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ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION 

PUBLICATIONS ^ 

OF 

THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 


First Series 
ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


Volume II 

1945-1958 


THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PRESS 
LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 
1958 


ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION 

PUBLICATIONS 

ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


Volume 11 
1945-1958 


THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PRESS 
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 
1958 


CONTENTS 


1. Sponges of the Gulf of California, by Malcolm Gibson 

Dickinson 1-252 

2. The Holothurioidea collected by the Velero III and IV during the years 
1932 to 1954. Part II. Aspidochirota, by Elisabeth Deichmann . 253-350 

Index 353-358 


74715 


SPONGES OF THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA 

(Plates 1-97) 
Malcolm Gibson Dickinson 

INTRODUCTION 

The Gulf of California is a geographical unit. Its boundaries are 
definitely established by land on three sides. It is also, in a sense, a time 
unit, since its beginnings in the Eocene, extension in the Miocene, and 
continued existence to the present give it a definite age. 

These durational boundaries make the region unique among the marine 
areas of a like size. Most coastal regions of the present oceans, such, for 
example, as the coast of California or even the Gulf of Mexico, have 
existed throughout known time, undergoing many changes of shape and 
shore but still continuing to exist. 

These unusual features give the fauna of the Gulf of California a 
peculiar interest. It came into being in the Eocene and Miocene periods 
w^hen, for at least part of the time, a water connection existed between 
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across Mexico. No known earlier fauna 
existed in the region, and it is there that a migratory fauna might be 
expected to establish itself. For this reason a study of the fauna of the 
Gulf region should logically be expected to furnish evidence on the 
ancestry and relationships of many of the Pacific coast forms. 

With the exception of the work done on the cruise of the Albatross in 
1891, the sponges of the Gulf of California have not been collected for 
a detailed scientific study. The records indicate that on the Albatross 
cruise three species of sponges were collected from the Gulf of California. 
All of these were deep-water forms, since the Albatross collecting was 
done largely at considerable depth. Such sponges are not of great signifi- 
cance as representative forms of a region, since the deep-water sponges 
are almost invariably cosmopolitan. 

This lack of data on the sponge fauna to the south of California, 
including the Gulf region, has made it difficult to properly relate the 
sponges of California to those of other geographic areas. The California 
sponges have long been considered to be an isolated group, their origin a 
puzzle, and their relatives unknown. 

With this background, the author began in 1935 his study of the 
sponges of the Allan Hancock Foundation collections. The results of 

[1] 


2 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

those years of study are presented herein in the form of a detailed taxo- 
nomic report on the sponges of the Gulf of California, together with the 
comparison of this fauna with that of the West Indies and of the coast 
of California. 

ACKNOWLEDGME NTS 

The writer wishes to express sincere thanks to Dr. M. W. de Lauben- 
fels, whose advice at all stages has been invaluable and whose generosity 
with reprints, personal librarj^, and other material has been most helpful. 

Materials and Technique 

The sponges herein described were collected by members of the Allan 
Hancock Pacific Expeditions in 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1939, and 
1940. All collecting was done in December, January, February, March, 
and April. Over six hundred specimens were collected on the cruises of 
the Velero III from the Gulf region, which represent all 3 classes of 
sponges, 10 orders, 30 families, 56 genera, and 67 species. Twenty- six 
new species and one new genus were found. 

The technique used in preparing the sponges is as follows: The 
animals, on collection, were placed directly into 95 per cent alcohol. Suf- 
ficient alcohol was added from time to time to keep the concentration 
above 80 per cent. For making slides, a thin slice of the sponge was taken 
perpendicularly and tangentially to the surface. This was done with a 
razor blade, as considerable depth was needed on the slide for proper 
identification. Sections up to .5 mm were used with good results. The bits 
of sponge were placed directly on the slide and flooded with 95 per cent 
alcohol, to which a small amount of basic fuchsin had been added. This 
solution was then blotted off. Absorbent paper toweling was found to be 
excellent for this purpose. Then the specimen was washed with absolute 
alcohol, blotted, and cleared with a saturated solution of carbol-xylene. 
The carbol-xylene was then removed with clear xylene and again blotted. 
Balsam was placed on the specimen and the cover slip pressed into place. 
A heavy balsam, warmed to the proper fluidity, was used without injury 
to the specimen. This was an advantage because the sections were rather 
thick and light balsam tended to run from under the cover slip. 

The system of identification used throughout this paper follows the 
revision made by M. W. de Laubenfels (1936). The only other modern 
system is that of Hentschel ( 1923). His classification was very incomplete 
in the class Demospongia. He dealt with only 340 genera of the 602 
definitely established in his time. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 3 

Since 1923 more than one hundred genera have been published. As 
this paper deals largely with the Demospongia, Hentschel's system is not 
practical. Earlier systems such as those of Minchin (1900) and Vosmaer 
(1885) are not useful in present-day work, both because they are neces- 
sarily incomplete and because they are not based on modern methods of 
identification. 

A TAXONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE SPONGES OF 
THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA 

The taxonomic analysis developed in the following pages presents first 
the order Keratosa, which is a complex and highly evolved group, and 
proceeds to the order Carnosa, which is primitive. Keratosa contains the 
type of the Phylum, as well as those sponges which are commercially 
valuable. For this reason the order is much studied. It is of historical 
interest because the keratose sponges are pictured on Grecian bas-reliefs, 
perhaps the oldest known recording of marine invertebrates. The Carnosa 
have evolved little beyond what is probably the most primitive Demo- 
spongia. The group of Carnosa is small ; it contains no species of com- 
mercial value and is little studied. Because it is primitive, it is more 
closely related to the class Calcarea, which, since it is represented by few 
specim.ens in the Hancock collection, is discussed last. 

Since many of the original descriptions of sponges need clarifying and 
interpreting in terms of modern, uniform taxonomical usage, all species 
studied, whether new or old, are described herein. 

Order KeRATOSA Bowerbank 

Family SpOngiidae Gray 

Genus HALME Lendenfeld 

Halme hancocki, new species 

Plates 1, 2, Figs. 1-4 

Diagnosis. — The specimen is a thin incrustation 8 by 5 by .5 cm and 
is apparently a fragment of a much larger mass. In alcohol the color is 
drab, both internally and externally. The color in life is not recorded. 
The consistency is distinctly fleshy and very firm to the touch. Conules 
are present on the surface, which is deeply pitted. Each depression is 2 to 
3 mm in diameter and separated from the next only by a very thin wall. 
The whole appearance is that of an empty honeycomb. The entire 
specimen is exceptionally free of foreign material on the surface. The 
underside is quite smooth, except for occasional depressions probably due 
to irregularities in the surface of the coral on which the sponge grew. 


4 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

Oscules, which vary in size from about 1,500 to 2,500 fx in diameter, 
are irregularly scattered over the surface. The pores are not visible to 
the naked eye. 

Flagellate chambers are usually about 25 by 35 /x, but occasional 
smaller ones are observed. They are diploidal, as is characteristic of the 
family. 

Ascending fibers average 150 ju in width, but vary between 120 /x and 
165 IX. The tangential fibers very between 70 and 125 /x with an average 
near 100. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 1. 

Type locality. — Isabel Island, Sinaloa, Mexico; pontes coral; 4 m. 

Distribution. — Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 125-33 Isabel Island 3-19-33 4 m 

Remarks. — The specimen dififers from most of the genus in that it 
does not have sand particles at the nodes and also in that it has both 
relatively very large secondary fibers and very large amounts of detritus 
in the primary fibers. 

It is most like the sponge first described as Holopsamma laminae- 
favorsa. Carter 1885, from Australia, but that sponge had a smooth 
ectosome, whereas the Hancock specimen possesses conspicuous cornules. 
Furthermore, H. laminae-favorsa had main fibers made up of sand grains 
with little spongin and tangential fibers only 16 ju, wide. H. hancocki has 
a large amount of detritus irregularly placed in the primary fibers but 
no sand grains at the nodes, much spongin, and exceptionally wide tan- 
gential fibers ( 100 /x as compared to 16 /x average) . 

Genus HIRCINIA Nardo 
Hircinia fusca Carter 

Plate 3, Fig. 5 

Hircinia fusca Carter, 1880, p. 36. 

Diagnosis. — This sponge has a ramose to digitate shape, is brown in 
life, and is rather firm in consistency. 

The principal tracts have a diameter of 100 to 180 ^a and have much 
detritus. The mesh of the fibers is about 1,000 jx in diameter. Filaments 
are abundant and average about 3 /x in thickness. 

Holotype. — Liverpool Free Museum. 

Type locality. — European waters. 

Distribution. — Cosmopolitan. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 650-37 San Fransisco Island 3- 9-37 92 m 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 5 

Remarks. — This sponge does not differ materially from published 
descriptions of the holotype. 

Genus VERONGIA Bowerbank 

Verongia thiona de Laubenfels 

Plate 3, Fig. 6 

Verongia thiona de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 28. 

Diagnosis. — Verongia is an incrustation, spongy and yellow in life, 
turning blue or purple on drying. The fibers, which are laminate, are 
clear yellow. "Histological details: The flagellate chambers are spher- 
oidal, 25 jx in diameter. Principal fibers 80 to 150 /x in diameter, cored by 
the usual pith as found in this genus. Pith of the fibers, 50 yit to 100 /x, in 
diameter." (de Laubenfels 1932, p. 124.) 

Holotype. — U.S.N.M. 

Type locality. — Laguna Beach, California. 

Distribution. — Southern California to the Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 554-36 Angel de la Guardia Island 3- 8-36 20 m 

Sta. 633-37 Espiritu Santo Island 3- 6-37 36 m 

Sta. 1040-40 GuaymasBay 1-23-40 Shore 

Sta. 1073-40 Rocky Point, Sonora 2-3-40 20 m 

Remarks. — The specimens agree closely with the type specimen de- 
scribed from Laguna, although in the Gulf specimen the principal fibers 
are somewhat smaller ( 100 /i maximum, and the pith only 30 to 60 /a) . 

Family Dysideidae Gray 

Genus DYSIDEA Johnston 

Dysidea amblia de Laubenfels 

Plate 4, Figs. 7, 8 

Duseideia amblia de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 28. 
Dysidea amblia de Laubenfels, 1932, p. 123. 

Diagnosis. — "Shape, digitate somewhat ramose. Size, up to 20 or 30 
cm in height, about 1 cm in diameter. Consistency spongy. Color, in 
alcohol, drab. Oscules, inconspicuous, barely 100 /x, in diameter. Pores, 
not evident. Surface, superficially conulose with conules usually less than 
1mm high and less than 1 mm apart. 

"Ectosomal specialization, a veiy thin dermis, not detachable. Endo- 
somal structure, a fibrous reticulation with meshes about 250 /* in 
diameter. Principal or ascending fibers, 100 fi to 200 fx. in diameter. Cored, 
sometimes superabundantly, by scattered sand grains often more than 


6 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

100 /x in diameter. Accessory or transverse fibers 1 /i, to 25 ju, in diameter, 
often uncommon, usually free from inclusions. The flagellate chambers 
are conspicuous, crowded together, and about 45 )u, to 55 /x in diameter." 
(de Laubenfels, 1932, p. 123.) 

Holotype. — U.S.N.M. 

Type locality. — "Long Wharf," Santa Monica, California. 

Distribution. — Reported from Carmel, California, to the Gulf of 
California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 720-37 Rocky Point, Sonora, Mexico 3-24-37 12 m 

Remarks. — The material examined agrees very closely with the south- 
ern California material, although the flagellate chambers are, on the 
average, somewhat larger and the mesh somewhat smaller in the Gulf 
specimens than is typical of specimens from southern California. In the 
latter respect the Gulf specimens are even closer to Dysidea fragilis of 
the West Indies than are the California specimens, indicating, perhaps, 
that the West Coast sponge may have evolved from the West Indies and 
that the differences became more marked as it spread north. 

Order HaPLOSGLERINA Topsent 

Family Haliclonidae de Laubenfels 

Genus HALIGLONA Grant 

Haliclona cinerea (Grant) 

Plate 5, Figs. 9, 10 

Spongia cinerea Grant, 1827, p. 204. 
Halichondria cinerea Fleming, 1828, p. 521. 
Isodictya cinerea Bowerbank, 1866, p. 274. 
Reniera cinerea Schmidt, 1870, p. 77. 
Haliclona cinerea de Laubenfels, 1932, p. 120. 

Diagnosis. — This is an encrusting form, drab in alcohol, and about 
6 X 2 X 4 cm thick. Oscules are conspicuous over the surface and average 
4 mm in diameter. The surface is very irregular with many porelike 
depressions. The endosome has vague tracts of spicules forming an irregu- 
lar reticulation. The sole type of spicule is an oxea. Typical specimens 
from the Gulf of California show the following spicule measurements: 

Specimen 1 — 5 x 1 15 /x 

Specimen 2 — 6 x 140 /a 

Specimen 3 — 4 x 190 /x 

Holotype. — Probably in the British Museum of Natural History. 

Type locality. — Europe. 


NO, 1 DICKINSON: SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 7 

Distribution. — This species is cosmopolitan, having been reported 
from all parts of the world, notably from southern California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 515-36 San Francisco Island 2-24-36 Shore 

Sta. 584-36 Concepcion Bay 3-14-36 16 m 

Remarks. — There is a considerable variation within the specimens 
examined, and it is possible to match the variations in spicule size with 
published variations in species. However, it appears preferable to identify 
all these specimens with the older cosmopolitan species, which should 
probably receive many of the Haliclona in synonymy. 

Haliclona palmata (Ellis and Solander) 
Plate 6, Figs. 11, 12; Plate 7, Fig. 13 

Spongia palmata Ellis and Solander, 1786, p. 189. 
Haliclona palmata Burton, 1930, p. 511, 

Diagnosis. — Specimens of this sponge are semiglobular, resilient, and 
drab in alcohol. Gemmules are present in some specimens. Their most 
characteristic size is 160 by 200 fx. The internal structure is typical Hali- 
clonid architecture with the suggestion of reticulation and the lack of 
dermal specialization. The oxeas are 4 by 45 ft with very little variation 
and no differences in arrangement or size for the various sections of the 
sponge. 

Holotype. — British Museum. 

Type locality. — European waters. 

Distribution. — Cosmopolitan. 

Material exa?nined. — 
Sta, 515-36 San Francisco Island 2-24-36 Shore 

Remarks. — The Hancock specimens of Haliclona palmata look, super- 
ficially, somewhat like H. lunisimilis de Laubenfels from Pacific Grove, 
California ; but the oxeas are, as noted above, only 4 by 45 /x as compared 
with 8 to 10 by 110 to 125 ju, in //. lunisimilis. It is possible that the 
specimens should be classified with those mentioned above as H. cinerea 
or with H. lunisimilis; but H. palmata is also well established and cos- 
mopolitan, and the spiculation of our specimens is much closer to it than 
to that of either of the others. 


Haliclona permolis (Bowerbank) 
Plate 7, Fig. 14; Plate 8, Fig. 15 

Isodictya permolis Bowerbank, 1866, p. 278, 
Isodictya ramuscula Bowerbank, 1866, p, 314. 
Haliclona permolis de Laubenfels, 1936, p. 38. 


8 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

Diagnosis. — This is the cosmopolitan, lavender sponge, which is softly 
spongy and rather slimy to the touch. The Gulf specimens have oscular 
chimneys shaped like volcanic cones sometimes 1 cm high over the surface. 
Oscules are about 2 mm in diameter. Pores 200 p, in diameter are abund- 
ant. There are no spicules in the dermis and no subdermal cavities. Speci- 
mens are 1 cm thick and cover an area averaging 25 cms square. The 
internal structure is an isodictyal reticulation of oxeas averaging 5 by 
130 /x. 

Holotype. — British Museum. 

Type locality. — British w^aters. 

Distribution. — ^World w^ide. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 515-36 San Francisco Island 2-24-36 Shore 

Sta. 586-36 Concepcion Bay 3-14-36 8 m 

Remarks. — This specimen has been previously reported from Albe- 
marle Island, Galapagos, by earlier Hancock Pacific Expeditions and 
again from Albemarle Island by members of the Presidential Cruise to 
those w^aters in 1938, as w^ell as near Panama City by de Laubenfels in 
1933. It has also been reported from nearly all oceans of the vi^orld. It is 
easily identifiable by its unvarying lavender color. This is one of the few 
instances where color seems important in sponge identification. 

Family Gallyspongiidae de Laubenfels 

Genus GALLYSPONGIA Duchassaing and Michelotti 

Gallyspongia californica, new species 

Plate 8, Fig. 16 ; Plate 9, Figs. 17, 18 

Diagnosis. — The specimen of this sponge is a fragment 5 cm long, 
4 cm wide, and slightly more than 1 cm high. The general form tends to 
be somewhat ramose. The consistency is from mediocre to fragile, and the 
entire specimen is translucent but brownish in color, both internally and 
externally. 

