter for making aro-

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

"3

inatic waters, on the ground of loss of
volatile oil, but practical experience will
show that this loss is more apparent than
real, that the amount of volatile oil lost
by volatilization is insignificant in com-
parison with the greatly increased amount
brought into solution — Through Amer.
Jour Phainn.

Pharinaceutical Notes. — C. B. Lowe:
Terebenum or Terebene has come into
somewhat extensive use as a remedy for
chronic bronchitis, and it is frequently
an ingredient of cough mixtures, or is
prescribed by itself.

On account of its slight solubilit}^ in
water, and its somewhat unpleasant taste,
it is best given in an emulsion.

The emulsion should be made by the
addition of one drachm of powdered gum
aral)ic for each fluid drachm of terebene.

The primary emulsion, consisting of
gum and water, should first be carefully
prepared, and then the terebene should
be slowly and carefully added.

The emulsion will be found quite a
difficult one to make, the terebene being
easily thrown out of ."solution.

Mustard Plasters. — The mustard plas-
ter is one of the most important remedies
kept in our pharmacies, and 5^et as far as
I know none of the manufacturers have
included in their directions that of wet-
ting t)ie plasters before using with only
tepid water.

The acrid or volatile oils of mustard
do not pre-exist as such in the seed, but
are produced by the splitting up of the
glucosides sinalbin or sinigrin, by the
action upon them in the presence of
moisture of the ferment called myrosin.

It is a fact that should be better known
that myrosin is coagulated by water of a
temperature of 140° F., and rendered in-
capable of action.

I have found that many people are un-
der the impression that the plaster will
be made the more active by dipping it

into hot water, but the reverse is the
case.

Syrup of Acacia. — It seems strange
that the Pharmacopoeia should have con-
tinued unchanged the formula for Syrup
of Acacia.

In the Pharmacopoeia of 1870 the syrup
was made directly from the gum, and we
had a fairly stable preparation.

In the last two Pharmacopoeias it is
ordered to be prepaied from the mucilage,
which spoils quickly, and the syrup thus
made would ferment in a few hours, un-
less the mucilage was freshly prepared.

The formula of Mucilage of Acacia can
be improved upon by the use of chloro-
form water of the strength given in the
British Pharmacopoeia,

If the chloroform is objectionable from
a therapeutical standpoint, a few minutes'
exposure to heat will thoroughly dissi-
pate it.

The most convenient way of dissolving
the gum is by means of a dialyser.

Adulteratio7i of Belladonna Root. — This
last winter, on examining some bella-
donna, root, I was surprised to find
present a number of large pieces of poke
root.

As the former root is indigenous to
Europe and the latter to the United
States, and as the structure of them is
entirely different, it could hardly have
been an accidental adulteration.

The cork layer of the belladonna is of
a very light brown gray color while that
of the poke root is of a yellowish brown
gray and marked by very characteristic
transversely elongated corkey warts of a
lighter color.

The transverse* section af the former
shows a fine black cambium line, and the
woodwedges, when present, are of a light
yellow color, radiallj' arranged ; in the
poke the wood tissue is whitish, and
shows a decidedly concentric arrange-
ment.

114

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

Camphor. — I have pleasure in calling
to your attention an excellent article of
camphor, made at the vSumitomo Re-
finery, Kobe, Japan, and imported by
Smith, Kline & French Company.

It comes in boxes very neatly made of
wood, pasteboard lined, containing one
pound net by actual weight.

The style of package prevents evapora-
tion, and being divided into ounce cakes
there is no loss in retailing.

It is less translucent and crystalline
than ordinary refined camphor, and is
probably made by submitting powdered
camphor to powerful pressure.

One part is perfectly soluble in o 7
parts of alcohol, and sublimes without
leaving any residue.

It seems probable that in many indus-
tries Japan is going to be an active com-
petitor, not only with European nations,
but also with our own.

Fluid Extract Triiicum Rcpens. — Tl:e
question is asked : " What is the
cause of the active effervescence
which takes place when Fluid Extract
Triticum Repens is added to a carbo-
nate?"

If active effervescence occurs, I should
think it due to fermentation having taken
place.

The fluid extract is made by first per-
colating with boiling water, afterwards
evaporating and adding 25 per cent, of
alcohol.

As the medicinal constituents consist of
three sugars, two of them directly fer-
mentable, if too much time be taken in
percolating and evaporating, there is apt
to be some fermentation before the alco-
hol is added. — Throiigh Avier. Joicrnal
Phar.

Other papers were, "The Beneficient
Society of American Apothecaries of the
State of Pennsylvania," by W. B. Thomp-
son. "Do Drugs Supplied by the Job-
bers Comply With Pharmacopceial

Requisition? If Not Who is Responsi-
ble, the Jobber or the Retailer ?" by
Louis Emanuel. "Liquor Ferri Chloridi
as Found in the Market," by A. L.
Beck. "Unguentum Hydrargyri," by
H. N. Coxe. "Can the Acidity of Gua-
iac be Modified?" by W. B. Thompson.
Considerable discussion followed the read-
ing of a paper entitled, "The Cutter and
the Remedy," by J. H. Redsecker. Mr.
Redsecker proposed the enactment of a
law by the legislature requiring the form-
ulas of all proprietary medicines sold in
the State to be deposited with the Board
of Pharmacy accompanied by a certain
fee. The proposed law will not include
the preparations cf druggists, where the
sales are $500 or less. C. E. Hires, of
Philadelphia, addressed the Association
on the subject. "Shall We Give Our
Clerks and Employees a Percentage of
Gross Receipts Instead of a Regular
Salary?"

The Massacluisetts Pharmaceutical As-
sociation met at Worcester, Mass., June
26 28. C. F. Nixon delivered " A Talk
on the Medicinal Plants Indigenous to
Massachusetts." Papers were read by
Prof. W. L. Scoville, on "Chalk Mix-
ture;" F. T. Drake, on "Adulterations of
Powdered Nux Vomica," John T. Man-
ning, "How to Keep an Index," E. L.
Patch on "Trouble and Loss in Storing
Stock." and "Question Box."

The Nezv York State Pharmaceutical
Association held its meeting at Saratoga
Springs at the same time that the Massa-
chusetts pharmacists were in convention.
One of the features of the occasion was
the lecture by Prof. H. H.Rusby, on "The
Rubber Industry in South America."
The following is a list of plants furnished
by Wni. H. Rudkin, of New York City,
which is supposed to comprise all of the
orders and genera known up to the
present time to yield commercial India
rubber :

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

II;

Eiiphorbiacece. — Hevea braziliensis,
Mull.; H. spruceana, Mull.; H. discolor,
Mull.; H. pauciflora, Mull.; H. rigidi-
folia, Mull.; H. Bentliamiana, Mull.; H.
lutea, Mull.; H. guyanensis, Mull.; Mi-
cranda siphonoides, Benth.; M. minor,
Benth; — the caoutchouc derived from all
these species is known commercially as
Para rubber, from the principal shipping-
point. They are all natives of the Ama-
zon and Guiana. Manihot Glaziovii,
Mull; — the source of Ceara rubber, na-
tive of the Rio Janeiro district.