The surface is superficially smooth. There appears to be a surface 
membrane about 100 ju, thick, which is very tightly held. Uniformly 
scattered over the specimen are openings 200 ju, in diameter. 7 here are 
in addition larger openings 2 mm in diameter. These tend to occur at the 
end of the branches, but this is not always the case. 

The spiculation, as is typical in Gallyspongia, consists exclusively of 
small oxeas and is tangential. The oxeas are rather larger than is usual 
for this genus. Many were found which measured 5 by 150 /x, but the 
average size is more nearly 3 by 80 /a. The ascending fibers are 25 jx wide 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 9 

and contain about 20 rows of spicules. The fibers are largely spongin, 
containing but very little detritus. The primary dermal mesh measures 
130 by 220 fi as an average. The second mesh is about 100 /x square. 

Holotype. — ^AHF no. 2. 

Type locality. — Tangola Tangola Bay, Mexico; Lat. 15° 45' 37" N, 
Long. 96° 05' 24" W, Tangola Tangola Island. 

D istrib u tion. — S ame. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 261-34 Tangola Tangola 3- 1-34 Shore 

Remarks. — This specimen differs from Callyspongia vaginalis Lamarck 
in the size of the oxeas, which frequently measure 5 by 150 /x with an 
average of 3 by 80 /a as compared with an average of 3 by 50 /x for C. 
vaginalis, which has an upper limit of 4 by 70 /x. C. ridley Burton is the 
only species that has such large spicules. This specimen, which was col- 
lected in Australia, has oxeas that measure 8 by 200 [x. 

The coarser dermal fibers of C. vaginalis vary from 30 to 70 /a and 
form a mesh 130 to 400 fi in diameter. The specimen under discussion 
shows main fibers which vary little from 25 fx and a primary mesh which 
rarely exceeds 220 /x. The finer dermal strands of the Hancock specimen 
measure 8 fi wide as compared with an average of 15 /j. for C. vaginalis 
and form a mesh about 100 /x square as against 80 /a. 

This specimen is also very much smaller with tubes much shorter than 
C. vaginalis, which has a typical tube length of 20 cm as compared with 
1 cm. The texture is more delicate and does not exhibit the characteristic 
conules. 

In reviewing the species of Callyspongia for purposes of comparison, 
it was noted that the species described by Lendenfeld, 1912, p. 2, as 
Spinosella infundibulum should not be left in Callyspongia. In general, of 
course, Spinosella falls in synonymy to Callyspongia, but on the basis of 
Lendenfeld's description his infundibulutn belongs in the Haliclonidae, 
the genus Cribrochalina. 

Although this specimen is not properly from the Gulf of California 
region, it seems expedient to include it in the present paper, since its loca- 
tion to the south places it directly in the path which was probably followed 
by the present sponge fauna of the Gulf of California as it migrated from 
the West Indies. A water passage across Mexico connecting the Atlantic 
and the Pacific existed in the late Miocene period. 


10 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 

Order POEGILOSGLERINA Topsent 

Family Adociidae de Laubenfels 

Genus ADOGIA Gray 

Adocia gelHndra de Laubenfels 

Plate 10, Figs. 19, 20 

Halichoclona gellindra de Laubenfels, 1932, p. 114. 
Adocia gellindra de Laubenfels, 1936, p. 71. 

Diagnosis. — "Shape encrusting, size 2 to 4 mm thick, somewhat more 
than 4 square cm in area. Consistency, fragile. Color in life, pale lavender. 
Oscules, few and irregular in shape, about 1 mm in diameter, often with 
raised collars nearly 1 mm high. Pores, abundant, 30 jx to 50 /x in diame- 
ter. Surface, superficially smooth. 

"Ectosomal specialization, a crust of tangentially placed oxeas, its 
thickness only about 20 /a. Endosomal structure, oxeas in very regular 
isodictyal reticulation, united at their apices only. 

"Principal spicules, oxeas size 3 /x by 110 /x to 4 /a by 120 /x. The 
specimen from Laguna Beach, California, had spicules 8 ju, by 150 /a to 
10 IX by 170 /x." (de Laubenfels, 1932, p. 114.) 

Holotype.—\J .?,.'NM. 

Type locality. — Carmel, California. 

Distribution. — Reported from Carmel, California, to the Gulf of 
California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 728-37 San Esteban Island 3-27-37 Shore 

Remarks. — The oxea size (5 by 145 /x to 8 by 180 ^) of the Gulf 
specimens is rather larger than the typical size found in the holotype but 
corresponds very closely with the sizes reported from the specimens found 
at Laguna Beach, California. 

Adocia ambrosia, new species 
Plate 11, Figs. 21, 22; Plate 12, Figs. 23, 24 

Diagnosis. — The specimen of this sponge is 14 cm long, 4 cm wide, 
and 3 cm thick. It is rather ramose in general form. In texture it is woody, 
and in color a light drab when preserved. The surface is superficially 
smooth, and there is a definite tangential dermal skeleton, nondetachable, 
averaging 600 (x in thickness. The specimen appears to be a fragment of a 
larger mass. 

Pores are abundantly scattered all over the surface, although they 
are too small to be seen with the naked eye. The average diameter of these 
openings is 30 /x. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 11 

Oscules are also found. They vary in size up to 4,000 /a with an 
average of 3,500 /x. The spiculation is, in general, tangent and reticulate. 
The principal megascleres are exclusively diacts with an average size of 
14 by 240 /a, and there is little variation from the average. A second 
category of oxeas, averaging 3 by 130 [x, with very little size variation is 
also present. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 3. 

Type locality. — East of San Marcos Island, Mexico; 12 fms; sand 
bottom. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Alaterial examined. — 
Sta. 581-36 San Marcos Island 3-14-36 24 m 

Remarks. — This Adocia differs from A. gellindra^ also found in the 
Gulf, chiefly in the size of the principal oxeas, which are almost twice as 
large, and in the possession of a second class of megascleres. In the latter 
respect it is like A. neens^ a West Indian sponge, but A. neens has much 
smaller spicules and has a protoplasmic mesh at the surface resembling 
that found in Callyspongia. It might be added that the ramose shape and 
drab color of the new species contrast with the lavender color and encrust- 
ing form of A. gellindra. 

Genus PELLINA Schmidt 

Pellina semitubulose (Lieberkiihn) 

Plate 13, Figs. 25, 26 

Halichondria semitubulose Lieberkiihn, 1859, p. 363. 

Diagnosis. — The specimen is a paper-thin tube 3 or 4 mm in diameter 
and 25 mm long. It is broken at one end. 

The ectosome is raised and easily detachable, since it covers subdermal 
spaces. It contains tangentially placed spicules. The endosome has a well- 
defined isodictyal reticulation. 

The sole kind of spicule is the smooth oxea. These are most frequently 
5 by 130 fjL, but there is considerable range from 10 by 125 |ii to 2 by 50 ju,. 

Holo type. — Unknown. 

Type locality. — Mediterranean. 

Distribution. — Cosmopolitan. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 640-37 San Lorenzo Channel 3- 7-37 60 m 

Remarks. — The tube described above is beyond doubt an oscular 
chimney broken from the basal mass, of which only fragments are left 
along with the tube. 


12 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 

Genus SIGMADOGIA de Laubenfels 

Sigmadocia edaphus de Laubenfels 

Plate 14, Figs. 27, 28 ; Plate IS, Fig. 29 

Gellius edaphus de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 28. 
Sigmadocia edaphus de Laubenfels, 1936, p. 69. 

Diagnosis. — This is a rather massive sponge, almost stony hard, and, 
when preserved, white in color. Oscules 1 to 2 mm in diameter are often 
present. The surface appears to be smooth. There is a well-developed 
dermal layer, although it is only 10 to 20 /x thick and not easily detachable. 
Tangentially placed spicules are present in this special layer. 

The spiculation is typical of the family and genus, consisting of oxeas 
as large as 18 by 400 /x with considerable variation down to 10 by 225 /*. 
The microscleres are sigmas only and these average 40 ju. in length. 

Ho lo type. — U. S . N . M . 

Type locality. — Pescadero Point, California. 

Distribution. — Pescadero Point south to the Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 667-37 Carmen Island 3-12-37 120 m 

Remarks. — The oxeas in these specimens average somewhat larger 
than the specimens from central and southern California (15 by 270 fi 
as against 18 by 400 ;«,) ; but there is considerable variation within all 
specimens, so that overlapping occurs at least to some extent. The micro- 
scleres are of about the same length in specimens from all locations. 

Family Goelosphaeridae Hentschel 

Genus RHIZOCHALINA Schmidt 

Rhizochalina pacifica, new species 

Plate 15, Fig. 30 ; Plate 16, Figs. 31, 32 

Diagnosis. — The Hancock specimens of this sponge appear to be 
oscular chimneys or lipostomous fistules torn from a basal plate or mass, 
only fragments of which are present. 

The specimens are white, averaging about 3 cm long and from .5 cm 
to 1 cm in diameter. The surface, which is tough and leathery, is white 
in alcohol and pierced by abundant pores about .5 mm in diameter. There 
are oscules at the ends of most of the chimneys. These are 2 or 3 mm in 
diameter. The surface is slightly hispid. 

The endosome is not dense and is held together between the tough 
ectosome and the fleshy cloacal dermis. | 

The only spicules are oxeas, which are about 30 ju, by 1,300 /x. There 
is little size variation, although rare thinner and longer oxeas are found. 


NO. 1 . DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 13 

The principal fibers are 50 fi in diameter and contain 4 spicule rows. The 
secondary fibers are difficult to make out and contain only occasional 
spicules. Spicules are also scattered in confusion outside the fibers. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 4. 

Type locality. — San Jaime Banks, off Cape San Lucas, Mexico ; Lat. 
22° 50' 30'' N, Long. 110° 15' W; old coralline algae, granite rocks. 

Distribution. — Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 618-37 San Jaime Bank 3-3-37 150 m 

Reinarks. — The San Jaime Banks are not in the Gulf of California; 
but their location near the mouth, plus the fact that the sponge fauna 
from there is, in most cases, also found in the Gulf proper, makes the 
location an integral part of the region as far as this study is concerned. 

There is no other Rhizochalina reported from the west coast of the 
Americas. In fact, none has been reported from the American zone of the 
Pacific Basin. The nearest relative appears to be R. sessilis Kirkpatrick, 
1900, from the East Indies. This had a pyramid to fingerlike shape, but 
its oxeas are only 14 by 372 fx. This is a large difference. The principal 
tracts are much larger and contain 10 rows of spicules, while the second- 
ary tracts are about the size of the principal tract in the Gulf species and 
contain 3 rows of spicules. R.oleracea Schmidt, 1870, which is the geno- 
type, is somewhat similar, but has even smaller spicules than R. sessilis. 
It is West Indian. 

Family Plocamiidae Topsent 

Genus PLOGAMIA Schmidt 

Plocamia karyoka, new species 

Plate 17, Figs. 33, 34; Plate 18, Fig. 35 

Diagnosis. — This is an encrusting sponge, rather firm in consistency, 
with branching protrusions often several mm in diameter, making up the 
bulk of the specimen. The preserved material from the Gulf is, of course, 
drab. 

The endodermal structure Is interesting in that its ascending columns 
with connecting spicules give it a ladderlike appearance under the low 
power of a microscope. 

The principal spicules are subtylostyles with microspined heads; size 
18 /A by 340 /*. Secondary spicules, strongyles with microspined heads; 
size 16 [x by 200 fi to 22 fi by 175 /x. Interstitial spicules, tylostyles; size 
12 /t by 200 /A to 3 /A by 160 ju,. First microsclere, palmate isochelas of a 
peculiar twisted form; length 10 /x to 17 /x. Second microsclere, toxas; 
length 18 /A to 80 JU,. 


14 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 

Holotype. — AHF no. 5. 

Type locality. — Isabel Island, Mexico; 40 m; dead shells and sand. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 974-39 Isabel Island 5- 9-39 Shore 

Remarks. — This sponge is close to Plocamia karykina of California, 
but the tylostyles are much longer (18 ^a by 340 ii) and there are 
strongyles instead of tylotes. The most interesting feature of this specimen 
is the peculiar contortion of the palmate isochelas. One palm on nearly 
all of them is turned at right angles to the other, making them difficult to 
identify as to type. This type of contortion is common with sigmas but 
relatively rare with chelas. Such contortion never occurs in F. karykina 
from California. 

Genus PLOGAMIONIDA Topsent 

Plocamionida igzo de Laubenfels 

Plate 18, Fig. 36 

Plocamia igzo de Laubenfels, 1932, p. 102. 
Plocamionida igzo de Laubenfels, 1936, p. 78. 

Diagnosis. — This is an encrusting sponge, stiff to woody in consistency, 
and drab in alcohol. California specimens are red in life. Oscules are 
rarely present, and the surface specialization is not evident to the naked 
eye. 

The endosome is of the plumose type of architecture but not closely 
organized. 

The spiculation is rather typical of the genus with smooth to micro- 
spined tylostyles 1 1 ^u, by 190 /x to 35 /.i by 340 /x as dermal spicules, spined 
tylotes 13 /x by 130/x as principal spicules, and arcuate chelas 14 /x long. 

Holotype.— \].?>.'H.M. 

Type locality. — Point Pines, California. 

Distribution. — Central California to the Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 277-34 Isabel Island 3- 5-34 30 m 

Remarks. — Perhaps it is worthy of note that both Plocamionida and 
Plocamia are found at Isabel Island and are common in the same locality 
in central California. In view of this fact we might well be justified in 
considering them, as variations of the same genus. However, the chelas are 
very different, and this has been frequently used as a basis for separation. 
The peculiar contorted chelas of the Isabel Island Plocariiia make them 
resemble, if somewhat superficially, the more primitive types. Dropping 
the two into synonymy will, probably, be justified but at present awaits 
further material for study. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 15 

Family Gyamonidae de Laubenfels 

Genus GYAMON Gray 

Gyamon argon, new species 

Plate 19, Figs. 37, 38 

Diagnosis. — This sponge is bushlike in appearance. It covers an area 
of 4 by 2 by 3 cm. The preserved specimen is dark brown in color. The 
consistency is firm and corklike, and the surface is extremely uneven and 
covered with branchlike projections 1 cm long by 1 mm in diameter. The 
entire surface is hispid to 500 ix. Neither pores nor oscules can be found. 

The main mass of this sponge consists of closely packed triacts covered 
with low, blunt spines especially at the ends, which are rounded. Two of 
the rays of the triacts are much longer than the third, being on the average 
25 /t by 125 IX, while the third ray is only 25 /x long although almost as 
thick as the longer rays at its base. Occasional triacts are found which 
lack the blunt spines. Very long interstitial smooth styles are also present. 
These are 27 ix by 400 /x minimum and probably much longer, as most of 
them are broken. Another type of spicule occasionally found is long, 
smooth, and wavy. This type is so regularly broken that its exact nature 
is difficult to determine, but it is at least 42 /* by 325 /a and appears to be 
stylote. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 6. 

Type locality.— ?>o\xt\i Bay, Cerros Island; Lat. 28° 05' 20'' N, Long. 
115° 18' 40" S ; 24 m ; rock close to kelp beds. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 287-34 Cerros Island 3-10-34 25 m 

Remarks. — This new species is very distinctive, being completely un- 
like the genotype, which has mostly tetractine spicules (instead of triactine 
spicules) with all rays of equal length. It is perhaps most like Cyamon 
neon of southern California, but that sponge had only the short ray of 
the triacts spined, and both triacts and tetracts which are often oxeote. 
C. neon is also a massive sponge without the peculiar surface specialization 
found on the new species. There are also numerous differences in spicule 
size. 

Genus TRIKENTRION Ehlers 

Trikentrion helium, new species 

Plate 20, Figs. 39, 40 

Diagnosis. — This sponge is 7 by 5 by 5 cm. It is made up of undulat- 
ing or corrugated sheets, which are rather thin and attached at one edge. 
The texture is woody and somewhat brittle. The color in alcohol is drab 
throughout. A thick spicule brush covers the surface to a depth of 3 mm 
in many places. 


16 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

There is a distinct surface layer 500 (x. thick, but this is nondetachable, 
indicating a lack of extensive subdermal cavities. Occasional openings are 
found which average about 1 mm in diameter. These are probably oscules. 
The endosomal structure is decidedly firm and fleshy, and the gross 
cavities cannot be seen with the naked eye. 

The chief spiculation consists of a mass of triacts, which have large 
spines on the short ray ony. The triact is about 250 fi long and 25 /x thick. 
The spined third ray averages 24 fi in length. The only other spicule type 
is a very long, thin oxea. These are 4 /a thick and reach a length of 
several mm. 

Holotype. — ^AHF no. 7. 

Type locality.— Cenos Island; Lat. 28° 05' 20'^ N, Long. 115° 18' 
40'' S ; dredged from 20 fms in the bay. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 287-34 Cerros Island 3-10-34 Shore 

Remarks. — It is interesting to note that Cyamon and Trikentrion 
were found near each other in the Gulf of California. Cyamon is found in 
the West Indies but not Trikentrion; both Trikentrion and Cyamon are 
found in the East Indies. The California species of Cyamon, C. neon, is 
similar to Trikentrion helium but has only very small spines on the triacts, 
while this sponge has very large ones ; and, most important, the California 
sponge has styles, while the Gulf specimen does not. Trikentrion flabelli- 
formis has the large spines but also some monacts. It is probably the closest 
relative of the new species. 

Family Myxillidae Hentschel 

Genus lOPHON (Gray) de Laubenfels 

lophon indentatus Wilson 

Plate 21, Figs. 41, 42; Plate 22, Fig. 43 

lophon lamella Wilson, 1904, p. 146. 
lophon indentatus Wilson, 1904, p. 151. 

Diagnosis. — Specimens of this sponge are massive, brown in alcohol, 
and mediocre in consistency. Oscules about 1 mm in diameter are scat- 
tered over the surface of some specimens. No pores are evident to the 
naked eye. The endosomal structure is "bready." 

The principal spicules are acanthostyles 13 /a to 17 /x by 300 /x to 333 //,. 
The ectosomal spicules are smooth tylotes with heads microspined ; size 
5 /i by 200 /x to 266 fi. Palmate anicochelas of the usual contort type about 
13 ju, long, and bipocillates 15 )u, long are common in one of the specimens 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 17 

which was collected in deep water. The other specimen has few micro- 
scleres. Occasional sigmas were found in one specimen, but these may not 
be proper. 

Holotype.—U. S.N.M. 

Type locality. — Gulf of California and west coast of Central America. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 559-36 Isla Partida 3- 9-36 90 m 

Sta. 560-36 Isla Partida 3-9-36 140 m 

Remarks. — Wilson, 1904, described two sponges from the west coast 
of Central America as lophon indentatus and lophon lamella. They were 
collected by the Albatross in 1891. As there is little to distinguish between 
the two and as both are from the same locality, /. lamella should be placed 
in synonymy with I. indentatus. 

Other lophon sponges reported are /. chelifer Lambe, 1893, which 
was reported from the west coast of Canada and again from southern 
California by de Laubenfels (variety California) and a variety of /. 
chelifer (ostiamagna) reported by Wilson, 1904, from the eastern tropical 
Pacific. All of these, together with /. indentatus, are very close together 
and are probably a single species. 

Genus MYXIGHELA de Laubenfels 

Myxichela microtoxa de Laubenfels 

Plate 22, Fig. 44; Plate 23, Figs. 45, 46 

Diagnosis. — This sponge is a massive form of Myxilliidae. The sur- 
face is broken into a closely packed mass of protuberances, between which 
openings about 800 [i in diameter are occasionally to be seen. A surface 
membrane, if present, is not clearly defined. The color of the preserved 
specimen is drab throughout, and the consistency rather corklike. The 
surface is occasionally hispid to 100 [i. 

The chief megascleres are acanthostyles which are exceptionally rough. 
They are 20 ju. by 333 p. in average size. Dermal spicules are tylotes with 
heads microspined. The size of these spicules is most frequently 4 /* by 
190 p.. There are no smooth styles. The microscleres are palmate chelas, 
which are rather consistently 15 ju, long, and toxas, which have an average 
length of 135 /i. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 8. 

Type locality. — Between Angel de la Guardia Island and Isla Par- 
tida ; 40 m ; nullipores. 

Distribution. — Same. 


18 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 555-36 Angel de la Guardia Island 3- 8-36 40 m 

Remarks. — This sponge is not close to any other member of the genus. 
The genotype Myxichela tawiensis is perhaps the nearest relative, but it 
has bipocilli and the toxas are more than twice as large. Lepthoclathria 
hoplotoxa is similar in the size of the microscleres and the same type of 
megascleres, although they are much smaller, but it is a thin encrusting 
sponge instead of massive. 

Genus MYXILLA Schmidt 

Myxilla mexicensis, new species 

Plate 24, Figs. 47, 48 ; Plate 25, Figs. 49, 50 

Diagnosis. — This sponge is massive, 10 cm by 7 cm by 6 cm, and 
amorphous. The color in alcohol is pinkish drab, the consistency mediocre. 
A distinct dermal membrane about 100 /x, thick covers rather extensive 
subdermal cavities and is easily detachable. The surface of the sponge is 
superficially smooth. Occasional openings 3 mm in diameter and irregu- 
larly placed are found. The endosome is very coarse in microscopic 
structure. 

Coring spicules are very small anchorate chelas, which are usually 
12 /A but sometimes only 10 /a long. Sigmas are also present, as a rule about 
14 /x in length. An occasional sigma 32 ju, was found in one specimen, but 
these do not appear to be proper. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 9. 

Type locality. — 0£E San Francisco Island ; 60 m ; corallines. 

Distribution. — Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 513-36 San Francisco Island 2-24-36 60 m 

Sta. 520-36 Agua Verde Bay 2-27-36 15 m 

Sta. 607-36 San Lorenzo Channel 3-21-36 48 m 

Sta. 642-37 Espiritu Santo Island 3- 8-37 55 m 

Remarks. — All the sponges of the Myxillidae, which are massive, have 
megascleres that are very close to one another in type. They are distin- 
guished as to genus by the combination of microscleres present ( or absent) 
and as species largely by the size range of the spicules. It is on this basis 
that the above species is established. The microscleres are exceedingly 
small for their type for the Myxilla. In fact, they represent an extreme 
for the genus. M. agennes de Laubenfels, 1930, apparently the nearest 
relation, differs in having sigmas about 33 \x. and chelas about 27 /a. This 
sponge is from California. M. rosacea Lieberkiihn, 1859, has sigmas 49 /a 
and chelas 30 )u,. In addition, the styles are spiny throughout their length 
instead of only on the head. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 19 

Family Tedaniidae Ridley and Dendy 

Genus TEDANIA Gray 

Tedania nigrescens (Schmidt) 

Plate 26, Figs, 51, 52 

Reniera nigrescens Schmidt, 1862, p. 64. 
Tedania nigrescens Gray, 1867, p. 495. 

Diagnosis. — Specimens of this sponge vary from massive to encrusting. 
In alcohol the color varies from almost black to drab. Oscules up to 5 mm 
in diameter are frequently present, although not always so. There is a 
dermal layer about 50 p. thick and nondetachable, although some speci- 
mens seem to lack the layer perhaps because of rough handling. As a rule, 
the surface is smooth, though in some specimens it is broken by protuber- 
ances especially around the oscules. 

Principal spicules in specimens from the Gulf are styles averaging 
about 8 /i by 150 /a. Special dermal spicules are tylotes 4 /x by 200 /x. The 
microscleres are the characteristic roughened rhaphids (onychaetes) 1 (i 
to 2/i.by 140 [X. 

Holotype. — British Museum. 

Type locality. — Mediterranean. 

Distribution. — ^\^''orld wide. 

Materials examined. — 
Sta. 598-36 Puerto Escondido 3-17-36 Shore 

Sta. 631-37 La Paz Bay 3-6-37 10 m 

Sta. 639-37 Espiritu Santo Island 3-7-37 10 m 

Sta. 650-37 San Francisco Island 3- 9-37 90 m 

Remarks. — Tedania nigrescens has been reported from James Island, 
Galapagos, and Magdalena Bay, Mexico, collected on the Presidential 
Cruise to these waters in 1938, and by the Hancock Pacific Expeditions 
from Albemarle Island in the Galapagos ; also from Mexico and Central 
America. 

Genus AGARNUS Gray 

Acarnus erithacus de Laubenfels 

Plate 27, Figs. 53, 54; Plate 28, Fig. 55 

Acarnus erithacus de Laubenfels, 1927, p. 258. 

Diagnosis. — This is a massive sponge, brilliant red in life and drab 
when preserved. Its spiculation is described as follows: "Ectosomal 
spicules, tylotes with heads microspined ; size 3 /x by 185 jit to 4 /i by 175 tx. 
Interratitial spicules, cladotylotes, size 1 1 /a by 230 [x. Chords ?>5 {x. Cor- 
ing spicules styles; size, 18 ju, by 345 |U, to 17 /x, by 425 p.; these are the 


20 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

most conspicuous elements. Echinating spicules acanthocladotylotes, size 

3 /x by 80 /x, chords 11 /a and larger. First microscleres, palmate isochelas; 
length, 14 ju, to 16 /x; second microscleres, toxas; length, 40 fi to 340 /x." 
(de Laubenfels, 1932, p. 104.) 

Holotype.— U.S.N. M. 

Type locality. — Pacific Grove, California. 

Distribution. — Central and southern California, coast of Baja, Cali- 
fornia, and the Gulf of California. 

material examined. — 
Sta. 1085-40 San Pedro Nolasco Island 2- 6-40 55 m 

Remarks. — The Gulf specimen has a rather greater range in spicule 
length than the California specimens, the styles sometimes attaining a 
length of 800 fi, while the toxas show an even more amazing variation 
than those of the California specimens, reaching a maximum of 440 jx. 
There are many, however, which are in the size range of the holotype. 

Genus LISSODENDORYX Topsent 

Lissodendoryx isodictyalis Topsent 

Plate 28, Fig. 56 ; Plate 29, Figs. 57, 58 ; Plate 30, Figs. 59, 60 

Halichondria isodictyalis Carter, 1882, p. 285. 
Tedania leptoderma Topsent, 1889, p. 49. 
Lissodendoryx isodictyalis Topsent, 1894, p. 9. 

Diagnosis. — This is a massive sponge, drab in alcohol, and soft in con- 
sistency. The surface is superficially smooth and oscules are prominent. 
A dermis is present about 10 /x thick. It overlies extensive subdermal 
cavities and contains special dermal spicules, which are tylotes averaging 

4 /A by 175 ;u,. The interior mesh is made up of smooth styles 5 yu, by 145 fi 
on the average. Arcuate isochelas 21 ju, long and sigmas 18 /x long are the 
microscleres. 

Holotype. — British Museum. 

Type locality. — West Indies. 

Distribution. — Cosmopolitan. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 500-36 Espiritu Santo Island 2-20-36 Shore 

Sta. 1041-40 GuaymasBay 1-23-40 Shore 

Remarks. — ^This sponge has been reported from the West Indies, the 
Mediterranean, and the East Indies, as well as from the Gulf of Cali- 
fornia. The characteristics of specimens found in the Gulf follow very 
closely previously published descriptions. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 21 

Family Raspailiidae Hentschel 

Genus HEMEGTYON Topsent 

Hemectyon hyle de Laubenfels 

Plate 31, Figs. 61, 62; Plate 32, Figs. 63, 64 

Hymectyon hyle de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 28. 

Diagnosis. — This species has the characteristic ramose shape of the 
family. The echinating spicules are unusual-looking acanthostyles 12 /* by 
180 /x and larger with only the sharp ends spined; coring spicules, styles 
averaging 18 ji by 480 /i,, also some strongyles somewhat shorter, and 
rhaphids about 2 /a by 250 ju,. There are some very long, thin spicules 
present which are so broken that their length cannot be determined. 

Holotype. — U.S.N.M. 

Type locality. — Point Fermin, California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 559-36 Isla Partida 3- 9-36 90 m 

Sta. 618-37 San Jaime Bank 3-3-37 150 m 

Sta. 751-37 Los Frailes Bay 4-4-37 30 m 

Remarks. — The Gulf specimens of the species show considerable vari- 
ation of spicule size, tending on the whole to have larger spicules than the 
specimens reported from southern California. 

Hemectyon hymani, new species 
Plate 33, Figs. 65, 66 

Diagnosis. — ^This is a very beautiful, fan-shaped species. It is lacelike 
in appearance, and characteristic specimens are about 45 cm square and 
not over 3 or 4 mm thick at any point. It is rather stiff and woody in 
texture, and the surface is slightly hispid to the touch. The color in alcohol 
is light drab, almost white. Pores and oscules are not visible. 

The spicules on the periphery of the sponge are erect and consist of 
acanthotylostyles averaging 6 yu, by 130 ;u,. The echinating spicules are 
acanthostyles and acanthotylostyles 30 ii by 300 fx, the former being note- 
worthy because of a frequent right angle bend toward the head end. Cor- 
ing spicules are smooth styles 36 /a thick and very long, but so broken that 
an actual length cannot be assigned. Microscleres are rhaphids size 2 /x 
by 150 /i. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 10. 

Type locality. — San Jaime Banks off Cape San Lucas, Mexico ; Lat. 
22° 50' 30'' N, Long. 110° 15' W; 150 m; old coralline algae. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 618-37 San Jaime Bank 3-3-37 150 m 


22 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

Remarks. — This sponge is closely related to Hemectyon hyle de 
Laubenfels, which is found in the same region. It differs, however, by its 
distinctive form, which is very unlike the vaselike form of H. hyle, found 
in the same region. The spiculation is consistently about half as large, 
although we are undoubtedly dealing with a fully mature specimen. 
Should intermediate types, in form and spiculation, be discovered, it is 
possible that this species would fall in synonymy ; but at present it seems 
more convenient to erect a new species for this distinctive group of speci- 
mens. Another possibility is that we are dealing with a series of stages in 
a complex life history or that this sponge has distinct male and female 
forms and that we have here one of the sexes of which H. hyle is the other. 

Family Microcionidae Hentschel 

Genus HETERECTYA Kallmann 

Heterectya cerebella, new species 

Plate 34, Figs. 67, 68 

Diagnosis. — The preserved specimen of this sponge is drab in color. 
It is 3 cm by 2 cm by 2 cm and is made up of coalesced twisted columns 
2 or 3mm in diameter, which give it the appearance of brain coral. The 
specimen is a fragment of a larger mass. The surface is finely grained, but 
ectosomal specialization is very vague. Two openings are visible on the 
specimen each about 4 mm in diameter. They are probably oscules. 

The megasclere spiculation is typical of the genus with smooth styles 
35 IX by 600 IX, which do not differ in the surface layer. The echinating 
spicules are peculiarly bent styles. The bending is sharp and occurs about 
one-fifth of the length from the head. The lower third of the spicule is 
is heavily spined. The average size is 30 ju, by 400 p.. No microscleres are 
present. 

Holotype. — ^AHF no. 11. 

Type locality. — Off Isla Partida to the south ; 90 m ; sand bottom. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 559-36 Isla Partida 3- 9-36 90 m 

Remarks. — This is the only member of the genus so far reported from 
the Pacific coast. Its nearest relative appears to be Raspailia inaequalis 
Dendy, but this sponge has oxeas as well as styles for dermal spicules. It 
should be transferred to Echinaxia. It is interesting to note that the speci- 
men of Heterectya was full of worms of various kinds. 


I 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 23 

Genus ISOGIONA Kallmann 
Isociona lithophenix de Laubenfels 
Plate 35, Figs. 69, 70 ; Plate 36, Figs. 71, 72 

Plocamia lithophenix de Laubenfels, 1927, p. 263. 
Isociona lithophenix de Laubenfels, 1932, p. 99. 

Diagnosis. — This sponge has a vague sort of ectosomal specialization. 
The endosome is an isodictyal reticulation. The principal spicules are 
acanthostyles to acanthostrongyles 14 ;a by 140 /x. The dermal spicules 
are smooth tylostyles 5 /a by 200 /a. A few smooth styles 10 /^ by 210 ju, and 
some acanthostyles 15 /a by 150 /x are also found. The palmate isochelas 
are typically \1 ix to 2\ p.. The toxas in the Gulf specimens sometimes 
reach the length of 260 ^ but average around 180 /x. 

Holotype. — U.S.N.M. 

Type locality. — Pacific Grove, California. 

Distribution. — Central and southern California and the Gulf of 
California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 542-36 Puerto Refugio 3- 4-36 50 m 

Sta. 559-36 Isla Partida 3- 9-36 90 m 

Sta. 562-36 San Esteban Island 3-10-36 90 m 

Remarks. — ^The toxas found in specimens from the Gulf are some- 
what larger than those found in specimens from southern and central 
California, but this is not an especially significant difference. This Iso- 
ciona is the only member of the genus other than the genotype. 

Family OphlitOSpongiidae de Laubenfels 

Genus MYGALE Gray 

Mycale angulosa (Duchassaing and Michelotti) 

Plate 37, Figs. 73, 74; Plate 38, Figs. 75, 76 

Pandaros angulosa Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864, p. 89. 
Hircinia purpurea Whitfield, 1901, p. 49. 
Mycale angulosa de Laubenfels, 1936, p. 116. 

Diagonsis. — This is a massive sponge with large cavities and a gener- 
ally coarse gross architecture. It has a densely packed fiber mass ascending 
to a fan-shaped surface structure. The spicules are tylostyles sometimes 
only sub; size 2 /x by 200 ju,. The palmate anisochelas are 14 /x to 20 /i and 
the sigmas 42 /u, to 45 /a. 

Holotype. — Msueum of the University of Turin. 

Type locality. — ^West Indies. 