Urticacea\ Tribe Artocarpe(V . — Ficus
elastica, Roxb.; F. hispida, L; — East
India rubbers, natives ot Assam. F.
brasi, R B; — Sierra Leone, African rub-
ber, F. macrophylla, Desf. ; F. rubigi-
nosa, Desf; — Australian rubber, natives
of Northern Australia. Urostigma Vo-
gelii, Miq; — African rubber, native of
Liberia. U- laccifera, Miq; — East India
rubber, native of Assam, Castilloa elas-
tica, Cervant; C. Markhamiana. Collins;
— these trees are the sources of all the
various Central American and Western
South American rubbers.

ApocynacecB- — Hancornia speciosa,
Gom ; — native of Pernambuco. Willough-
uii edulis, Roxb.; W. firma, D. C ; W.
martobanica, D. C; — natives of Mada-
gascar and India; these are held as high
grades of rubber. Landorphia owarensis,
de Beauv. L. florida, Benth.; Vahea
madagascariensis, Boj., (Landorphia, B.
& H.); V. comerensis, Boj., (Landorphia,
B.&H.); V. Gummifera, Lam., (Landor-
phia, B. & H.); V. Senegalensis, A. D.

C, (Landorphia, B. & H.); Carpodinus
R. Br., various species, (Landorphia, B.
& H.); — all natives of Tropical Africa
yielding the various African rubbers ;
nearly all climbing plants of great size.
Urceola elastica, Roxb., (charannesia, A.

D. C); — Borneo. U. esculenta, Benth,
(charannesia A. D. C); — Burmah. Leu-
conotis eugenifolia. A. D. C; Alstonia

costulata, Miq.; A. scholaris, R Br; —
Malay Archipeligo. A. plumosa, Labill,
— Fiji islands.

Lobe'iacece. — Siphoncampylus caout-
chouc, Don.; S. jamesonianus, D. C; —
natives of Central America.

Asdepiadacecv. — Periploca grseca, L. ; —
Island of Re-union. Ciyptostegia grand-
ibora, RBr.r — Coasts of India. Cynan-
chum ovalifolium, Wight; — Penang,
Asclepias cornuti, De.sc.; — North Amer-
ica. Attempts were made to obtain
caoutchouc from this source in Canada.

Compositcf . — Durango rubber obtained
from some unknown composite plant was
exhibited at the exhibition in Philadel-
phia, in id,"] 6. — Through Drug Circ.

Much time of the meeting was occu-
pied with a discussion of the Pharmacy
Law. The sentiment of the members
was in favor of a "re-registration" amend-
ment to to the law now in force. Through
the report of the committee, the Associa-
tion was informed of a number of bills
that had been brought before the State
Legislature to regulate the practice of
pharmacy, among them the perennial one
of dispensing poisons in a special bottle,
this brought out a full discussion by mem-
bers ot the Association, and the almost
universal sentiment was opposed to the
adoption of any mechanical device. The
meeting next year will be held at
Oswego.

The following officers were elected for
the ensuing : President, Charles F. Fish
Vice-Presidents, I. C. Chapman, L. A.
Baker, E. S. Gregory; Secretary, Clay
W. Holmes; Treasurer, W. B. Fuller.

NEW LITERATURE.*

Bakterienkutide. — G. Itzerott. — Ein kuizer
Leitfaden fur Studerende und Aerzta.

Bchrens, H. — A Manual of Micro-Chemical
Analysis.

* Readers desiring any of the works contained in this
list can obtain them through B. Westerman & Co., 8-2
Broadway: Gustav E. Stechert, 8io Broadway, or other
foreign booksellers-

ii6

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

Bibliothek fiir Nahrtingsviittel-Chemiker. —
Herausgegeben von J. Epbraim. I. und tj.
Band.

Biologischer Atlas der Botanik. — A. Dodel.

Bocguillon-LitiioHsin. — Formulaire des Me-
dicaments J'Jonveaux et des Medications Nou-
velles pour 1894. Introduction par le Dr.
Huchard.

This is the fifth edition of the work, and in-
cludes about five hundred articles relating to
the newer materia medica.

Botanischer Tasnhetiatlas fur Touristen und
Pflanzenjfeunde. — M. Fiin fstiick.

Carnegie ■ Douglas. — Law and Theory in
Chemistry

Chemische Reagentien und Reactionen. — C.
Diinnenberger.

Companion to the Latest Edition of the Brit-
ish Pharmacopoeia. — By Peter Squire, sixteenth
edition. Revised by P. W. Squire and A. H.
Squire, Pp. I. to XO., i to 693.

Das Conserviren der Nahrungs und Genus-
stnittel. — Fabrikation von Fleiscb-, Fisch-,
Gemiise-, Obst , etc. Conserven. L. F. Andes.
I. Band; 438 S. mit 39 Testabbildungen.

A Dictionary of Medicine. — Edited by R.
Quain, assisted by F. T. Roberts and J. M.
Bruce. New edition, revised throughout and
enlarged, in two volumes. Vol. i., pp. I. to
XXIV., I to 1223. Abdomen — Lysis; vol. 2, pp.
I. to VII., I to 1260, Macrocheilia — Zyme.

Die Alkalien. — Darstellung der Fabrikation
der gebrauchlichsten Kali und Natronverbin-
dungen, der Soda, Potasche, des Salzes, Sal-
peters, Glaubersalzes, Wasserglasses, Chrom-
kalis, Blutlaugensalz.Weinsteins, Laugensteins,
etc., deren Anwendung und Priifung. 2 auf.
von S. Pick.

Die chemische Industrie auf de Columbischen
Weltatistelluns zic Chicago und in den Verein-
igten Staaten von Nofdamerika im fahre i8q^.
—Otto N. Witt.

Die preussichen Apothekengesetze mit Eins-
chluss der reichgesetzlichen Bestimmungen
iiber den Betrieb des Apothekergewerbes. H.
Bottjer.

Directions for Labaratory Work in Bacteri-
ology. F. G. Novy. I vol., pp. 209.

Duttoji, Thomas.— T>oxxiQstic Hygiene. Pp.
I-IX., I to 199.

Ehrhardt, E. — Chemische Untersuchung der
westentlichen Bestandtheile, des Leucojum ver-
num und des Narcissus poeticus.

Einleitung in die Chemische Analyse. L.
Medicus. I. Heft.
Encyclopddie der Naturwissenschaften. 2.

Abth. 82 L/ief. Handworterbuch der chemie,
62 Lief. Fd. Trewendt, Verlagsbuchhandlung,
Breslau.

Etudes microscopiques de produits alimen-
taires • (a) Histologic et morphologie com-
parees des tests des graines entrant dans la
composition normale des principaux torteaux
alimentaires. (b) Contribution a I'examen mi-
croscopique du poivre et ses falsifications. Avec
3 pi. Par. P. Claes et E. Hyes.

Etude monographique de la Fainille des Globii..
lariees au point de vue Botanique, Chimique, et
Therapeutique. Par Edouard Hechel, avec la
Collaboration de SchlagenhaufFen etj. Mourson.

Flilckiger, F. A. — Die historische pharmaceu-
tisch-medicinische Sammlung des Apotheker B.
Rever in G nf. Pamph., 13 S.

Fluckiger, F, A. Grundriss der Pharmakog-
nosie. Zweite mit Beriick-sicbtigung techniscb
wichtiger pflanzen bearbeitete auflage.

Formulaire des Eaux niinerales de la Balnto'
thcrapie et de Vhydrothearpie. Introd. par Du-
jardin. Beaumetz. Par de la Harpe.

Frick, J. — Physikalische Technik, bearbeitet
von O. Lehmann. Italian Translation.

Geissler, E. — Grundriss der Massanalyze.
Mit Beriicksichtigung einiger handelsche-
mischer und hygienischer Analysen. 2 ver-
besserte und vermchrte Auflage. Ein Band,
164 S. mit 37 Textabbildungen.

Heim, L. — Lehrbuch der bakteriologischen
Untersuchung und Diaguostik. Eine Anleitung
zur Aiisfuhrung bakteriologischer Arbeiten und
zur Einrichtung bakteriologischer Arbeits-
statten.

Ives, F. E. — Handbook to the Photochromo-
scope. By its inventor. With chapters on the
nature of light and theory of color by some of
the first authorities.

fahrbuch der Natweivissenschaften iSg^-iSg^.
M. Wildermann, Enthaltend die hervorragend-
sten Fortschritte auf den Gebieten; Physik,
Chemie und Chemische Technologie; Me-
chanik; Meteorologie und Physikalische Geog-
raphic; Astronomy und Mathematische Geog-
raphic; Zoologie und Botanik; Forst- und
Landwirthschaft; Mineralogie und Geologic;
Anthropologic und Urgeschichte; Gcsundhcits-
pflege, Medicin und Physiologic; Lander und
Volkerkunde; Handel, Industrie und Verkehr.
9 Jahrgang.

Jahresbericht i'lber die Leistungen der Chem-
ischer TecJuiologie, mit besondcrer Beriicksich-
tigung der Gewerbestatistik fiir das Jahr 1893.
Bearbeitet von R. v. Wagner. Fortgesctzt von-
F. Fischer.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

117

Jolles, A. — Das Margarin, seine Verdaulich-
keit und sein Nahrwerth im Vergleich zur reinen
Naturbutter,

Katechisnms der Cheniie. — H. Hirzel.

Koller, Th. — ErsatzstoflFe der Chem. Indus
trie, sowie der Essig- und Starkefabrikation,
der Weingeist und Liquerfabrikation, der
Brauerei, der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel.

Lehtbuch der Botanik. — W. Kukula. 4 Aufl.

Lehrbuch der Cheniie nach den Neuesten
Ansichten der Wissenschaft fi'/r den Unter-
richt an Techn. Lehranstalten. — M. Zaengerle-
4 (Titel-) Aufl.

Leitfaden fi'ir den botanischen Unterricht an
rnittleren und hoheren Schulen. — K. Kraepelin.
4 Auf.

f.eitfaden der Botanik fur hohere Lehran-
stalten. — P. Wossidlo. 4 Aufl.

Leyboldy W. — Technische Gasanalyse,

Lie big and Kopp's Jahresbericht iiber die
Fortschritte der Cheviie fiir 1890. Part I. Ed-
ited by F. Fittica. Pp. 480.

Lloyd., J. U. — A Study in Pharmacy.

Manuel des plantes de la grande culture. — A.
Damseaux. Tome I. Cereales et plantes legu-
mineuses.

The Medical Annual/or 1894.— Pf. I.— LXIV.
I to 672.

This book is an epitome of new drugs, new
inventions or modifications in treatment that
have been suggested during the past year. There
are also some original articles,

Mikrophotographischer Atlas der Bakterien-
kunde. — C. Frankel und R. Pfeiffer. 2 Auf. 9
und 10 Lief.

The Natural History of Plants. — From the
German of Anton Kerner von Marilaun. By
F. W. Oliver. Part I. Pp. 112, with two
colored plates and numerous wood cuts.

Netcberg. — A., — Toxikologische Studien iiber
einige organische Saiiren.

Oesterreichische Pharmakopoe.-- Italian Trans-
lation by F. C. Schneider and A. Vogl.

Pharniaceiitisclie Prdparate. — Anleitung zur
Darstellung Erkennung, Prufung und stoch-
iometrische Berechung von ofiicinellen cemisch
pharmaceutischen Praparaten. Von Max
Biechele. Ein Band., 308 S.

Phillips, C. D. F. Materia Medica, Phaniaco-
logy and Theropeutics of Inorganic Substances.
—Pp. I.— XIV., I to 898.

Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical
Association at the Forty first Annual Meeting
held at Chicago, III., August i8g^. — Pp. i.
XXVIII., I to 1087.

This work contains more than the title indi-

cates. It includes, besides a record of the pro-
ceedings of the association meeting a report on
the progress of pharmacy — being a record
and digest on work in pharmacy and allied sub-
jects for the period extending from July i, 1893
to July I, 1894, by Henry Kraemer.

Rathwell, R. P.,— The Mineral Industry,
its Statistics, Technology and Trade in the
United States and other countries from the
earliest times to the end of 1892.

Ruff, Gustav. — Die Untersuchung von
Nahrungsmitteln, Genussmitteln und Gebrau-
chsgegenstanden. Practisches Kandbuch fiir
chemiker, Pharmaceuten. etc. i Band, 384 S.
mit 115 Textabbildungen.

Sam.mlung chemisch — analytischer Taschen-
biicher. — Anletung zur erschopfenden Unter-
suchung und Beurtheilung wirthschaftlich und
technisch wichtiger Punkte, herausgegehen von
H. A. Bliicher.

Schrenk, J. — Anleitung zur Ausfiihrung bac-
teriologischer Untersuchungen zum Gebrauche
fiir Aerzte, Thierarzte, Nahrungs-, Agricultur-
und GahrungsChemiker. Apotheker und Bau-
tecniker. Mit 137 Abbildungen.

Serres, L. — Traite de Chimie avec la Notation
chimique.

Seller, F. — Statistique des resultats d'analyse
des vins swisse d'origine authentique.