24 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

Distribution. — This sponge has been described from the West Indies 
and from the Gulf of California as just noted. It has also been described 
from Australia, but the Australian specimen is certainly not conspecific. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 1039-40 Guaymas Bay 1-23-40 10 m 

Remarks. — The specimen mentioned above is remarkably close to 
previously published descriptions. The California member of this genus, 
M. bellabellensis Lambe, has much larger chelas than M. angulosa. It 
has, moreover, very few, if any, sigmas. It is probable that several Mycale 
should be synonomized where the differences are in the size ranges of the 
chelas alone. 

Genus GARMI A Gray 

Garmia contax, new species 

Plate 39, Figs. 77, 78 ; Plate 40, Figs. 79, 80 ; Plate 41, Fig. 81 

Diagnosis. — ^This sponge is about 2 square cm by .5 cm thick. The 
surface is irregular, the consistency is softly spongy, pores and oscules are 
not evident. 

A special dermal membrane, very thin and detachable, is found in 
places. This is filled with spicules in confusion. The general endosomal 
structure is bready with occasional fibers. 

The principal spicules are styles to subtylostyles ; size 7 /a by 300 fi. 
Dermal and interstitial spicules tylostyles ; size 3 /x by 240 /«,. There are 
three size categories of palmate anisochelas: first, 6 fi to 7 /x; second, 14 fi 
to 16 [x; third, 21 /* to 23 fi. This triple range of anisochelas is rather 
typical of Mycale and Carmia. Other microscleres are sigmas 75 jx and 
18 /A long, toxas averaging 55 /x, and some rhaphids 2 /x by 150 /x. 

Holotype. — ^AHF no. 12. 

Type locality. — Los Frailes, Lower California ; 20 m ; sand and algae 
bottom. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 751-37 Los Frailes 4-4-37 20 m 

Remarks. — This species differs from its nearest relative, C. contarenii 
Martens, 1824, chiefly in the very small size of the sigmas and in the 
peculiarly shaped heads on the tylostyles of C. contarenii, which, while 
definitely tylotes, may be smaller than the thickest part of the shaft, and 
show a trilobate structure. C. contarenii also has trichodragmas and no 
toxas. It should be transferred to Mycale for this reason. It is found off 
England and in Mediterranean waters. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 25 

Carmia f ascifibula (Topsent) 
Plate 41, Fig, 82 ; Plate 42, Figs. 83, 84 

Esperella f ascifibula Topsent, 1904, p. 210. 
Mycale f ascifibula de Laubenfels, 1932, p. 70. 
Cartnia f ascifibula de Laubenfels, 1936, p. 118. 

Diagnosis. — The specimen of this sponge from the Gulf of California 
is greenish white in alcohol and cartilaginous in consistency. There is a 
distinct ectosome 100 ju, thick, which is detachable and covers subdermal 
cavities. Openings about 65 jx in diameter can be made out. These are 
probably pores. No oscules were found on this specimen. 

The dermal spicules are tylostyles 10 /a by 450 {i to 500 /a. The 
principal spicules are styles of the same size. It is difficult to distinguish 
the two categories, as they are the same size and the tylote modification 
has every intennediate grade. 

The microscleres are two ranges of palmate anischelas 50 ix and 20 /* 
to 22 /i, sigmas about 250 ii long and 50 ju, to 60 /* wide, as well as tricho- 
dragmas and toxas. 

Holotype. — Paris. 

Type locality. — Azores. 

Distribution. — Cosmopolitan. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 557-36 Isla Partida 3- 8-36 90 m 

Remarks. — The double-headed tylostyles mentioned in the original 
description do not seem to be present in this specimen ; otherwise, it agrees 
precisely. 

Genus MIGROTYLOSTYLIFER Dendy 

Microtylostylifer partida, new species 

Plate 43, Figs. 85, 86 ; Plate 44, Fig. 87 

Diagnosis. — The consistency of this sponge is corklike, the color drab 
throughout. It is very heavily hispidated. The average length of the pro- 
truding spicules is more than 3 mm. Protuberances about 3 mm high by 
2 mm at the base are visible through the spicule plush. There are twenty 
of them on the specimen. 

A distinct cortical layer, about 600 [x. thick, is present. It is very closely 
held. Pores and oscules, if present, are not visible because of the very 
heavy spicule brush. A cross section of the specimen shows it to be fleshy 
with gross cavities averaging 300 ju,. 

Three types of megascleres are present. The dermal spicules are 
peculiar tylostyles, which have a much thickened shaft. The central 


26 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

portion of the shaft is thicker than the noblike ends. The same is true to 
a lesser extent with the styles, which are coring. These spicules are rather 
thick toward the center but taper to the rounded end. The third megas- 
clere is a thin, exceedingly long spicule, probably an oxea. These are 30 fi 
thick. Just how long they are is not possible to say, as they are much 
broken ; but they extend at least 4 or 5 mm. 

The trichodragma modification is present in the microscleres. Tylo- 
styles 100 /I to 150 ^ long and 1 /* to 2 /x thick are the microscleres. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 13. 

Type locality. — West of Isla Partida, Lower California, Mexico; 
140 m; rock bottom. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 560-36 Isla Partida 3- 9-36 140 m 

Remarks. — No other member of this genus appears to have been re- 
ported from the Pacific coast. The type of the genus is Australian. It 
appears to be the nearest relative, but the spicule sizes do not at all 
correspond. 

Family Amphilectidae de Laubenfels 

Genus BIEMNA Gray 

Biemna rhadia de Laubenfels 

Plate 44, Fig. 88 ; Plate 45, Fig. 89 

Biemna rhadia de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 26. 

Diagnosis. — The specimen of this sponge is 6 cm by 4 cm by 2 cm, 
color in life drab, consistency mediocre. Occasional oscules 2 mm in 
diameter are present. The endosomal structure is mostly confused but 
shows occasional tracts. 

The principal spicules are styles 25 /x by 500 ju, to 28 ^ by 1500 yu,. 
The most usual size is 28 jx by 750 /x. There is a tremendous range of 
sigmas, 20 /x to 400 jx in length. Rhaphids 1 p. by 150 /x are also present. 

Holotype.— U.^.'H.M. 

Type locality. — Monterey Bay, California. 

Distribution. — Central California to the Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 557-36 Isla Partida 3- 8-36 90 m 

Remarks. — The California specimens of this sponge do not differ 
materially, but they do not shows quite the size range of spicules that is 
found in the Gulf specimens. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 27 

Order HaLICHONDRINA Vosmaer 

Family Axinellidae Ridley and Dendy 

Genus AXINELLA Schmidt 

Axinella mexicana de Laubenfels 

Plate 45, Fig, 90 ; Plate 46, Figs. 91, 92 

Axinella mexicana de Laubenfels, 1935, p. 6. 

Diagnosis. — The Hancock specimen of this sponge is 4 cm by 3 cm 
by 3 cm, very hispid, and woody in consistency. Pores 800 /n and oscules 
5 mm in diameter are abundant. In alcohol the color is light, almost white. 
Great plumose tracts are evident in the endosome even to the naked eye. 

The principal spicules are oxeas 20 /x by 300 /* to 28 /^ by 500 /x, 
averaging 25 /i, by 465 jx. Styles 25 /a by 400 /x and less are also found. 
Both types are almost always sharply bent. There are no microscleres. 

Holotype. — American Museum of Natural History. 

Type locality. — Lower California. 

Distribution. — Lower California and Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 560-36 Isla Partida 3-9-36 140 m 

Remarks. — The fact that the oxeas exceed the styles in average length 
is rather unusual. 

The Gulf specimens of this sponge do not differ in any particular 
from specimens originally described. 

Genus DRAGMAGIDON Kallmann 

Dragmacidon opisclera de Laubenfels 

Plate 47, Fig. 93, 94 ; Plate 48, Fig. 95 

Dragmacidon opisclera de Laubenfels, 1935, p. 7. 

Diagnosis. — Specimens of this sponge are drab in alcohol, cartilaginous 
in consistency, and only slightly hispid. The chief spicules are styles 22 fi 
by 400 IX. to 35 /j, by 700 /x or larger. The oxeas have about the same range 
but average shorter. Very thin, sinuous spicules are also present, ^ /x to 
2 IX thick and sometimes as long as 500 fx. The trichodragma modification 
is found in some specimens. All spicules are bent. 

Holotype. — ^American Museum of Natural History. 

Type locality. — Lower California. 

Distribution. — Lower California and the Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 542-36 Puerto Refugio 3- 4-36 50 m 

Sta. 556-36 Isla Partida 3- 8-36 60 m 

Sta. 557-36 Isla Partida 3- 8-36 90 m 

Sta. 750-37 Outer Gorda Bank 4- 4-37 10 m 

Sta. 1081-40 Isla Partida 2- 5-40 75 fms 


28 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 

Remarks. — There seems to be more overlapping in the size ranges of 
the styles and oxeas in the Gulf specimens than in the specimens from 
the Pacific side. 

Genus THIELEIA Burton 

Thieleia rubiginosa (Thiele) 

Plate 48, Fig. 96 ; Plate 49, Fig. 97 

Hymeniacidon rubiginosa Thiele, 1905, p. 421. 
Thieleia rubiginosa Burton, 1932, p. 329. 

Diagnosis. — Gulf specimens of this sponge are drab and cartilaginous. 
The surface is conulose with oscules up to 2 mm in diameter often located 
on the cones. The endosome is drab and "bready." There is some evidence 
of vertical structure, and the oscules open into cavities v^^hich often go 
completely through the sponge. 

The only spicules are styles most typically 9 /x by 300 [i but with 
variations plus and minus. 

Holotype. — British Museum. 

Type locality. — West coast of South America. 

Distribution. — West coast of South America to the Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 552-36 Angel de la Guardia Island 3- 6-36 Shore 

Sta. 553-36 Pond Island 3- 8-36 Shore 

Remarks. — The cloacal-like cavities running through these specimens, 
while not unique for the family, are unusual for the genus. 

Genus HIGGINSIA Higgin 
Higginsia higginissima, new species 
Plate 49, Fig. 98 ; Plate 50, Figs. 99, 100 ; Plate 51, Fig. 101 

Diagnosis. — This sponge is coral pink in alcohol. It is composed of 
stocklike growths fused together into a mass. Its consistency is cartila- 
ginous. There is much infiltrated sand in the specimen, and the surface 
is so caked and imbedded that the pores and oscules cannot be located 
properly. The size is 7 cm by 5 cm by 4 cm. 

The principal megascleres are oxeas which average in size about 12 /* 
by 600 ju,. There is considerable variation, however, and occasionally 
oxeas up to 20 fi by 1,800 p. are found. The second megascleres are smooth 
styles. These are rather rare. They have the same general measurements 
as the oxeas, although they do not attain quite the extremes in size. 

The first microsclcres are spined strongyles which are often sharply 
bent at the center. The typical size is 3 /x by 90 /*. The second microscleres 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 29 

are spined centrotylotes, bent at the central knob. The third microsclere 
is a smooth, straight centrotylote about 2 /x by 21 jx. The spiny centro- 
tylotes are intermediate in size between the first and third type. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 14. 

Type locality. — San Lorenzo Channel, Espiritu Santo Island; 48 m; 
bottom of coralline. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Alaterial exa?nined. — 
Sta. 607-36 Espiritu Santo Island 3-21-36 48 m 

Remarks. — H. papillosa Thiele, 1905, is a close relative of this sponge. 
It was reported on the Presidential Cruise of 1939 by de Laubenfels, 
1939, from Albemarle Island, Galapagos, and it was originally described 
from Chile. It, however, does not have the centrotylotes either smooth or 
spiny and has instead sharply bent spiny tornotes. 

Family HalichondHidae Gray 

Genus HALIGHONDRIA Fleming 

Halichondria panicea (Pallas) 

Plate 51, Fig. 102; Plate 52, Fig. 103 

Spongia panicea Pallas 1766, p. 388. 
Halichondria panicea Johnston, 1842, p. 114. 

Diagnosis. — This is an encrusting sponge, white in alcohol, orange in 
life, with a smooth surface. The ectosomal specialization is strongly 
marked. There is a dermal layer 150 /i, to 200 ^ thick containing tan- 
gentially placed spicules. The endosome has the same spicules in confusion. 
These spicules are oxeas 12 /x, by 245 /* to 15 /x by 250 /x. 

Holotype. — Unknown. 

Type locality. — Europe. 

Distribution. — Cosmopolitan. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 519-36 San Francisco Island 2-26-36 Shore 

Sta. 549-36 Angel de la Guardia Island 3- 6-36 80 m 

Remarks. — This sponge is common in European waters and is found 
along the California coast as well as in the Galapagos Islands. 

Family Semisuberitidae de Laubenfels 

Genus RHAPHOXYA Kallmann 

Rhaphoxya laubenfelsi, new species 
Plate 52, Fig. 104 

Diagnosis. — The color of this sponge in alcohol is light green through- 
out. The general shape is ramose, much like tree coral, with an over-all 


30 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

size of 8 cm by 6 cm by 6 cm. The surface is conulose, and the end of 
each branch has an oscule 2.5 mm in diameter. 

There is a definite surface membrane over cavities, which is detach- 
able. The endosome is rather plumose in structure. Ascending fibers 
average 400 /a in diameter, and project at the surface about 3 mm. They 
are 3 mm apart. The amount of spongin present is not large. 

The principal spicules are curved or sinuous oxeas 16 ^u, to 24 /x by 
650 fi. Styles, bent at right angles, are also present. These are usually 16 ;« 
by 500 fjL to 550 [x. There exist interstitially some much broken spicules 
2 /x to 4 /A by 300 /i, plus or minus. These may be termed rhaphides. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 15. 

Type locality. — San Gabriel Bay, Espiritu Santo Island; from the 
shore; coral. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 634-37 Espiritu Santo Island 3- 6-37 60 m 

Remarks. — The nearest relative of this sponge seems to be Acanthella 
stipitata Carter, which is from Australia, but this does not have the bent 
styles. It is also globular instead of ramose and does not have the rhaphids. 
Rhaphoxya pallida Dendy, 1897, has strongyles and trichodragmas while 
lacking the bent styles and sinuous oxeas. It is also from Australia. 

R. typica Kallmann, the genotype, is very like R. pallida but has its 
membrane over cavities instead of nondetachable. They are probably 
synonomous, especially as both come from Australia. R. jnollis Thiele from 
the west coast of South America is also close to the genotype but not to 
the Gulf species. 

Our species is typical for Rhaphoxya in that no trichodragma are 
found. However, it fits closely in all other respects, and trichodragmas 
are not part of the genus description. 

This species is named in honor of M. W. de Laubenfels, friend, 
adviser, and teacher of the author. 

Family Hymeniacidonidae de Laubenfels 

Genus ADREISSA Topsent 

Adreissa letra, new species 

Plate 53, Figs. 105, 106; Plate 54, Figs. 107, 108 

Diagnosis. — This sponge is crisp in consistency. It is about 10 cm long, 
8 cm wide, and 2 cm thick, and is laminate. In alcohol the color is light 
drab, almost white. The surface is smooth to the touch but irregular. 
There are numerous openings from 2 mm to 5 mm in diameter. Pores are 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 31 

abundant and average 150 /x in diameter. There is a veiy tough membrane 
present over cavities. This membrane contains no spicules. 

The specimen, as is typical of Jdreissa, has only styles. These are 40 /x 
by 2,000 [X in the flesh, w^ith smaller ones organized in the tract. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 16. 

Type locality. — San Jaime Banks, off Cape San Lucas; Lat. 22° 50' 
30" N, Long. 115° 15' W; 240 m; granite rocks on the bottom. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 619-37 San Jaime Bank 3-3-37 240 m 

Remarks. — No other member of this genus has such enormous styles ; 
and, vv^hile the extreme simplicity and consequent similarity of species 
here placed make many species seem unnecessary, still this represents an 
extreme without intermediates and therefore justifies the erection of a 
new species. 

Genus HYMENIAGIDON Bowerbank 

Hymeniacidon adreissiformies, new species 

Plate 55, Figs. 109, 110; Plate 56, Fig. Ill 

Diagnosis. — ^This specimen is tan in color when preserved in alcohol. 
It is cartilaginous in consistency and appears to be a fragment of a larger 
encrusting mass. 

There is a distinct cortical layer which averages 100 /i, in thickness. 
This is semidetachable, and there are subdermal cavities. The specimen 
is not hispid. The surface has many craterlike structures irregularly 
placed, some of which contain oscules. There are about 35 oscules on the 
fragment, which range in size from 1 mm to 4 mm. Many ascending 
canals are present, which give the cross section of this sponge the appear- 
ance of vertical structure. 

The only spicule type is a smooth style, which is abundant and strewn 
in considerable confusion throughout the flesh. The styles are peculiar 
in their very abrupt, rounded ends, which give the appearance in some 
instances of being cleanly cut away. Indeed, that was the first impression 
recorded when the specimen was examined, but closer study revealed that 
all the spicules were of the same length, whether rounded or sharply 
truncated. The pointed end of these styles approaches the tornote modi- 
fication. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 17. 

Type locality. — Middle San Benito, Lower California, Mexico; from 
the shore. 


32 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

Distribution. — The same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 609-36 San Benito 3-24-36 Shore 

Remarks. — The canals found in this sponge give it the superficial 
appearance of being organized into tracts. If this were true, it might be 
placed in the genus Adreissa. 