Steam Elamentary Stage. — With answers to
the calculations. T. T. Rankin.

Ta^ebiichfur Gastechniker, iSg^. — Von C.F.
Schweickhart. IV. Jahrgang.

Tiinpe, K. — Ueber die Sterilisirung der Kuh-
milch fiir den Bedarf des Hauses and der Mol-
kereien, sowie iiber Sterilisirapparate fiir den
praktischen Arzt und die Apotheke.

Vines, Sydey H. — A Students^ Text-Book of
Botany. First half. Pt. I-IV, x to 430. With
219 illustrations.

This new work is intended to be a students'
book and the author hopes that it may super-
cede the old translation or adaptation of Prantl's
handbook.

Vor schriftenbueh fur Droscisten. — Die Hers-
tellung der gebrauchichsten Handverkaufsar-
tikel. G. A. Buchheister. 2 Auf.

Waeber, R. — Lehrbuch der Botanik.

Wagner, N. F. — Die Nahrungs- und Genus-
smittel, ihr Nahrwerth, ihre Fehler und Ver-
falschungen, gemeinfasslich dargestellt.

Wandtafeln zur Systematik, Morphologic
und Biologic de Pflanzen fur Universitdten
und Schulen. — A. Peter. Bl. 6- 11.

iiS

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

IViesnir, J- — Elemente der wissenschaft-
lichen Botanik. Italian Translation.

Wright's Prescription Book.—Q.onia.mu\^ 150
prescription forms, perforated.

Zopf, IV. — Beitrage zur Physiologic und
Morphologic niederer Organismen. 4 Heft.

Zimmerman}!' s Botanical Microtechnique.—
Translated from the German by J . E. Humph-
rey. I. Vol. pp. XII. and 296.

Zune, A. J. — Traite d' Analyze chimique,
micrographique et microbiologique des Eaux
potables.

THE MOST RECENT WORK.

Strychnine Nitrate. — The product obtained
by dissolving strychnine in cold or warm dilute
nitric acid, and evaporating the solution, is in-
variably colored ; if, however, according to
Guigues (/. Pharm. ; Jour. Chem. Soc, 1894,
262) the alkaloid is suspended in hot water and
dilute nitric acid (1:5) added drop by drop until
the liquid is neutral and dissolution complete,
a colorless product is obtained on evaporation.
The crystals are anhydrous. Brucine nitrate
remains in the liquor.

New Essential Oils. — Glechoma hederacea L.
(Ground Ivy) yields 0.03 per cent, of an essential
oil ; the Sp. Gr. is 0.925 at 15° C. ; the odor is
disagreeable and color is dark green. Apiiim
petroselinum L. (Parsley root) yields 0.08 per
cent, of an oil ; the Sp. Gr. is 1.049 ^^^^ separates
crystals (probably of apiol), even at the ordinary
temperature Essential Oil of Mignonette

Root possesses characteristics which denote
that it belongs to the mustard oil group— it be-
ing, however, onlj' analogous. Its constitution
will be determined by subsequent experiments.
Asarum canadense L. (Canada snake
root), the fruit yields an oil soluble in
twice its volume of 70 per cent, alcohol.
Chenopodium ambosioides L. var. antheliminti-
ciim, Gray (American wormseed), the fruit
yields 1.03 per cent, of a light yellow oil, Sp.
Gr. 0.910 at 15° with optical rotation — 18°55' in
a 100 Mm. tube. The inference is that linomene
is present. The oil from the herb (0.35 per
cent.) is very similar but possesses a Sp. Gr. of
0.879 and optical rotation — 32°55'. Neither of
these oils gives a perfectly clear solution until
10 times its volume of 70 per cent, alcohol, but
age probably modifies them in this respect. Oil
of Solidago canadensis L. (0.63 per cent.) is
light yellow in color and possesses an agreeable
odor ; Sp. Gr., 0.859 and optical rotation—
2i°io'. Junipertis Wr^/w/flz/rt Z., the leaves yield
0.2 per cent, of a pale greenish-yellow oil with
an orange tasste odor, quiite distinct from that
savin; Sp. Gr., 0.986, optical rotation -1- 59°5'
— Semi- Annual Report of Schitnmil & Co.,
April, 1894.

Pottassium Iodide and Pottassium Bromide
G. W. C. Klie in a paper before the Missouri
Pharmaceutical Association, June, 1894, con-
siders these salts of the market and finds that
the large majority do not conform to the
requirements of the pharmacopoeia. The fol-
lowing is a tabular view of his results :

POTTASSIUM
IODIDE.

Sample No.

4
" 5
" 6
It »

Solubilitj- in

Dilute Alcohol

Sp. Gr. 0.928.

Not complete.
Complete.

Alkali
Limit.

Bevond.
Within.

Bevoud.
Within.

Sodium

lodate.

Sulphate.

Present.
None.

Present.
None.

None.

Large Am'ut,
None.

Ap'eciable.

None.
Ap'eciable.

None.
Ap'eciable.

None.

Traces.

Ars'uic

Lead,

Copper

None.

Nitrate,
Nitrite.

None.

Ap'eciable.
None.

Traces.

Ap'eciable.

Iron.

None.

Cyan-
ide.

None.

Purity Per-
centage.

Not Standard

Standard,
Not Standard

Standard.
Not Standard

POTTASSIUM
BROMIDE.

Reaction.

Vio-
let
Tint.

Limit Po-
tassium
Carbon.

Sodium.

Bro-
mate.

None

Iod-
ine.

Iron
Alu-
mi-
num.

Ars'ic
Lead
Cop-
per.

Cal-
cium.

Ba-
rium.

None

Sulphate.

Iron.

Absence of

more than 3

per cent.

Chloride.

Sample No. i

'• " 2

■' 3

•' 4

■' 5
" 6

" 7
" 8

Neutral.
Alkaline.
Neutral.

Alkaline.
Neutral.

None

Within.

None.
Traces.

None.
Traces.

None.
Traces.

None.

None

None

None

None

None.

Traces.

None.

Traces.

Appreciable.

Traces.

None

a
11

Standard.
Not Standarc

Standard.
Not Standarc

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL,

119

Aconitine. — M. Freund and P. Beck state that
they have made fourteen carbon and hydrogen
determinations of crystallized aconitine, the re-
sults of which, together with other consider-
ations, lead them to adopt the formula C^j^H^-
NO] 1, instead of that ascribed to the alkaloid
by Dunstan and his pupils, namely, C33H45
Noi 3. Ehrenberg and Piirfurst regarded the sub-
stance obtained by boiling aconitine with water
as a mixture of the benzoates of two bases ; the
authors have obtained a homogeneous compound
by recrystallization. It melts at 202-203°, and
appears to leave the formula C;,,, fl- iNoj a, being
the benzoate of a base Cs^Hj-NOi,,, derived
from aconitine. The authors have examined
the salts of the last named base and come to
the conclusion that it is identical with Dunstan 's
isaconitine ; its properties also render it prob-
able that it is identical with Wright's picraconi-
tine. Attempts to prepare aconitine by acety-
lating pieraconitine have as yet yielded nega-
tive results. — Ber. C/iein. Gcs., 1894,433

Dunstan replies to Freund and Beck, and
states that he and his collaborators have already
shown [Pharui. four. Trans., 1S94, 174, 29, 4, etc.
that aconitine in hydrolysis yields acetic acid
and ' 'isaconitine,'''' and that the latter is identical
with yNng^c^Vs pieraconitine. He has also proved
that isaconitine is benzoyl-aconine, and there-
fore not isomeric with aconitine. — Ibid, 664.

M. Freund and P. Beck continue their works,
and give the details of their experimental work.
— Ibid, 720.

The Emetics. — Paul Adam [Compt. Rend.,
June 4, 1894). French chemists use the term
"emetic" irrespective of physiological action,
to include all compounds analogous in consti-
tution to the well known " tartar emetic." The
theories put forward concerning the constitu-
tion of the emetics may be reduced to two : Do
antimonious hydrate, ferric hydrate and boric
acid act in these salts as acids or as bases ? The
classic formuke corresponds to the second the-
ory, while the researches of Jungfleisch favors
the former, and are supported by the present
author. He concludes that the chemical analo-
gies and reactions of "emetics," properly so
called, should make us regard substances of
this kind as ether salts and not as double salts.
Chem. News, 1894, 301.

Rose Oil. — ^J. Bertram and E. Gildemeister
could not isolate any rhodinol from the various
commercial geranium oils. A reinvestigation
of genuine rose oil shows that the geraniol from
this source is identical with that from all other

known sources. The variation in the Sp. Gr. of
samples of geraniol are attributable to the ease
with which the oil oxidizes. A comparison of
the properties and behavior of the so-called
rhodinol leads to the conclusion that this sub-
stance is a mixture, consisting for the most part
of geraniol. just as Barbier's licorhodol is an im-
pure geraniol,— y'cwr. /. Prakt. Chem., 1894,
1895.

Ceara Jaborandi . — E. M. Holmes points out
that a new kind of Jaborandi has been offered,
and that it resembles the genuine article in sev-
eral points. The leaflets resemble those of the
true Pernambuco Jaborand in their coriaceous
or leathery texture, and in the dark green or
brownish-green color of the upper surface and
the emarginate apex, but differs in the under
surface of the leaf being covered with short,
curved, simple unicellular hairs. On the upper
surfaces these hairs are present in the midrib,
but are only sparingly visible elsewhere on the
upper surface. The margin of the leaf is also
strongly incurved. When chewed it does not
cause a flow of saliva. According to Paul and
Cownley the leaves do not contain any consid-
erable amount of a base, forming a crystallizable
nitrate corresponding to the salt of pilocarpine-
— Pharm. Jour. Trans. 1894, 1065.

Nezv Constituent of True Goto Bark. — G. Cia-
mician and P. Silber (Ber. d. Chem. Ges, 1894,
841.) The substance which forms the subject
of this paper was obtained in the purification of
cotoin on the large scale. It forms yellowish
crystals melting at 66 —68°, and has the formula
CijH^O^. In chemical properties it is closely
allied to paracoto'in, which the author considers
to be dioxymethylenephenylcouraalin, but it
differs from it by the absence of the dioxy-
methylene group, so that it receives the name
(provisionally) of phenylcoumalin. It may be
purified by treatment with hydrobromic acid,
which forms an unstable compound with it, and
this decomposes gradually, leaving the original
substance, which then only requires to be freed
from acid by dissolving it in alcohol and pre-
cipitating with water. It is readily soluble in
ether, alcohol, acetic acid, etc , but only very
sparingly soluble in water. It dissolves in al-
kalis and alkali carbonates, yellow solutions be-
ing formed which smell of acetophenones.
Sulphuric acid in the cold dissolves the com-
pound without alteration. It is, moreover, not
acted on by acetic arvlydr'ide or hydriodic acid,
and therefore does not contain hydroxyl or
methoxyl groups.

I20

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

(College Notes.

On October first, the opening day of the
regular lecture term, the dreams of some of
the most zealous and devoted adherents to
educational interests of the College of Pharmacy
of the City of New York will be realized. This
will be the sixty-fifth year of its existence, and
it is believed that the authorities have devel-
oped a very complete course of instruction,
both theoretical and practical, and that the
diflFerent courses of lectures, quizzes and labor-
atory work include all the important subjects
which it is necessary or desirable that the
pharmacist should pursue. The prospectus- ot
the college has been in the hands of not only
the readers of The; Alumni JournaIv. but
probably nearly all the young men who are
bent upon receiving the best advantages
ofiPered by the leading colleges of pharmacy.

The Juniors and Seniors are to be congratu-
lated for being permitted to receive their in-
struction in the new college building, which
has been commented upon from both the es-
thetical and practical point of view, as being
unsurpassed by any similar institution. The
designs for the building required twelve months
to perfect, and the result is, as was to be ex-
pected—beautiful, thorough and practical. The
prospectus abounds in information a^nd details
relative to the plans for the session of 1894 and
1895, and as we deem it not good taste to
attempt to describe the superiority of the
advantages offered by our "Alma Mater," we
urgently ask all alumni to come and see and
spread the tidings to all those who desire to
be instructed in the art of compounding and
dispensing medicines.

^UiDqr^i ^^^^ssociatioi).

ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT

OF THE ASSOCIATION, HERMAN

GRAESER.

The constitution of our Association demands
that the president presents at the annual meet-
ing a message giving a resume of the work of
the past year, and recommending changes for
the improvement of the Association, marking
outlines for further development.

The history of the Alumni Association of the
past year is replete with changes, innovations
and improvements.

The first change made was the transacting of
all business in the Executive Board, which
proved a success, as we now never fail to get a
quorum at any of our meetings.

At our regular meetings we had lectures on
pharmaceutical subjects or subjects of interest
to the students, and every one of them was
well attended, one eliciting a very lively and
healthy discussion.

In the beginning of the last fiscal year our
working fund was entirely exhausted, and as
the reserve fund is not to be used for current
expenses, we had to look smart to make both
ends meet.

I am glad to be able to say that, due to an
economic administration of affairs in all the
executive offices, we can to day point to a sur-
plus. In the beginning of the year our con-
stitution was revised, and language which
seemed ambiguous altered, and numerous
changes made which tend to harmonize and
put at a distance all strife in the future.

It has been our misfortune to lose, after a
very short illness, our associate. Dr. Oscar G. '
Harrison. It is unnecessary to mention to you
his many good qualities, as he has endeared
himself to all who came in contact with him,
and who will always treasure him in their
memory as one who sacrificed his life for the
advancement of science and the good he could
do.