The peculiar modification of the styles is unique for the genus. 

Hymeniacidon sinapium de Laubenfels 
Plate 56, Fig. 112 

Hymeniacidon sinapium de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 26. 

Diagnosis. — This sponge is typical of the family and genus, having a 
thin fleshy dermis and an endosomal structure in w^hich the spicules are 
mostly in confusion, although occasional vague tracts, made up of styles 
points upward, are found. 

The sole type of spicule is a style size 9 ju. by 350 fi. 

II olotype.— U.S.N. M. 

Type locality. — Newport Bay, California. 

Distribution. — Southern California to the Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 1041-40 GuaymasBay 1-23-40 Shore 

Remarks. — In the California specimens the styles are about a third 
larger on the average than in the Gulf specimens. 

Genus OXEOSTILON Ferrer-Hernandez 

Oxeostilon oxeon, new species 

Plate 57, Figs. 113, 114; Plate 58, Figs. 115, 116 

Diagnosis. — This sponge is 3 cm by 2 cm by 1 cm, drab when pre- 
served, and corklike in consistency. The surface is covered with peculiar 
hornlike protuberances. These are 2 mm high and about 1 mm at the base. 
A distinct surface membrane is present, although it is less than 100 /x 
thick. It is easily detachable and there are extensive subdermal cavities. 
On areas which retain the surface membrane no pores or oscules are 
visible, but when the membrane has been lost, openings 1 mm in diameter, 
which form grooves on the exposed surface appear. Often the openings 
merge into one another. 

The megascleres show great variety in size and are frequently bent 
or curved. Both oxeas and styles are present. Representative measure- 
ments are 30 fx by 600 ix, 40 ix by 800 fi, and 40 /x by 900 fx. The styles 
and oxeas are, in general, about the same size but occasionally oxeas were 


NO. 1 DICKINSON: SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 33 

found 35 /JL by 1,000 /x and 50 ;u. by 1,150 /a or more. Microscleres are 
lacking, but peculiar lenslike silicon masses were found in one specimen. 
These were 20 /a on the long axis. 

Holotype.—AUF no. 18. 

Type locality. — West of Isla Partida; 140 m; rock bottom. 

Distribution. — Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 560-36 Isla Partida 3- 9-36 140 m 

Sta. 562-36 San Esteban Island 3-10-36 100 m 

Remarks. — O. annandalei Ferrer-Hernandez, 1923, the genotype, was 
found in Spanish waters. This, however, had forklike endings on some 
spicules, while others were faintly polytylote. A typical spicule size is 
12 II by 400 jLt. 

A specimen of the new species was also found at James Island, 
Galapagos. 

Oxeostilon burtoni de Laubenfels 
Plate59, Fig. 117 

Oxeostilon burtoni de Laubenfels, 1934, p. 15. 

Diagnosis. — This is a massive sponge. The Gulf specimens are about 
7.5 cm by 5 cm by 5 cm and still retain a coral pink color in alcohol at 
least on part of the surface. There is a thin surface membrane over large 
cavities and pore areas. The pores are very irregular in size, averaging 
perhaps 1 mm in diameter. There is a very slight hispidation in places. 

The spicules are variable in size, but common measurements are 280 /a 
by 18 /J, for styles and 320 /x by 10 /a for oxeas. 

Holotype.—\].?>.N.M. 

Type locality. — West Indies. 

Distribution. — ^West Indies and Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 1097-40 Puerto Escondido 2-11-40 18 m 

Remarks. — The spicules found in the Gulf specimens of this sponge 
are somewhat smaller than those reported for the holotype. 

Order HADROMERINATopsent 

Family Ghoanitidae de Laubenfels 

Genus GHOANITES Mantell 

Ghoanites mineri de Laubenfels 

Plate 59, Fig. 118 ; Plate 60, Figs. 119, 120 ; Plate 61, Fig. 121 

Choanites mineri de Laubenfels, 1935, p. 10. 

Diagnosis. — This sponge is fairly typical of the genus. "The megas- 
cleres are of one sort only — tylostyles — approximately 10 ;u, by 345 /a, the 


34 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

erect dermal ones being the same size as those of the endosome. Among 
them is an abundance of microscleres, which abundance is very uncommon 
in the order Hadromerina. These are quite typical of the genus Choanites, 
being centrotylote microstrongyles. The typical size is 2 /a by 30 [x; some 
are as small as 1 /x, by 1 8 ju, and a few as large as 3 yu, by 36 /i." (de Lauben- 
fels 1935, p. 10.) 

Holotype. — ^American Museum of Natural History. 

Type locality. — Lower California. 

Distribution. — Lower California and Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 579-36 San Marcos Island 3-14-36 20 m 

Sta. 1048-40 Puerto Refugio 1-26-40 Shore 

Remarks. — This sponge was originally collected from the Pacific side 
of Lower California. 

The specimens from the Gulf follow the description of the holotype 
very closely, although the spicules of both classes tend to range rather 
smaller than the spicules of the specimen from the west coast. 

DELAUBENFELSIA, new genus 

Diagnosis. — This genus is established for a sponge which corresponds 
closely in general architecture with the type of the family, but which 
possesses the unique microscleres described below. 

Type species. — Delaubenfelsia raromicrosclera. 

Remarks. — ^This genus is named in honor of the foremost living 
authority on the Porifera, M. W. de Laubenfels. 

Delaubenfelsia raromicrosclera, new species 
Plate 61, Fig. 122; Plate 62, Figs. 123, 124; Plate 63, Figs. 125, 126 

Diagnosis. — Specimens of this sponge are dull drab in alcohol, stiffly 
spongy in consistency, and superficially smooth. 

Six specimens were collected, all of which may have been torn from 
the same mass. The specimen from which the slides were made is 6 cm by 
6 cm by 4 cm. There is a tough cortex about 1 mm thick, which is detach- 
able only with difficulty. The pores are not visible to the naked eye but 
oscules 2 mm or 3 mm in diameter are occasionally found. The general 
form appears to be cakelike and probably developed from a spherical or 
subspherical form much as does Geodia mesotriaena on the California 
coast. 

The gross endosome is quite solid with only very fine cavities. There 
is evidence of radial structure. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 35 

The microscopic structure shows a plumose development with tracts 
of tylostyles pointing upward. Deep in the sponge the tracts are as much 
as 160 IX in diameter, perhaps larger. Near the surface these break up into 
smaller tufts about 30 /x in diameter and protrude slightly from the 
surface. 

The megascleres are tylostyles with well-developed heads at least 
twice the diameter of the shaft. Occasionally they show the double tylote 
modification. The average size is 10 /x to 12 /a by 380 /x. One was found 
that was 12 |U by 810 /x, while a few juveniles only 5 /x by 210 /a are to be 
found. The great majority, however, are very near the average. 

The microscleres are unique. They are long and sinuous. They might 
be termed spirasters with a strongylote modification on the spines if we 
enlarged the term spirasters to include curvature only in one plane or 
nearly in one plane such as occurs in toxas. They might be termed spiny 
toxas except that there are alwaj^s two distinct curvatures, sometimes 
three or four, instead of one. Furthermore, the spines are very large; 
indeed, they are often fully the size of the main shaft and not tapering. 
Another peculiarity is the branching, which is common near one or both 
ends, usually at the apex of a curve. These branches commonly have an 
enlarged end. Perhaps the best term to apply would be strongylote tox- 
asters, although one should keep in mind that the curvature is not confined 
to the simple one of a toxa but is often multiple. The microscleres are 
located throughout the sponge and vary from 18 to 40 /x in length. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 19. 

Type locality. — Outside Concepcion Bay, Lower California, Mexico ; 
24 m ; corallines. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 683-37 Concepcion Bay 3-15-37 24 m 

Remarks. — ^This genus resembles Spheciospongia in the tendency to 
grow into a cakelike mass. There is some evidence of relationship also, to 
Alcyospongia india de Laubenfels from the West Indies. This genus, 
however, has a distinct stalk, is spherical, and has oxeas instead of tylo- 
styles. The microscleres are spiny rhabds, which are not curved. 

Choanites mineri is somewhat similar, having the t3dostyles of approxi- 
mately the same size and the same general architecture. The microscleres, 
however, are centrotylote microstrongyles, usually microspined. They 
look nothing like the microscleres of this new species. Numerous other 
genera of this family have peculiar microscleres but none which approach 
those of this species. 


36 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

Genus SPIRASTRELLA Schmidt 

Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing and Michelotti) 

Plate 64, Figs. 127, 128 ; Plate 65, Figs. 129, 130 

Thalysias coccinea Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864, p. 84. 
Spirastrella coccinea de Laubenfels, 1936, p. 143. 

Diagnosis. — This specimen is very heavily loaded with minute lumps 
of what appear to be coral fragments. These are incorporated into the 
body of the sponge. The color in life is not recorded, but in alcohol it is 
almost white. The surface is veiy irregular. There is a cortex which is not 
easily detached. It is about 100 ^ thick. 

The megascleres are tylostyles 340 /a by 10 /x. They are frequently in 
bundles or in tracts that cross and recross, giving, under favorable con- 
ditions, a netlike appearance to the endosome. Microscleres are typical 
spirasters 20 /a to 25 /* long. 

Holotype. — Museum of the University of Turin. 

Type locality. — West Indies. 

Distribution. — West Indies and the Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 1040-40 GuaymasBay 1-23-40 Shore 

Remarks. — This species is fairly common in the West Indies and has 
been reported from the Mediterranean, although the Mediterranean form 
is probably not conspecific, unless all members of this genus, which is 
widely distributed, are considered so closely related as to be synonymous. 

Family Suberitldae Schmidt 

Genus ATERGIA Stephens 

Atergia corona, new species 

Plate 66, Figs. 131, 132; Plate 67, Fig. 133 

Diagnosis. — The specimens of this sponge collected range in size from 
2 cm to 5 cm in diameter and are frequently roughly globular. They are 
decidedly hispid up to 5 mm. Pores and oscules are not usually visible 
through the spicule plush, but occasionally a conule surmounted by an 
oscule occurs. The consistency is rather brittle. 

There is a distinct brittle surface layer over extensive cavities, while 
the body of the sponge is coarse and "bready" to fibrous. The megascleres 
consist of two size ranges of tylostyles. The dermal spicules are erect 
tylostyles about 5 /;i by 160 ju. There are also interstitial tylostyles of the 
same size range in radiating groups. The coring spicules are much larger 
tylostyles 20 jx by 1,500 fi to 2,000 /x, in which the tylote modification is 
not at the end of the spicule. Some small oxeas, which may be regarded 
either as microscleres or as small megascleres, are also present. These are 
2 /u, by 60 {X. They are frequently in fan-shaped masses or rafts. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 37 

Holotype. — AHF no. 20. 

Type locality. — San Jaime Bank oJEf Cape San Lucas; Lat, 22° 50' 
30'' N, Long. 110° 15' W; 150 m; old coralline algae, granite rock. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 618-37 San Jaime Bank 3-3-37 150 m 

Remarks. — This is a new genus to the Pacific Coast. The new species 
is typical of the genus, but no other species approaches it in spicule size. 

Genus LAXOSUBERITES Topsent 

Laxosuberites rugosus (Schmidt) 

Plate 67, Fig. 134; Plate 68, Figs. 135, 136 

Suberites rugosus Schmidt, 1868. 
Laxosuberites rugosus Topsent, 1896. 

Diagnosis. — The Gulf of California specimen of this sponge is an 
incrustation 1 cm thick and about 6 cm square. It is white in alcohol, 
fairly smooth on the surface, and has numerous cones about 5 mm high 
by 1 cm at the base irregularly placed. Each cone is surmounted by a 
closed oscule. When the surface is cut away, veiy regular passages 1 mm 
in diameter and perhaps 2 mm apart are found leading vertically. When 
the sponge is cut, this gives the edge an appearance of very regular vertical 
structure. 

The spicules are styles to tylostyles, which at the surface are arranged 
in tufts, point upward. Typical measurements for our specimen are 120 ji* 
by 6 /A and 260 /x by 8 ^u,. Those of the holotype are described as 1 75 ju, to 
375 ju, and about the same thickness as ours. 

Holotype. — Paris. 

Type locality. — Mediterranean, 

Distribution. — Cosmopolitan. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 552-36 Angel de la Guardia Island 3- 6-36 Shore 

Remarks. — ^The sponge, which is provisionally identified as Laxo- 
suberites rugosus, has a genotype originally from the Mediterranean. 
There is little difference between members of this genus, and L. rugosus 
may easily embrace all of the species. 

Laxosuberites zeteki de Laubenfels 
Plate 69, Figs. 137, 138 ; Plate 70, Fig. 139 

Laxosuberites zeteki At Laubenfels, 1936, p. 450. 

Diagnosis. — The Gulf specimen of this sponge is massive and resembles 
in gross structure a mass of giant fingers fused. The ends of the "fingers" 
protrude and give the surface a lumpy appearance. The color is bright 


38 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

yellow. A typical specimen is 20 cm thick and at least 10 cm square, and is 
apparently a part of a larger mass. At the surface it is colored a dull green 
by foreign material. Oscules and pores are not evident. The endosome 
contains numerous canals 2 mm or 3 mm in diameter which tend to run 
vertically. The sole spicule type is a tylostyle which varies from 2 /u, by 
540 /x to at least 20 /x, by 840 /x. The spicules are in confusion except for 
bunches placed points upward at the surface. 

Holotype.— U.S.N. M. 

Type locality. — Balboa, Canal Zone. 

Distribution. — Both ends of Panama Canal and the Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 1041-40 GuaymasBay 1-23-40 Shore 

Remarks. — This sponge agrees exactly with the published description 
of specimens from Panama even to the greenish algae deposits on the 
surface. 

Genus PSEUDOSUBERITES Topsent 

Pseudosuberites pseudos, new species 

Plate 70, Fig. 140 ; Plate 71, Figs. 141, 142 ; Plate 72, Fig. 143 

Diagnosis. — The specimens of this sponge are chocolate brown in 
color. There is a distinct cortex, semidetachable and about 400 /a thick. 
Pits or cones about 3 mm in diameter and about the same distance apart 
are found in a regular pattern on the surface. These may be closed oscules. 
No openings are visible. There is no hispidation. 

Gross internal structure is very coarse and, like the surface, cartila- 
ginous in consistency. Smooth tylostyles are the only spicules. Those of 
the endosome are a confused mass with typical measurements 10 ^u, by 
330 [x, S ixhy 270 jx, and 10 /x by 300 /a. In the special dermal layer, the 
spicules, while very like those of the endosome, are arranged in a tan- 
gential layer. They also tend to be somewhat thinner. A typical size is 
6/xby 330/x. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 21. 

Type locality. — Pond Island, Lower California, Mexico; from the 
shore of the lagoon. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 547-36 Angel de la Guardia Island 
Sta. 553-36 Pond Island 
Sta. 1076-40 Tepoca Bay 
Sta. 1088-40 Ensenada de San Francisco 

Remarks. — P. melanos de Laubenfels, 1934, from the West Indies 
has spicules 10 /x by 200 /x, but this sponge is black and rather digitate. 


3- 


5-36 


2 m 


3- 


8-36 


Shore 


2- 


3-40 


11m 


2- 


7-40 


2m 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 39 

Pseudosuberites hyalina (Ridley and Dendy) 
Plate 72, Fig. 144; Plate 73, Fig. 145 

Hymeniacidon hyalina Ridley and Dendy, 1887, p. 168. 
Pseudosuberites hyalina Topsent, 1896, p. 127. 

Diagnosis. — Since this sponge is the type of the genus, its description 
is covered by the genus diagnosis. Its spicules are up to 26 [x. by 1,200 /x 
and perhaps larger. 

Holotype. — British Museum. 

Type locality. — ^West coast of Chile. 

Distribution. — Cosmopolitan. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 650-37 San Francisco Island 3- 9-37 94 m 

Remarks. — This sponge is common in the Mediterranean. 

Order EpIPOLASIDA Sollas 

Family Sollasellidae Lendenfeld 

Genus EPIPOLASIS de Laubenfels 

Epipolasis oxyspicula, new species 

Plate 73, Fig. 146 ; Plate 74, Figs. 147, 148 

Diagnosis. — In alcohol this sponge is an intense black on the surface 
and a dark gray color within. The specimen is 11 cm by 9 cm by 3 cm. 
The shape is massive. The consistency is about that of hard rubber. The 
surface is hispid in patches about 500 fx. The larger areas are superficially 
smooth, but the spiculation may have been rubbed off. The ectosomal 
specialization probably consists only in a concentration of pigment cells 
at the surface. This black surface shades gradually into the gray of the 
endoderm so that a definite thickness cannot be assigned. 

No openings are found in the undamaged areas of the sponge surface. 

The spicules are arranged so that a definite radial structure is notice- 
able, although nothing of the nature of tracts can be established. 