I cannot say too much in praise of our
Alumni Journal. Born under adverse cir-
cumstances, its first editor died before the first
number on which he labored was published, it
still has prospered. In its present editor we
have found a man who has every interest of
the Alumni, the college and the student at
heart, and whose unselfish labors have done
much to advance the influence of the Journal.
The co-operation of the faculty and the officers
of the college have made the Jounal an as-
sured success.

And, gentlemen, if you could but read the
inside history of this organization and the col-
lege, yea, the pharmaceutical profession, you
would appreciate the value of The Alumni
Journal. This publication has proved to the
skeptic that there is stamina, worth and har-
mony in the Alumni Association, and that the
right spirit exists there. It remains but for
others to come and help to elevate our noble
profession.

We should not rest until we find every gradu-
ate of our college is on our subscription list.
The college has set aside for the use of the

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

121

Alumni Association a room in the new building,
and as this will give us a home in the college, I
would recommend the addition of a social fea-
ture to the curriculum of our association. In
addition to the social feature, I would recom-
mend the addition of a strictly business and
political feature.

We are all aware of the unorganized condi-
tion of the pharmaceutical profession. We have
pharmaceutical organizations, but whose work
is not harmonious, neither of them being per-
fect for aggressive purposes.

I recommend the organization of the alumnae
of our college for aggressive purposes by assem-
bly districts in this city, one man to have charge
of a district, after we have perfected such an
organization, to co-operate with other organiza-
tions, until we are a powerful political body.
We must become so strong that no act can be
passed by our legislature derogatory to our pro-
fession without we have a chance to have our
say.

We have on our membership roll a number
of names of men who are in arrears for three
years or more, and who after repeated demands
have not paid up. I wish to call their attention
to Article VI, Section 9, of the By-laws, which
reads; Any member may be dropped from the
roll, after due notification, for non-payment of
dues for three successive years, by vote of the
Executive Board. Any member so dropped,
may be reinstated by vote of the Executive
Board on payment of his arrears.

It will be necessary for us to enforce this rule
if the delinquents do not come forward with
the amount in arrears.

Our summer reunion and outing was a great
success, and arrangements have been made to
hold another on June 20th, this year. Six lec-
tures on subjects of interest to students and
pharmacists will be delivered during the com-
ing year under the auspices of our association,
and we hope that the lecture room in the new
building will be filled to its utmost capacity.

I trust that the amendment to the constitu-
tion making the faculty honorary members of
our association will be passed.

ALUMNI OUTING.

On June 20, at i o'clock, about fifty gentle-
men and ladies representing the Alumni Asso-
ciation, and their friends, took the Staten Island
boat and proceeded to New Dorp, where they
were cordially met by Mr. Petela, the host of
the day. Dancing, bowling, shooting and other
sports were engaged in, and at 4 o'clock the

late contingent (who took the 3 o'clock boat)
arrived. Several members went rowing and
swimming, but all turned up smiling and hun-
gry at the dinner table at 5 P. M., where a right
royal dinner (such as only Petela's Hotel is
noted for) was served. The intellectual sauce
of the dinner was served in the way of five
minute speeches by Messrs. Graeser, Hohen-
thal and Henning, of the Association, Mr.
Neason and Prof. Haubold, in all about seven-
ty-five sat at the table. It was 10 o'clock before
the happy excursionists reluctantly left the
picnic grounds.

Qdr Graduates.

J. Tayi^or Clark of the class of '88 has just
purchased another drugstore in Bayonne, N. J.

Martin J. Schmitt, '91, purchased the drug-
store of C. W. Knape, Carlstadt, N.J.

Mr. W. S. Millener, Jr., '92, has since his
graduation been located at Holley, N. Y., and
is doing very well. Mr. Millener expresses the
hope that he will hear from the boys of the class
of '92 through The ALrMNi Jouraal.

A. C. Geist of the class of '91 is uqw in
charge of the pharmacy of C. W. Knape at Carl-
stadt, N. J.

Herman Wei^i^ER has bought a store in
Woodside, N. J.

As many pharmacists have cats in their stores,
it will be well for them to know that their res-
pective Tabbies and Tommies will have to be
licensed according to the new law. Licenses to
be obtained at the City Hall, free of charge, and
the tag obtained there must be put on a collar
to be worn bv the animal.

John Wimmer, '78, the popular Harlem
Pharmacist has recently won several races in
the Harlem Y Club Regatta. He is quite an
adept in all athletic sports.

A. KessIvER, '92, is traveling for "The Ar-
mour Laboratory. ' '

Mr. James S. Higgins, formerly at Lexing-
ton avenue, corner roSth street. New York City,
has purchased thedrugstore corner ii6th street
and Lexington avenue from Paul Weber and
will conduct a model prescription pharmacy
Mr. Higgins is one of the oldest and best known
druggists in New York City.

Henry F, Albert, class '91, has purchased
the drugstore of Otto Hang, located at 305 First
avenue, New York City.

122

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

It is rumored that Lucien M. Royce, class
'66, intends resigning his position with Tarrans
& Co. to engage in the retail business in Brook-
lyn. He has for some years been a partner in
the firm of D. T. Larimore & Co., Seventh
avenue and Seventh stieet, and will succeed
said firm. Mr. Dudley T. I/arimore, class '85,
sells out his interest to Mr. Royce, in order to
accept the position of manager for F. Haas'
pharmacy, corner Fourth avenue and Twenty-
second street, New York City,

IvAWRENCE J. Meighan, class '93, has pur-
chased one of the stores of A. L. Gold water at
No. 615 Courtland avenue, New York City.

Otto Edler, class of '86, is now manager of
Wheeler & Guck's successors' Pharmacy, cor-
ner of Madison and Pearl streets. New York
City.

H. G. Born, class '94, is with the Bongartz
Pharmacy, corner Ninth avenue and Fifty-
eighth street, New York City.

I/UDWIG Erb, class '94, has accepted a position
with Chas. Ceunz on Sixth avenue.

James a. Bailey, class '92, has been
studying medicine at the Baltimore College of
Physicians and Surgeons during the past winter,
and will have charge of the leading drug store
in Seabright, N. J., for the summer months.

JOLius Tannenbaum, class '93, has sold
his store, corner of Lexington ave, and 54th
street, to C. T. Webster, and gone back to his
old position with Thos. A. Smith, Willis Ave.
and 135 street.

Edwin H. Knox, class '92, has purchased
the drug business of Armin Richter & Co., in
Mount Vernon, N. Y., where he was lately a
partner, and in former years a clerk.

Chas. Miller, class '94, was expected to open
a store in Fleischmans (formerly Margaretville)
in the Catskills, about the first of June, and ex-
pected to have for customers such celebrities as
Anton Seidl and Emil Fisher, of German Opera
fame.