The spicules are oxeas and show great variability in size, but there 
are two definite size ranges. The first of these is most characteristically 
40 jj. by 2,000 ^i. The second type tends to be dermal and erect. These are 
on the average 4 /a by 100 /x. 

Holotype. — ^AHF no. 22. 

Type locality. — Port Escondido, Mexico ; from a shore of rock shingle. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 591-36 Port Escondido 3-16-36 Shore 


40 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

Remarks. — The nearest relative of this sponge appears to be E. angu- 
lospiculata from the Gulf of Mexico, which, however, has a bright yellow 
endosome. The larger spicules are strongyloxeote at one end or at both 
ends. The smaller spicules are also much larger than the corresponding 
categoiy in the new species, while the larger range is considerably shorter. 

Family Tethyidae Gray 

Genus TETHYA Lamarck 

Tethya aurantia (Pallas) 

Plate 75, Figs. 149, 150 

Alcyonium aurantium Pallas, 1766, p. 210. 
Tethya aurantia Topsent, 1900, p. 294. 

Diagnosis. — Most specimens of this sponge found in the Gulf were 
pinkish in alcohol, although they are usually reported as drab. 

The shape of the sponge is more or less hemispherical and warty. It 
has a cortex 1 mm thick and a radial structure. 

The spicules found in this Gulf specimen were: strongyles 10 ju, by 
650 )u. to 38 /J, by 2,500 ju,; tylostrongyes 35 /* by 1,500 /x; spherasters 
diameter up to 100 /a; tylasters diameter up to 25 /*; microasters up to 
10 |M. 

Holotype. — Unknown. 

Type locality. — European. 

Distribution. — World wide. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 537-36 Angeles Bay 3- 2-36 Shore 

Sta. 540-36 Puerto Refugio 3- 3-36 Shore 

Sta. 720-37 Rocky Point 3-24-37 Shore 

Sta. 1049-40 Puerto Refugio 1-27-40 Shore 

Remarks. — This sponge has been recorded from Baja California and 
from Upper California. 

Order GhORISTIDA Sollas 
Family AncoHnidae Gray 

Genus PENARES Gray 

Penares cortius de Laubenfels 

Plate 76, Figs. 151, 152 ; Plate 77, Fig. 153 

Penares cortius de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 26. 

Diagnosis. — The architecture of this sponge is typical of the family 
and genus. "Principal spicules, oxeas; size, ranging up to 22 ix by 950 fx.. 
Ectosomal spicules, dichotriaenes ; size of rhabds, about 50 /a by 400 /*; 
size of clads, including the deuteroclads, up to 50 /i by 310 /a. First micros- 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 41 

cleres, bicurvate microstrongyles ; size 3 /a by 50 /x to 8 /x by 160 /a; a very 
few of the smallest ones are faintly centrotylote. Second microscleres ; 
oxyspherasters, total diameter 19 /a to 25 /x, the smallest ones having the 
most numerous rays." (de Laubenfels 1932, p. 37.) 

Holotype.~\J. S.N. M. 

Type locality. — Pescadero Point, California. 

Distribution. — Central California to the Gulf of California. 

Alaterial examined. — 
Sta. 496-36 Fraile Bay 2-18-36 160 m 

Remarks. — The bicurvates found in this sponge are relatively rare. 
P. tyloaster Dendy has bicurvates, but they are oxeas instead of strongyles. 

Genus STELLETTA O. Schmidt 

Stelletta estrella de Laubenfels 
Plate 77, Fig. 154; Plate 78, Figs, 155, 156 

Stelletta estrella de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 25. 

Diagnosis. — The sponge is typical of the family and subfamily. It is 
massive, subspherical, cartilaginous, radial in plan, and has a tough cortex. 

Spicules are: oxeas, 50 /x by 2,500 /x and larger; diaenes and triaenes, 
up to at least 75 fi by 4,000 jx; oxyspherasters, 8 /x to 10 /x in diameter 
average; tylospherasters, 10 /x in diameter. 

Holotype.—U.S.N.M. 

Type locality. — Southern California. 

Distribution. — Southern California to the Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 707-37 Angel de la Guardia Island 3-20-37 Shore 

Remarks. — There is no significant difference between the specimens 
of this sponge from the Gulf and those from the coast of southern Cali- 
fornia. A closely related species, S. clarella de Laubenfels, is found in 
central California. 

Family GeodiidaC Gray 

Genus ERYLUS Gray 

Erylus discastera, new species 

Plate 79, Figs. 157, 158 ; Plate 80, Fig. 159 

Diagnosis. — The size of this sponge is 4 cm by 4 cm by 7 cm, the con- 
sistency cartilaginous, the color drab throughout. 

The surface is superficially smooth and has no special oxeas. No pores 
or oscules are visible. 

There is a distinct surface layer 900 [i thick or less. This is semi- 
detachable and apparently not over subdermal cavities. The endosome is 


42 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

very fine grained and does not present any well-defined structure. The 
gross cavities are rare and too small to be easily seen with the naked eye. 

The first megascleres are plagiotriaenes or diaenes about 40 /a by 
2,000 /x. Occasional triaenes, which are almost calthrops, are also found 
as are small oxeas about 20 jx by 600 jx. These latter are usually dermal. 

The principal microscleres are sterrasters, which are modified into the 
disc shape that differentiates this genus so markedly from Geodia. These 
spicules are large, averaging 240 /a in diameter. Second microsclere is a 
very abundant sterraster only 9 ju, in diameter. A third type is a spheraster 
which is typically 15 /x in diameter. There are also present microstrongyles 
3 /A by 60 {X. 

Holotype. — ^AHF no. 23. 

Type locality. — ^West of Isla Partida; 140 m; rock bottom. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 560-36 Isla Partida 3- 9-36 140 m 

Remarks. — This species is unique chiefly because of the enormous size 
of the sterrasters. No other species has sterrasters which compare with 
them. 

The species E. alleni de Laubenfels is similar but has much smaller 
sterrasters and lacks the long plagiotriaenes. It is West Indian. E. proxi- 
mus Dendy from the Indian Ocean is similar but has strongyles in addi- 
tion to oxeas and it also lacks the large sterrasters. 

Genus GEODIA Lamarck 

Geodia mesotriaena Lendenfeld 

Plate 80, Fig. 160; Plate 81, Figs. 161, 162; Plate 82, Figs. 163, 164 

Cydoniu?n mulleri Lambe, 1892, p. 72. 
Geodia mesotriaena Lendenfeld, 1910, p. 96. 

Diagnosis. — Sponges in this species have the characteristic armor of 
the family. When young the sponge is subspherical, but as it grows it 
spreads laterally into a massive cake. There is always a spicule plush 
present, sometimes two or more cm long, although this is frequently 
rubbed off or damaged. Where the plush is not too dense, special pore 
areas are found. The general endosomal structure tends to the radiate. 

The following analysis gives the types of spicules found in G. meso- 
triaena and an indication of sizes to be expected : 

Diacts (usually oxeas), often several mm long; plagiotriaenes and 
diaenes, often several mm long; ana- and protriaenes, several mm long 
(known as long as about 22 mm) ; dermal oxeas or styles, about 200 /a; 
sterrasters, 50 jtx to 100 /x plus. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


43 


Sta. 


510-36 


Sta. 


518-36 


Sta. 


614-37 


Sta. 


618-37 


Sta. 


627-37 


Sta. 


634-37 


Sta. 


670-37 


Sta. 


749-37 


Sta. 


1051-40 


2-20-36 


Shore 


2-22-36 


Shore 


2-25-36 


Shore 


3- 1-37 


100 m 


3- 3-37 


150 m 


3- 5-37 


Shore 


3- 6-37 


Shore 


3-12-37 


70 m 


4- 3-37 


Shore 


1-27-40 


Shore 


A variety of small asters is also found, which have well-developed 
spines that may be either sharp or rounded on the points. The centrum of 
these asters varies from conspicuous to absent. The size range is from 
about 2 /i to 40 (x. 

Holotype.— U.S.N. M. 
Type locality. — Off southern California. 
Distribution. — Southern Alaska to the Gulf of California. 
Material examined. — 
Sta. 500-36 Espiritu Santo Island 
Ballenas Bay 
San Francisco Island 
Agua Verde Bay 
San Jaime Bank 
Ensenada de los Muertos 
Espiritu Santo Island 
Escondido Bay 
Isabel Island 

Angel de la Guardia Island 
Remarks. — The spicules of Geodia ?nesotriaena are very large, and, 
therefore, differences which would go unnoticed in smaller spicules are 
magnified and seem more important than they are. It seems axiomatic that 
distinctions made on the basis of spiculation should involve gross differ- 
ences only in species with such large spicules. This rule has not always 
been followed. 

Geodia japonica (Sollas) 
Plate 83, Figs. 165, 166; Plate 84, Figs. 167, 168 

Cydonium japonica Sollas, 1888, p. 333. 
Geodia japonica Lendenfeld, 1903, p. 52. 

Diagnosis. — This sponge is massive and knobby. The surface is hispid 
and has special pore areas with pores about .5 mm in diameter. The entire 
specimen is 8 cm by 6 cm by 5 cm. 

The ectosome is vary hard and about 1 mm thick. The endosome is 
"bready." In addition to the usual oxeas, ana- and protriaenes, there are 
sterrasters up to 130 /a in diameter, euasters 22 /i to 30 /*, and small 
siliceous masses 5 /a in diameter which may be spherasters with almost no 
spines. 

Holotype.— {J.S.N. M. 

Type locality. — Japan. 

Distribution. — Pacific Basin. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 562-36 San Esteban Island 3-10-36 90 m 


44 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 

Remarks. — This sponge is not very different from G. mesotriaena, 
described above; and, although it answers the description of G. japonica 
much more closely, it may be only an atypical specimen of G. mesotriaena. 

Genus GEODINELLA (Gray) 

Geodinella Isabella, new species 

Plate 85, Fig. 169 

Diagnosis. — This sponge is encrusting and massive. Its size is 3 cm 
by 6 cm by 6 cm. The consistency is leathery, and the color of the pre- 
served specimen in dark drab. The surface is definitely hispid, although 
microscopically so. There is a distinct cortex 1 mm thick, which is not 
detachable. 

The cortex is largely a sterraster armor. The sterrasters are 30 /a in 
diameter. Two sizes of oxeas are present. The first of these is most often 
about 15 [X by 550 /x. The second has an average size of 3 /x by 100 fi. 
These two types do not represent the ends of a continuous series, as 
spicules of intermediate size are not present. The tylostyles typical of the 
genus are the same size as the smaller oxeas. Oxyspherasters are abundant 
subdermally. These are 30 ft in diameter. There are also very abundantly 
what appear to be oxyspherasters only 5 ju, in diameter. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 24. 

Type locality. — Isabel Island, Sinaloa, Mexico; pontes coral; 4 m. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 125-33 Isabel Island 3-19-33 4 m 

Remarks. — Geodinella robusta Lendenfeld, reported from various 
Albatross stations of California to southern Alaska, may be a near relative 
of this sponge. It does not have the two size ranges of oxeas, however, 
and the asters are much larger. 

Family Graniellidae de Laubenfels 

Genus CRANIELLA Schmidt 

Craniella arb (de Laubenfels) 

Plate 85, Fig. 170 ; Plate 86, Figs. 171, 172 ; Plate 87, Fig. 173 

Tetilla arb de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 26. 
Craniella arb de Laubenfels, 1935, p. 12. 

Diagnosis. — This is a spherical to subspherical sponge with a pro- 
nounced radiate structure, pronouncedly hispid, with a dense cortical area 
about 1 mm thick. Occasional oscules are found. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 45 

It has oxeas and ana- and protriaenes several mm long. One protriaene 
was found which measured 32.4 mm long. The most characteristic spicule 
is the spiny sigmalike microsclere, which has well-rounded, almost tylote 
ends. They are thicker in proportion to their length than true sigmas and 
are about 10 ^a long. 

Holotype. — U.S.N.M. 

Type locality. — Pescadero Point, California. 

Distribution. — Central California to the Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 


Sta. 


538-36 


Angeles Bay 


Sta. 


541-36 


Puerto Refugio 


Sta. 


542-36 


Puerto Refugio 


Sta. 


544-36 


Puerto Refugio 


Sta. 


618-37 


San Jaime Bank 


Sta. 


632-37 


San Gabriel Bay 


Sta. 


669-37 


Danzante 


Sta. 


675-37 


Pulpito Point 


Sta. 


701-37 


Angeles Bay 


Sta. 


712-37 


Puerto Refugio 


Sta. 


716-37 


Willard Point 


Sta. 


1048-40 


Puerto Refugio 


Sta. 


1057-40 


Puerto Refugio 


3- 3-36 


50 m 


3- 4-36 


120 m 


3- 4-36 


30 m 


3- 4-36 


130 m 


3- 3-37 


150 m 


3- 6-37 


48 m 


3-12-37 


110m 


3-15-37 


110m 


3-20-37 


40 m 


3-21-37 


30 m 


3-23-37 


12m 


1-26-40 


11m 


1-29-40 


50 m 


Remarks. — This is the most common sponge in the Hancock collection 
from the Gulf of California. 

Order GaRNOSA Carter 

Family Halinidae de Laubenfels 

Genus PACHASTRELLA Schmidt 

Pachastrella dilifera de Laubenfels 

Plate 87, Fig. 174; Plate 88, Fig. 175 

Pachastrella dilifera de Laubenfels, 1934, p. 1. 

Diagnosis. — This species has no clearly definied cortex, is pale drab in 
alcohol, and has oscules about 1 mm in diameter. The surface is relatively 
smooth. 

In the specimen in this collection the spicules are : calthrops, each ray 
70 (X by 500 /t; oxeas, 50 ^u, by 2,000 fx plus; spirasters, 15 /u, long; 
metasters, 40 /x; microrhabds, 3 /a by 200 ^i. 

Holotype. — U.S.N.M. 

Type locality. — West Indies. 

Distribution. — ^West Indies and Gulf of California. 


46 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 534-36 San Francisquito Bay 3- 2-36 250 m 

Remarks. — As compared to the West Indian holotype, the spicules of 
these specimens tend to be slightly smaller. 

The nearest relative of this sponge, P. nionilifera, is cosmopolitan, and 
further collecting may prove that this specimen is widespread. 

Pachastrella multipora, new species 
Plate 88, Fig. 176 ; Plate 89, Figs. 177, 178 ; Plate 90, Figs. 179, 180 ; Plate 91, Fig. 181 

Diagnosis. — This specimen is 7 cm by 4 cm by 1^ cm. Both ectosomal 
and endosomal portions are drab in alcohol. The consistency is woody, 
and there is a distinct hispidation. A detachable surface membrane 200 ju, 
thick is found. Pores are very abundant and range from 30 ju, to 90 /x in 
diameter. No oscules are evident. 

The endosome is "bready" with some suggestion of vertical to radial 
structure. Gross endosomal cavities are larger just beneath the ectosomal 
membrane. Flagellate chambers 25 fx in diameter are occasionally seen. 

The principal megascleres are calthrops with rays 45 ji by 390 jx and 
oxeas 32 jx by 800 /x. The microscleres are metasters 12 ^ti long, peculiar 
spirasters, with short, blunt rays, also 12 /x long. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 25. 

Type locality. — Off White Rock, Isla Partida; 60 m; bottom of sand 
and gravel. 

Distribution. — Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 556-36 Isla Partida 3- 8-36 60 m 

Sta. 559-36 Isla Partida 3- 9-36 90 m 

Remarks. — This sponge, also found in the Gulf of California, differs 
from Pachastrella dilifera in the much smaller size of the microscleres, 
the presence of a definite detachable ectosomal membrane, the absence of 
the large metasters, and the difference in structure of the spirasters. P. 
monilifera Schmidt has centrotylote micro rhabds 10 /^ to 20 /x long instead 
of the long raphids. P. cribium Lebwohl from Japan has the large 
metasters and very thick microrhabds. 

Genus SPHINGTERELLA (Schmidt) 

Sphincterella osculanigera, new species 

Plate 91, Fig. 182; Plate 92, Figs. 183, 184; Plate 93, Fig. 185 

Diagnosis. — The specimen of this sponge is 3 cm by 2 cm by 2 cm and 
is cartilaginous in consistency. In alcohol the sponge has an olive-green 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 47 

ectosome and a drab endosome. The surface is superficially smooth. There 
are oscules 2,500 fx in diameter. These are coronal and covered by a black 
sieve net with openings 100 fi in diameter. 

There is a well-marked ectosome 1 mm thick, which may be detached 
with difficulty. 

The gross endosomal structure is "bready" and confused. 

The principal spicules are oxeas 75 /a by 2,100 fx and calthrops 95 /x 
by 410 /x. A few of the latter are only triradiates. Two smaller types of 
oxeas are present. The first, 2 /a by 800 fi, is smooth. The second, 10 /x by 
375 fi, is lumpy and gives the impression of having a series of small rings 
around it throughout its length. There are also characteristic asters, 
which average about 15 /x in length. 

Holotype. — AHF no. 26. 

Type locality. — Tepoca Bay, Mexico ; from the shore of a rocky reef. 

Distribution. — Same. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 1077-40 Tepoca Bay 2- 4-40 13 m 

Remarks. — Sphincter ella tricornis Wilson, 1904, from Panama seems 
to be the nearest relative of this sponge. It, however, has very much 
larger oxeas, 135 ;li by 5,000 /x, only the smaller size of triradiates, and 
lacks the black net arrangement which is so striking a feature of the 
Hancock sponge. 

Family PlakinastrellidaC de Laubenfels 
Genus POEGILLASTRA Sollas 
Poecillastra tenuilaminaris Sollas 
Plate 93, Fig. 186 ; Plate 94, Fig. 187 

Normia tenuila?ninaris Sollas, 1880, p. 186. 
Poecillastra tenuilaminaris Sollas, 1888, p. 85. 

Diagnosis. — This is a thin sponge, stiff, drab in alcohol, and smooth. 
Typical spicule measurements are as follows : 

Calthrops (size of rays), 50 /x by 450 {x; oxeas, 3,870 fx by 60 /x; 
plesiasters (greater length), 30 /x; metasters (greater length), 15 /x; 
micoxeas, 3 /x by 145 /x. 

Holotype. — British Museum. 

Type locality. — Japan. 

Distribution. — This sponge has been found in southern California 
near Santa Catalina Island as well as in Japan and the Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — This sponge was found in the Gulf of Cali- 
fornia. Exact location is unknown. 

Remarks. — Spicules in this specimen are somewhat larger than is 
typical. 


48 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

Order ASCONOSA de Laubenfels 

Family Leucettidae de Laubenfels 

Genus LEUGETTA Haeclcel 

Leucetta losangelensls de Laubenfels 

Plate 94, Fig. 188 ; Plate 95, Figs. 189, 190 ; Plate 96, Fig. 191 

Leuconia losangelensls de Laubenfels, 1930, p. 25. 
Leucetta losangelensls de Laubenfels, 1932, p. 13. 

Diagnosis. — The majority of the specimens of this sponge are amorph- 
ous, approaching closely, as in the holotype, the form of the Demospongia. 

The principal spiculation is a confused mass of triaxons, both regular 
and sagittal, with rays varying from 10 ;u, to 45 ju, to 40 fi by 450 /x. Oxeas 
are occasionally present but are almost certainly not proper. Quadriradi- 
ates almost never occur. 

Holotype. — U.S.N.M. 

Type locality. — Laguna Beach, California. 

Distribution. — Southern California to the Gulf of California. 

Material examined. — 


Sta. 


497-36 


Fraile Bay 


2-18-36 


15 m 


Sta. 


515-36 


San Francisco Island 


2-24-36 


Shore 


Sta. 


518-36 


San Francisco Island 


2-25-36 


Shore 


Sta. 


652-37 


San Francisco Island 


3- 9-37 


Shore 


Sta. 


659-37 


Agua Verde Bay 


3-10-37 


Shore 


Sta. 


713-37 


Puerto Refugio 


3-21-37 


50 m 


Sta. 


1045-40 


Tiburon Island 


1-25-40 


Shore 


Sta. 


1077-40 


Tepoca Bay 


2- 4-40 


13m 


Sta. 


1084-40 


San Pedro Nolasco 


2- 6-40 


111 m 


Remarks. — This is the most common calcareous sponge of the Gulf. 
Calcareous sponges do not appear as abundantly in the Hancock collection 
as one would expect. 

The specimens of this species in this collection do not differ materially 
from those off southern California, although a few Gulf specimens show 
a tendency toward a tubelike form. 

Family LeUCOSoIeniidae Minchin 
Genus LEUGOSOLENIA Bowerbank 
Leucosolenia irregularis Jenkin 
Plate 96, Fig. 192 ; Plate 97, Fig. 193 

Leucosolenia Irregularis Jenkin, 1908, p. 44. 

Diagnosis. — As is typical of niembers of this genus, this is a small 
white sponge rather brittle to fragile in consistency. The spicules are 
triacts in which one of the rays is much larger than the others, 40 fx by 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 49 

600 fji in the largest spicules. The smaller rays are 12 ju. by 200 fi. Oxeas 
are also present. A typical size is 27 fx by 700 /x. This specimen shows the 
typical ascon development of the genus. 

Holotype. — British Museum. 

Type locality. — East Africa. 

Distribution. — Cosmopolitan. 

Material examined. — 
Sta. 584-36 Concepcion Bay 3-14-36 8 m 

Remarks. — The shape of this sponge is not very symmetrical ; in fact, 
it tends to be leafy. It is quite probable that this specimen may not be 
conspecific with Jenkin's sponge, as the spicule sizes are even larger than 
he reported, but there are such an enormous number of species Leucoso- 
lenia that it seemed better to identify this specimen with Jenkin's species 
rather than erect a new species where the differences are not clear cut. 

SUMMARY 

1. A detailed, systematic study of the sponges of the Gulf of Cali- 
fornia is recorded here. The only sponge collecting in the region for scien- 
tific purposes, previous to the Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, was 
done on the Albatross Expedition in 1891. Three specimens so far as 
known were reported from the Gulf on that cruise, all from relatively 
deep water. 

2. Three classes, 10 orders, 30 families, 56 genera, and 67 species 
of sponges are represented in the Allan Hancock Foundation collection of 
sponges from the Gulf of California. 

3. Twenty-six species and one genus of sponges, new to science, 
are described in this paper. 

4. The Demospongia are the dominant type found in the Gulf of 
California. Less than 4 per cent of the sponges collected from the region 
are Calcarea, as against a normal expectancy of 10 to 15 per cent for 
shallow water forms. This is probably due to the fresh water poured into 
the confined area of the Gulf of California from the Colorado River. 

5. There is evidence that the Gulf of California presents near 
optimum conditions for sponges because species density is very great, while 
population density per species is low. 

6. The waters of tropical and subtropical America in both the 
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans should be considered as a single faunal unit 
in spite of present-day isolation because of the number of "gem.inate" and 
"identical" species in the two areas. 


C 


50 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

7. The sponge "geminates" occurring on the two sides of tropical 
and subtropical America have not arisen by convergent evolution under 
the influence of similar conditions, because the conditions in areas vi^here 
"geminates" occur are widely different. 

8. The sponge fauna of the Gulf of California and the West Indies 
are closely related. Fifty-eight per cent of the sponges in the Allan 
Hancock Foundation from the Gulf are either identical with, or "gemi- 
nates" of, West Indian forms. 

9. The major portion of the sponge fauna of the Gulf of California 
arose as an "off branching" from the West Indian stock probably in the 
late Miocene period when the portal of Tehuantepec across Mexico was 
open. 

10. A large portion of the present sponge fauna of the coast of Cali- 
fornia proper probably arose as an extension of the fauna of the Gulf of 
California. Forty-eight per cent of the sponge genera from the Gulf in 
the Allan Hancock collection are identical with, or "geminates" of, forms 
from the coast of California proper. 

11. There is some evidence that the coast of California may repre- 
sent, for sponges, a transition zone between the tropical, or subtropical, 
and temperate regions. 

12. The sponge fauna of the Gulf of California is intermediate 
between that of the West Indies and that of the coast of California 
proper. "Geminate species" occurring in the latter region arise either 
because California forms are identical with Gulf forms, which in turn 
are "geminates" of sponges from the West Indies or because the Gulf 
sponges, which are "geminates" of California forms, are identical. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 51 

LITERATURE CITED 

Arndt, W. 

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1932. Report on a collection of sponges made in South Saghalin by Mr. Tomoe 
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1932. Sponges. Discovery Reports, University Press, Cambridge, vol. VI, 
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1871. On two undescribed sponges (Ectyon^ Acarnus) and two Esperiadae 
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1873. On the Hexactinellidae and Lithistidae generally, and particularly on 
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1880. Descriptions of two now sponges from the Barents Sea. Ann. Mag. Nat. 
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1880. Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and pre- 
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1882. Some sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool 
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1885. Description of sponges from the neighborhood of Port Phillip Heads, 
South Australia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. XV, pp. 107-117, 
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Dendy, a. 

1891. A Monograph of the Victorian sponges. Part I: The organization and 
classification of the Calcarea Homocoela, with descriptions of the Victo- 
rian species. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 3, pp. 1-81, pis. I-II. 


52 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

1897. Catalogue of Non-Calcareous Sponges collected by J. Bracebridge 
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1921. Report on the Sigmatotetraxonida collected by H. M. S. Sealark in the 
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1924. Porifera. Part I: Non-Antarctic sponges. British-Antarctic (Terra 
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Dendy, a. and R. W. H. Row 

1913. The clasification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges; with a ref- 
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DUCHASSAING DE FONBRESSIN, P., AND G. MiCHELOTTI 

1864. Spongiaires de la Mer caraibe. Memoire public par la Societe holland- 
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Ehlers, E. 

1870. Die Esper'schen Spongien in der zoologischen Sammlung der K. Univer- 
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Ekman, Sven 

1935. Tiergeographic des Meeres, xii+542 pp., 24 figs., 8 vols. (Akad. Ver- 
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Ellis, J. and Daniel Solander 

1786. The natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected 
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Esper, E. J. C. 

1794. Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Fabben erleuch- 
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Fleming, J. 

1828. A history of the British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters 
and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, 
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Grant, R. E. 

1827. Notice of two new species of British sponges. Edinburgh, New Philos. 

Journ., vol. 2, (1826?), pp. 203-204. 
1841. Outlines of Comparative Anatomy. Porifera. London, pp. 5-9, 310-313, 
figs. 2-4. 
Gray, J. E. 

1867a. Notes on the arrangement of sponges with the description of some new 

genera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 492-558, pis. XXVII-XXVIII. 
1867b. On Placospong'ta, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British 
Museum. Proc. Zool. Soc, pp. 127-129. 
GiiNTHER, A. 

1868. An account of the fishes of the states of Central America, based on col- 
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Haeckel, E. 

1872. Die Kalkschwamme: eine Monographie. Vol. 2. System der Kalk- 
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Hallmann, E. F. 

1917. A revision of the genera with microscleres included or provisionally 
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1920. New genera of monaxonid sponges related to the genus Clathria. Proc. 
Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. XLIV, pp. 767-792, pis. XXXVI-XL. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON: SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 53 

Hentschel, E. 

1911. Tetraxonida. 2 Teil: Fauna Siidwest-Australiens (Michaelsen und 

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Hernandez, F. Ferrer 

1921. Esponjas recogidas en la campana preliminar del "Girlada." Bol. de 

Pescas Madrid, vol. 6, pp. 161-177. 
1923. Mas datos para el conocimiento de las esponjas de las costas espafiolas. 
Bol. de Pescas Madrid, vol. 7, pp. 247-272. 
HiGGIN, T. 

1875. On a new sponge of the genus Luff aria, from Yucatan, in the Liverpool 
Free Museum. With remarks by H. J. Carter. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 
sen 4, vol. XVI, pp. 223-227, pi. VI. 
IjiMA, I. 

1927. The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. Siboga Exped. Rep. 
Leiden, vol. CVI, pp. 1-383. 
Jenkin, C. F. 

1908. National Antarctic Expedition (Nat. Hist.) 4: Calcarea. London, vol. 
IV, pp. 1-49, pi. 1-12. 
Johnston, G. 

1842. History of the British sponges and lithophytes. Edinburgh, London, 
Dublin, xii+264 pp., 25 pis. 

JORDON, D. S., AND MaRY CyNTHIA DiCKERSON 

1908. Notes on a collection of fishes from the Gulf of Mexico at Vera Cruz 
and Tampico, Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Inst. Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus., vol. XXXIV, pp. 11-22. 

KiRKPATRICK, R. 

1900. Description of sponges from Funafuti. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 7, vol. 
VI, pp. 345-362, pis. XIII-XV. 
Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de Monet 

1814. Sur les Polypiers empates. (dont I'exposition commence au 20^ vol 
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1815. Suite des Polypiers empates (dont Texposition commence au 20^ vol. des 
Annales, p. 294). Mem. du Museum., vol. I, pp. 162-168, 331-340. 

Lambe, L. M. 

1892. On some sponges from the Pacific Coast of Canada and Behring Sea. 
Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, vol. X, sec. IV, pp. 67-78, pis. 
III-VI. 

1893. Sponges from the Pacific Coast of Canada. Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. 
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Laubenfels, M. W. de 

1926. New sponges from California. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. XVII, 
pp. 567-573. 

1927. The red sponges of Monterey Peninsula, California. Ann. Mag. Nat. 
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1930. The sponges of California. Stanford Univ. Bull., ser. 5, vol. V, no. 98, 

pp. 24-29. 
1932. Physiology and morphology of Porifera exemplified by lotrochota 

birotulata Higgin. Papers from Tortugas Laboratory, Carnegie Inst. 

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1932. The Marine and fresh-water sponges of California. Proc. U. S. Nat. 

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1934. New sponges from the Puerto Rican Deep. Smithsonian Miscellaneous 
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1935. Some sponges of Lower California (Mexico). American Museum Novi- 
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1936. A comparison of the shallow-water sponges near the Pacinc end of the 
Panama Canal with those at the Caribbean end. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
no. 2993, vol. LXXXIII, pp. 441-464. 


54 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 

1936. A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular 
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1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part. III. Proc. Linn. Soc. 
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1903. Tetraxonia. Das Tierreich, vol. XIX, pp. 1-168. 

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LlEBERKiiHN, N. 

1859. Neue Beitrage zur Anatomic der Spongien. Arch. Anat. und. Phys., pp. 
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1759. Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. II, Vegetabilia. 
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1822. The fossils of the South Downs, or illustrations of the geology of Sussex. 
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1824. Reise nach Venedig. Zweiter Theil: Venedig, Euganeen, Alpen von 
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1900. Porifera. In E. Ray Lankester, A Treatise on Zoology. Part II: The 

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1818. An essay on sponges, with descriptions of all the species that have been 

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1833. Auszug aus einem neuen System der Spongiarien, Avornach bereits die 

Aufstellung in der Universitats-Sammlung zu Padua gemacht ist. Isis, 

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1766. Elenchus Zoophytorum. Hagae-comitum apud Petrum van Cleef. 
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1881. On the genus Plocamia Schmidt, and on some other sponges of the order 

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NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 55 

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1899. Studien iiber pazifische Spongien: II. Zoologica, Heft 24, pp. 1-33, pis. 
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1905. Die Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Sammlung Plate. Zool. Jahrb. 
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TOPSENT, E. 

1889. Quelques Spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Pointe-a-Pitre. 
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1894. Une Reforme dans la Classification des Halichondrina. Mem. Soc. Zool. 

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Wilson, H. V. 

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Nat. Mus., Washington, vol. II, part 4, pp. 273-506, pis. 37-52. 


EXPLANATION 

OF 

PLATES 

(All photographs by H. B. Gray, Biology Department, Polytechnical High School, 

Long Beach, California) 


58 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 1 

Fig. 1. Halme hancocki, new species. 

Fig. 2. Halme hancocki, new species, close-up of the surface. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 1 


60 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 2 

Fig. 3. Haime hancocki, ne\v species, primary fibers, x 50. 
Fig. 4. Halme hancocki, new species, secondary fibers, x 50. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 2 


i 


■V- 


4^ 


62 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 3 

Fig. 5. Hircinia jusca Carter. 

Fig. 6. Verongia thiona de Laubenfels. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 3 


64 ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 4 

Fig. 7. Dysidea amblia de Laubenfels. 

Fig. 8. Dysidea amblia de Laubenfels, fibers, x 50. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 4 


66 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 5 

Fig. 9. Halidona cinerea (Grant). 

Fig. 10. Close-up of the surface of Halidona dnerea (Grant). 


xo, 1 


DICKINSOX : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 


68 ALLAN HANXOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 6 

Fig. 11. Haliclona palmata (Ellis and Solander). 
Fig. 12. Haliclona palmata (Ellis and Solander), fibrous reticula- 
tion. X 50. 


xo. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 6 


70 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 7 

Fig. 13. Haliclona pal/nata (Ellis and Solander), showing spicules 
within fibers. 

Fig. 14. Haliclona permolis (Bowerbank). 


XO. 1 DICKIXSOX: SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA PL. 7 


MTmn 


72 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 8 

Fig. 15. Haliclona per molts (Bowerbank), isodictyal reticulation. 

X 200. 
Fig. 16. Callyspongia californica, new species. 


NO. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA 


PL. 8 


[TTTT fTTTTnm ! ! ! I ! M ! t ntf 


74 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 9 

Fig. 17. Callyspongia californica, new species, fiber mesh, x 110. 
Fig. 18. Callyspongia californica, new species, fiber mesh, x 370. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSOX : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 9 


76 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 10 

Fig. 19. Adocia gellindra de Laubenfels. 

Fig, 20. Adocia gellindra de Laubenfels, isodictyal reticulation. 


xo. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 10 


78 


ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIOXS VOL. 11 


PLATE 11 

Fig. 21. Adocta ambrosia, new species. 
Fig. 22. Adocta ambrosia, new species. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 11 


80 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 12 

Fig. 23. Adocia ambrosia, new species, showing gross internal 

anatomy. 
Fig. 24. Adocia ambrosia, new species, isodictyal reticulation of 

oxeas. X 110. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 12 


82 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 13 

Fig. 25. Pellina semiiubulose (Lieberkiihn). 