W. L. SchaaF, class '91, has purchased
the drug store of Barry & James of 798 8th ave. ,
New York city.

Abraham J. Hardenbergh, class '90, of
the firm of Hardenbergh & Angus, was recently
afflicted with the death of his father, the well
known railroad contractor.

That bowling is a favorite pastime of the Ph.
G. is shown by the fact that the Alchemyst
Bowling Club, of this city, has upon its list of
members the following graduates of our college:

C. Benkendorfer. '90; Henry C. Boysen, '89;
Aug. Diehl, '88; F. H. Eckert. '89; H. Graeser,
'89; W. Oetinger, '88; Aug. Volland, '88. The
Ph. G. Bowling Club is composed as follows:
Eugene Becker,. A. C. Behrens. C. Behrens, G.
Boen, O. Edler, J. Kiehl, F. Kransberg, J.
Pfeiffer, J. Proben, C. Runkel, A. Schmidt, C,
Schmidt, C. Vockrath, H. Wurm, W. Neimall.
By mistake the name of Frank J. Herbig,
College Point, N. Y., was omitted from the
Roll of Honor list published in the last issue of
The Alumni Journal. The name of C. L.
Richter should not, we are informed, have ap
peared thereon.

SENIOR CLASS SUPPER.

In accordance with the promise made in the
last (May) issue of The Alumni Journal, we
publish the following addresses, made at the
Class Supper and final reunion of the Seniors.
When the time for speeches was at hand, the
toastmaster, Peter J. Ehrgott, Ph. G., made the
following address of welcome :

"Gentlemen, — On behalf of the committee I
bid you welcome.

' ' We are gathered here this evening to cele-
brate a victory — the attainment of a goal for
which we have been striving, not only since we
were initiated into the mysterious proceedings
of the New York College of Pharmacy, but ever
since we decided to cast our lot with that hon-
orable order, the ' Knights of Mortar and of
Pestle.'

" This object being accomplished, we natur-
ally resolved to celebrate the event in some suit-
able form, and the carrying out of this project
accounts for our presence here this evening,

"While giving vent to our own enthusiasm,
we have not forgotten those who by their un-
tiring devotion to our interest have rendered
valuable aid toward the final achievement of our
purpose.

"This feeling is mutual. You members of
the faculty undoubtedly feel elated at our ex-
cellent showing at the final test, thus showing
that your labor has not been in vain.

" To you fellow classmates it means a partial
cessation of your arduous labors — no longer
necessitating the burning of the midnight oil —
which sounds very nice poetically, but is any-
thing but pleasant when put into practice.

" In the midst of our rejoicing we must not
fail to extend our sympathy to our less fortu-
nate brethren ; although we are almost inclined
to envy them, having, as they will, the finest

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

I2S

advantages offered by any institution of the
kind in tlie world.

' ' I sincerely hope and trust that this will
prove the first of a long series of reunions held
under the auspices of the class of '94, and that
our relations with one another will continue as
friendly in the future as they have been in the
past ; also to have the pleasure of again meeting
you, not as members of the Class of '94, but as
members of the Alumni Association of the
New York College of Pharmacy."

VALEDICTORY.

BV JOSEPH KUSSEY, PH. G.

Fellow students and Gentletnen:

The day has almost arrived which will termin-
ate our relations to our college and our rela-
tions to each other as classmates.

We must separate and walk along diverging
roads and though the paths marked out for us
may at some periods of our lives converge and
cross each other, yet many of those assembled
here to night will in all probability labor and
struggle and fight their battles alone and pass
out of the lives of their classmates with the
parting after that final scene of success and
triumph on Commencement night. And hence
it is that even at such a joyous gathering as this
we feel a touch of sadness and instinctively
pause to cast a lingering, retrospective glance
over the events of those two years which to us
are and ever will be so memorable.

So full of absorbing interest have been our
days at college, so replete with pleasant inci-
dents, so delightful have been the associations
formed, that it seems the recollections of these
days can never be obliterated from our minds,
but will ever remain there, fresh and imperish-
able.

The lectures, the recitations, and the meet-
ings of our class have all furnished incidents,
which will offer themselves to us as mental
gratifications, long after the old building in
which they have occurred, shall have ceased to
exist.

Do you recall that first lecture in chemistry
when our enthusiasm at the success of some in-
teresting experiment found vent in a demonstra-
tion wherein our pedal extremities were em-
ployed with such striking effect? — how Professor
Elliot then solemnly warned us that through
such demonstrations the micrococcus and spiril-
lum were enabled to rise in their dignity and re-
venge themselves with fiendish ierocity upon the
guilless youth who had disturbed their repose.
And do you recall how, later on, all timidity

and fear of this suddenly left us when Professor
Coblentz unconcernedly announced that twelve
of those distinguished families dwelt in peace
and serenity in our very mouths ?

But aside from the pleasant incidents of the
lecture hall, we are here to-night reminded of
the pleasant hours spent at our class meetings.
It was here that our true natures became known
to each other and here it was that bonds of
friendship were formed, which time may weaken
but can never sunder.

In recalling the studies which we undertook
to master, you remember how complex and
hieroglyphical to us at first seemed the graphic
formulae of chemistry; how like a labyrinth of
unworldly knowledge appeared the classifica-
tions and divisions of drugs, and how persist-
ently the preparations of the salts of iron es-
caped our minds and eluded our efforts to re-
capture and retain them.

But, fellow students, having been so fortunate
as to receive our instruction from a faculty so
learned, so eminent and so universally honored
and respected as that of our own Alma Mater,
how could we long remain in ignorance of the
knowledge which they took such pains to im-
part to us ?

Guided by the results of their ripe judgement
and experience, and constantly perseverant in
our endeavors to be just to ourselves and there-
by just to those who have labored in our behalf
we have mastered the intricate equations of
chemists, passed safely through the labyrinthine
classifications of pharmacognosy and Materia
Medica, and even the troublesome preparations
of pharmacy have become subservient to our
will.

And now professors and learned instructors,
■ we are reminded of the duty which we as grad-
uates owe to you.

For two years we have been under your
guidance and instruction. We have been by
you initiated into the hidden mysteries of
science, we have been brought to a clearer
understanding of Nature's wonders and have
become well versed in the theories and practices
pertaining to our profession, indeed, through
you there has been opened to us the path lead-
ing to original scientific research.

What the future has in store for us we know
not, but be assured, gentlemen, the knowledge
here acquired will be utilized for the purpose
they are designed for the conscientious prepara-
tion of remedies tending towards the alleviation
of human suffering, the mitigation of pain and

124

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

anguish wherever disease has set its heavy
hand.

But alas ! One who at the beginning of the
last session was one of you, has been taken
from our midst by the will of our Heavenly
Father. To-day we recall his brilliant intellect,
his true manliness of character and his sterling
personality. Esteemed and honored by all who
knew him, self-sacrificing in his devoted inter-
est to our Alma Mater and ourselves, he depart
ed this world before the brilliant plans, which
he had outlined, could be executed.

And now, fellow students, we are about to go
forth into the world as professional men.

Never before was the profession so in need of
true scientific pharmacists and there is surely
no reason why we as graduates of so noble and
lofty institution as the College of Pharmacy of
the City of New York should not lead in the
effort to restore our profession to that position
of trust and purity which it should justly com
mand. Let our object be not alone a pecuniary
one, but let us labor also for a nobler, a divine
purpose — to aid and benefit mankind.

Classmates : — Two days hence and we shall
be together for the last time as a class ; but two
days more and we shall bid adieu to one another
and depart to our various homes. Some will
leave for the far West, for Utah, for Indiana,
some go to New England and others to the
South.

How fruitful a source of pleasure it would be
to us, if we could all remain in this great city,
meeting frequently to renew our pledges of
friendship and to rehearse and dwell fondly on
the success and incidents of our college days. But
this cannot be. Our homes are distant and vast
stretches of territory must separate many of us
from those whose friendship we prized so dearly.
And yet we may rest assured that however dis-
tant we may be from each other, we will forget
neither the friends from whom we have parted
nor the Alma Mater from whose maternal arms
we have wrested ourselves with a triumph at
once glorious and tender. Absence can never
destroy the love a student bears his Alma Mater,
the Benign Mother to which he clung when
hope and ambition burned fiercely within him,
and though the distance which separates him
from the scene of his learning be indeed great,
the recollections of those days at college will
remain with him ever urging him on to nobler
deeds and loftier aspirations.

We who remain in the vicinity of the college
will watch her progress with unswerving loyalty
and undiminished interest. We see in her

remarkable development since her incorpora-
tion the basis for a still more wonderful growth,
we see her as an institution amongst the fore-
most in the land ; we see her as the incarnation
of idealism, her methods of instruction rivaling,
aye excelling those of any other similar institu-
tion in this broad country.

That she may ever flourish and prosper, that
she may continue to grow in wealth and
influence is the prayer of all her graduates. It
is the sentiment which we, of the class of
ninety- four, pledge her here to-night.

OUR FACULTY.

BY NELSON S. KIRK.

I am fortunately enabled this evening to con-
fine my remarks to a familiar honorable body,
our Faculty. I could devote considerable time
eulogizing these gentlemen, but as my fellow
Jerseyite, Mr. Kussey, is to be best man on this
occasion, I will concentrate my remarks q. s.
to allow him the opportunity to extinguish him-
self.

Our Faculty, to which we have by this time
become quite attached, will in a few days sever
their connections with us as instructors to meet
hereafter as friends, and members of our honor-
able profession. No longer will we listen to
their familiar phrases as senior students but as
graduates, and I sincerely hope, both as post
graduate students and members of our Alumni
Association.

Having had of late considerable experience
with these gentlemen, which I am pleased to
say resulted satisfactory to the majority of us,
I shall endeavor to throw the '94 search-light
upon them with a kindly hand.

You, Dr. Chandler, have made a favorable
impression, long to be cherished and not soon
- to be forgotten, by your many jokes and inter-
esting lectures, especially the one on the Tri
Phenyl Rose Analines, of which, when con-
cluded, left several of us sufiering with symp-
toms analogous to saturnine paralysis.

Dr. Rusby, we all know that you have been
unfortunate in your color reactions, but we
don't doubt in the least but that you will meet
with greater success in the new building. We
are, therefore, very sorry that Providence has
prevented us from being with you on those oc-
casions.

Dr. Elliot, you have spoiled us. However,
you treated us so generous on your examina-
tions that we will forgive you for trying to teach
us that fish story, of their death, and resurrec-
tion in a Sb H3 solution.

THE ALUMNI JOURNAL.

125

And you, Dr. Cobleuz, as a prognosticator,
I am sorry to say have been very unsuccess
ful. Our many hours devoted to the achieve-
ments of Messrs. Fleischmann and Bettendor-
have as yet proved of no great value. Tere-
bene as a substitution product was quite a
stranger.

The sincere voluminous applause that has
always greeted you, Mr. Oehler, upon your
entrance in the quiz room, is itself a sufficient
mark of gratitude. You put the fine adjust-
ment to the Benzol ring, and fully explained
the composition of Di Methyl Sulphone, Di
Ethyl Methane, and thus deprived us of the
necessity of partaking of some of the aforesaid
remedy in order to produce that rest so bene-
ficial to a brain that had been excreting choles-
terine on such an enormous scale.

Your services to us, Mr. Ferguson, as the
final results will certify, have proved of unex.
ceptional value. Your self-sacrifices to us have
been acknowledged, and I assure you they
will never be forgotten.

As to our late Dr. Harrison, his memory will
always prove dear to us.

And you, Mr. Madison, though with us but
a short time, have endeared yourself to us,
and by your punning propensities have often
removed the gloom of sorrow from a rather
dull quiz.

In conclusion. Gentlemen of the Faculty,
I will say to you that we owe you a debt that
we can never repay, and I sincerely hope that
our future lives and deeds will reflect credit
upon you.

( To be Continued. )

OUR HISTORY

BY FRANK J. KELLER, PH. G.

Ho7i. Professors, Toastmaster and Fellow-
Students :

For the last two years it has been a pleasure
for us to listen to the lectures of our professors,
but, gentlemen, is it not gratifying to know that
we may retaliate bj having them listen to us
this evening ?

The subject of History, assigned to me, is
indeed a vast and varied one; one of which such
men as Hume, McCauley and Gibbon have de-
voted their lives.

When reading the history of the various na-
tions how often are we compelled to shudder at
the very thought of the acts of violence and the
acts of barbarisms perpetrated, all of which go
to make their history; but the particular history
which it is my pleasure to dwell upon this even-

ing is one devoid of such acts. It is the history
of our class of '94. We met two short years
ago as total strangers, coming together from
far and near for the purpose of furthering our
knowledge in the profession, and in so doing
we organized the class of '94, which, like every-
thing else, has its history. Yes, gentlemen, and
a history which I dare say will be remembered
much better than the history of our various
metals, as also the habitats of our numerous
drugs.

To try and relate the various anecdotes which
came to pass in our junior year would be a try-
ing task.

But when we met in the fall of '93 we did so
as seniors — as men to reorganize our class and
try to make its history one which others not
belonging to the class may look upon as an
exception to all others. We have until no^
tried our best. Whether our efforts have
been crowned with success or not remains for
Wednesday evening to tell.

Our election of officers, as you all know, was
very dubious until the counting of the las
ballot, which shows that we have all taken that
interest in our class which meant the selection
of our best men. And, gentlemen, cannot we
congratulate each other that in choosing the
men we did to fill the various offic