Fig. 26. Pellina semiiubulose (Lieberkuhn), isodictyal reticulation 
of oxeas. x 110. 


NO, 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 13 


%^ 


// 


4ii^^ 


84 ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 14 

Fig. 27. Sigmadocia edaphus de Laubenfels. 

Fig. 28. Sigmadocia edaphus de Laubenfels, typical oxea. x 200. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 14 


86 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 15 

Fig. 29. Sigmadocia cdaplius de Laubenfels, distorted sigmas. x 770. 
Fig. 30. Rhizochalina pacifica, new species, t\pical specimens. 


i 


NO, 1 UICKINSOX: SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 15 


IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIM41H 


88 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 16 

Fig. 31. Rhizochalina pacifica, new species, typical specimens, 

longitudinal section. 
Fig. 32. Rhizochalina pacifica, new species, typical specimens, 

principal fibers containing the oxeas. 


xo. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA PL. 16 


90 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 17 

Fig. 33. Plocamia karyoka, new species. 

Fig. 34. Plocamia karyoka, new species, strongyles. x 370. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 17 


92 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 18 

Fig. 35. Plocamia karyoka, new species, contorted chelas. x 770. 
Fig. 36. Plocamionida igzo de Laubenfels, tylostyles, typical, x 100. 


NO. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA PL. 18 


94 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 19 

Fig. 37. Cyamon argon, new species. 

Fig. 38. Cyamon argon, new species, triact with short ray spine. 
X 200. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 19 


4i i_5 

•ThMllilTT' 


rrrtTTTn- 


96 ALLAX HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 20 

Fig. 39. Trikentrion helium, new species, characteristically spined 

triacts. x 200. 
Fis. 40. Trikentrion helium, new species, a tuft of long, thin oxeas 

found in this species, x 200. 


xo. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 20 


98 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 21 

Fig. 41. lophon indentatus (Gray). 

Fig. 42. lophon indentatus (GrajO, an acanthostyle. x 200. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSOX : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 21 


milT 


71 81 , 9 

TTltmi^r'TrmTTtm^Ttr 


100 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 22 


Fig. 43. lophon indentatus (Gray), a bipocillate. x 770. 

Fig. 44. Myxichela microioxa, new species, typical acanthostyles. 


xo. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 22 


102 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 23 

Fig. 45. Myxichela microtoxa, new species, the small toxa which 

gives this species its name, x 370. 
Fig. 46. Myxichela microtoxa, new species, a palmate isochela. 

X 770. 


KO, 1 DICKINSON: SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 23 


y- 


^% 


m- 


104 ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 24 

Fig. 47. Myxilla mexicensis, new species. 

Fig. 48. Myxilla mexicensis, new species, point and slightly spiny 
head of a style, x 100. 


NO. 1 DICKIXSOX: SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 24 


106 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 11 


PLATE 25 

Fig. 49. Myxilla mexicensis, new species, anchorate chelas. x 770. 
Fig. 50. Myxilla mexicensis, new species, a sigma. x 770. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 25 


108 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 26 

Fig. 51. Tedan'ta nigresccns (Schmidt). 

Fig. 52. Tedania nigrescens (Schmidt), characteristic view of 
spicules showing styles, tylotes, and rhaphids. x 200. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 26 


110 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 27 

Fig. 53. Acarnus erithacus de Laubenfels, a palmate isochela. x 770. 
Fig. 54. Acarnus erithacus de Laubenfels, cladotylotes and styles. 
X 100. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 27 


112 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 28 

Fig. 55. Acarnus erithacus de Laubenfels, a giant toxa with chelas 

at lower left, x 200. 
Fig. 56. Lissodendoryx isodictyalis Topsent, overgrown with hydroid. 


KO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 28 


METRIC ' 2' 3 


114 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 29 

Fig. 57. Lissodendoryx isodictyalis Topsent, with most of cortex 

removed. 
Fig. 58. Lissodendoryx isodictyalis Topsent, tylotes with a sigma 

at lower center, x 300. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 29 


116 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 30 

Fig. 59. Lissodendoryx isodictyalis Topsent, sigma. x 770. 

Fig. 60. Lissodendoryx isodictyalis Topsent, arcuate isochelas. x 770. 


XO. 1 DICKINSOX: SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 30 


118 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 31 

Fig. 61. Hemectyon hyle de Laubenfels, typical acanthostyles. x 200. 
Fig. 62. Hemectyon hyle de Laubenfels, typical acanthostyles. x 200. 


xo. 1 


DICKINSOX : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 31 


120 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 32 

Fig. 63. Hemectyon hylc de Laubenfels, a fragment. 

Fig. 64. Hemectyon hyle de Laubenfels, growing on a mollusk shell. 


NO. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 32 


.i 1 1 H ; 


iiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiniiii!ii!iiiiiiniiiin!i!iii 


Pi il iiiiil-ii Ij ii liiilLiJjJjiiiLliaililiiJiiLlili liliiJ Ij 11 1 1 Ij i 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 i ! Li 


122 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIOXS VOL.11 


PLATE 33 

Fig. 65. Hemectyo7i hymani, new species. 

Fig. 66. Hemectyon hymani, new species, bent acanthostyles. x 200. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL, 33 


^ftMlmftlTIT^^ 


•A 


124 ALLAxV HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITION'S VOL. 1 I 


PLATE 34 

Fig. 67. Heterectya cerehclla, new species. 

Fig. 68. Heterectya cerebella, new species, typically bent acantho- 
stvle. X 200. 


NO. 1 


DICKIxNSOX : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 34 


•\ 


. « 


3> 


wwr-^ "' '•'^ffiiffgiiy 


!."•- "'»y<'^^r<v 


126 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 35 

Fig. 69. Isociona lithophenix de Laubenfels, ectosome removed at 

upper right. 
Fig. 70. Isociona lithophenix de Laubenfels, encrusting a rock. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 35 


I i 


n 1 1 ' i 


1.1 ...lI i i 1 11 llLu. 


lilJil 


I 1 


iilU.illiJJi[UilillMliJ 


128 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 36 

Fig. 71. Isociona lithophenix de Laubenfels, t,vpical reticulations of 

acanthose spicules. 
Fip;. 72. Isociona lithophenix de Laubenfels, palmate isochelas. x 770. 


NO. 


DICKINSOX : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA 


PL. 36 


A 


130 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 11 


PLATE 37 

Fig. 73. Mycale angulosa (Duchassaing and Michelotti). 

Fig. 74. Mycale angulosa (Duchassaing and Michelotti), longi- 
tudinal section showing gross architecture. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 37 


132 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 38 

Fig. 75. Mycale angulosa (Duchassaing and Michelotti), subtylo- 
styles Avith chelas and sigmas in the background, x 200. 

Fig. 76. Mycale angulosa (Duchassaing and Michelotti), sigma and 
chela enlarged, x 770. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 38 


134 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 39 

Fig. 77. Carmia contax, new species. 

Fig. 78. Carmia contax, new species, styles to subtylostyles in vague 
tracts. X 200. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSOX : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 39 


! 


.t^'imi^^t^i^&^ 


136 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 40 

Fig. 79. Carmia contax, new species, same as Fig. 78, enlarged with 
sigmas and occasional chelas showing, x 370. 

Fig. 80. Carmia contax, new species, profile view of large chela 
and sigma. x 370. The sizes of chelas and toxas also show. 
X 370. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON: SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 40 


138 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIOXS VOL. 11 


PLATE 41 

Fig. 81. Carmia coniax, new species, full view of a palmate aniso- 

chela. X 770. 
Fig. 82. Carmia fascifihula (Topsent). 


NO. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 41 


^ 


«y t- t* 


140 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 42 

Fig. 83. Carmia fascifihula (Topsent), vague netlike arrangement 

of tylostyles. x 50. 
Fig. 84. Carmia fascifihula, profile of palmate anisochela, with 

heads of styles showing, x 370. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 42 


142 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 43 

Fig. 85. Microtylostylifer partida, ne^v species. 

Fig. 86. Microtylostylifer partida, new species, longitudinal section 
showing gross structure. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 43 


I I I i I I I I I i I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 


144 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 44 

Fig. 87. Microtylostylifcr partida, new species, head of one tylostyle 
and the point of another, x 200. 

Fig. 88. B'lemna rhadia de Laubenfels. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 44 


mmim luuj ujiLUiumui umuiJ 1 1 1 1 1 j ti 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 luu i 


146 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 45 

Fig. 89. Biemna rhadia de Laubenfels, sho^ving the tremendous size 
range of sigmas. 

Fig. 90. Axinella mexicana de Laubenfels. 


KO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 45 


148 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 46 

Fig. 91. Axinella mexicana de Laubenfels, typical oxeas. x 200. 
Fig. 92. Axinella mexicana de Laubenfels, a group of styles, x 200. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 46 


150 ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIOXS VOL.11 


PLATE 47 

Fig. 93. Draffinacidon opisclera de Laubenfels. 

Fig. 94. Dragmaddon opisclera de Laubenfels, a typical group of 
styles. X 100. 


xo. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 47 


iiiiumMiiiiiiiJii 


mmiii. 


152 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 48 

Fig. 95. Draff macidon opisclera de Laubenfels, styles in tufts, x 110. 
Fig. 96. Thieleia rubiginosa (Thiele). 


NO. 1 


DICKINSOX : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 48 


154 ALLAX HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 49 

Fig. 97. Thieleia ruhiyinosa (Thiele), a longitudinal section. 
Fig. 98. Higginsia higginissima, new species. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 49 


156 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. I 1 


PLATE 50 

Fig. 99. Higginsia higginissima, new species, longitudinal section. 
Fig. 100. Higginsia higginissima, new species, spin\- strongyles. x 770. 


xo. ] 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 50 


158 ALLAX HANXOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 51 

Fig. 101. Hiffffinsia liigginissima, new species, spin}' centrotylote. x. 770. 
Fig. 102. Halichondria panicea (Pallas). 


XO, 1 DICKINSON': SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 51 


160 ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 52 

Fig. 103. Halichondria panicea (Pallas), tangentially placed oxeas 

of the dermal layer, x 100. 
Fig. 104. Rhaphoxya lauhenfelsi, new species, x 110. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 52 


162 ALLAX HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIOXS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 53 

Fig. 105. Adreissa letra, new species. 

Fig. 106. Adreissa letra, new species, cross-section of Fig. 105, show- 
ing thin membrane over cavities. 


xo. 1 


DlCKINjSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 53 


164 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 54 

Fig. 107. .Idreissa letra, new species, aspiciilous membrane, x 100. 
Fig. 108. Adreissa letra, new species, styles, x 100. 


xo. 1 


DICKINSON" : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA 


PL. 54 


166 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 55 

Fig. 109. Hyineniacidon adreissiformies, new species. 
Fig. 110. Hymeniacidon adreissiformies, new species, a close-up of 
the surface. 


so. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA 


PL. 33 


168 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 56 

Fig. 111. Hymeniacidon adreissiformies, new species, styles, x 430. 
Fig. 112 Hymeniacidon sinapium de Lauhenids. 


NO. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA 


PL. 56 


170 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 57 
Fig. 113. Oxeostilon oxcon, new species. 


Fig. 114. Oxeostilon oxeon, new species, p 


rofile. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 57 


i 


172 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIOXS VOL.11 


PLATE 58 

Fig. 115. Oxeostilon oxeon, new species, looking down on the surface. 
Fig. 116. Oxeostilon oxeon, new species, oxeas and st.vles. x 50. 


xo. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA 


PL. 58 


74 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 59 

Fig. 117. Oxeostilon huiioni de Laubenfels. 
Fig. 118. Choaniies mineri de Laubenfels. 


xo. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA 


PL. 59 


1'« . I ! : ^ i i : I : • : ! t i • i ' I ! I ! ! ■ . i : I ! 1 1 1 I i ! * i'l I 1 1 I ; ! i 1 I 


I 1 I ) I ) i 1 I I I ■! I I I i I I I ! i ) M I l-l^» 


176 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 60 


Fig. 119. Choanites mineri de Laubenfels, close-up of oscular opening. 
Fig. 120. Choanites mineri de Laubenfels, growing on a seaweed. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 60 


i M f ! I I ! 


jTTttiiTimTrmiirmtiTiitTiTit 


'truftiiTTfTTiiln"';:; 


:v 


178 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 61 

Fig. 121. Choanites niineri de Laubenfels, a tylostyle and a centro- 

tylote microstrongyle. x 770. 
Fig. 122. Delauhenfelsia raromicrosdera, new species. 


xo. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA 


PL. 61 


180 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 62 

Fig. 123. Delaubenfelsia raromicrosclera, new species, tylostyle. x 200. 
Fig. 124. Delaubenfelsia raromicrosclera, new species, tylostyles with 
microscleres in background, x 200. 


xo, 1 


DICKINSON' : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 62 


/ 


f 


/ 


^ 
^ 


'-^^icr- 


182 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 63 

Fig. 125. Delaubenfelsia raromlcrosdcra, new species, microscleres. 

X 770. 
Fig. 126. Delaubenfelsia raromicrosclera, new species, a single mi- 

crosclera. x 770. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 63 


•/ . 


I 


..•#* 


'm^<^- 


f^#si 


184 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 64 

Fig. 127. Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing and Michelotti). 
Fig. 128. Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing and Michelotti), a 
close-up of pore area. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 64 


[ -k^^l^^i^^MMM-iiUi:. . 


>"'} (' 3 » „A ; 's'^^i^J^ 


tj^mSMgjMmaamgmS^ 


■^■■I 


H^l 


^H 


H 


186 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 1 I 


PLATE 65 

Fig. 129. Spirastrclla coccinca (Duchassaing and Michelotti), tylo- 

style. X 100. 
Fig. 130. Spirastit'lla cncc'tnca (Duchassaing and Michelotti), spi- 

rasters. x 770. 


xo. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA PL. 65 


^ 


188 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 I 


PLATE 66 

Fig. 131. Atergia corona, new species. 

Fig. 132. Atergia corona, new species, longitudinal section. 


NO. 1 DICKINSON: SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 66 


190 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 11 


PLATE 67 

Fig. 133. Atergia corona, new species, showing erect dermal tylo- 

styles. X 50. 
Fig. 134. Laxosuberites nigosiis (Schmidt). 


NO. 1 DICKIXSOX: SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 67 


iillliliilHJJiiti 


192 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 68 

Fig. 135. Laxosuherites ruyosiis (Schmidt), same with surface mem- 
brane removed. 

Fig. 136. Laxosuherites rugosus (Schmidt), surface tuft of spicules 
arranged point upward, x 200. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 68 


i 


194 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 11 


PLATE 69 

Fig. 137. Laxosuberitis zcteki de Laubenfels. 

Fig. 138. Laxosuberitcs zeteki de Laubenfels, same from the side. 


NO. 1 DICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORN'IA PL. 69 


itlllllillllUlilllllllllllllllllllll 


196 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 70 

Fig. 139. Laxosuberites zeteki de Laubenfels, typical tylostyle. x 200. 
Fig. 140. Pseudosuberites pseudos, new species. 


xo. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 70 


/ 


A .*^, ^ 


>^;-"-^.i»' 


-*.;■#•-. 


198 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 71 

Fig. 141. Pseudosuberiles pscudos, new species, a portion of surface. 
Fig. 142. Pseudosuberites pseudos, new species, a portion of surface 
showing closed oscules. x 3. 


xo. 1 


DICKINSON : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 71 


''^■^liimtfTifimilrfi] 


[fiwiiriiiiinliiiiliiiiiiTifimii 


200 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 72 

Fig. 143. Pseudosuherites pseudos, new species, tangential layer of 

tylostyles in the dermis, x 50. 
Fig. 144. Pseudosuherites hyalina (Ridley). 


xo. 1 


DICKIXSOX: SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 72 


202 ALLAN HANCOCK PACiriC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 73 

Fig. 1+5. Psfudosuheiites hyalina (Ridley), tylostyles. x 100. 
Fig. 146. Epipolasis oxyspicula, new species. 


xo. 1 


UICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA 


PL. 73 


204 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 11 


PLATE 74 

Fig. 147. Epipolasis oxyspicula, new species, longitudinal section 
showing the pigment concentration at the surface. 

Fig. 148. Epipolasis oxyspicula, new species, showing a spicular col- 
umn of twisted oxeas. x 110. 


NO. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 74 


206 


ALLAX HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 75 

Fiji. 1+9. Tcthya auraniia (PnUas). 

Fiji. liO. Tcthya aurantia (Pallas), cross-section showing radial 
structure, the cortical rej^ion, and the denser central portion. 


xo. 1 


DICKI.VSOX : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 75 


208 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 76 

Fis- 151. Penares cortius de Laiibenfels. 

¥'\%. 152. Penares cortius de Laubenfels, part of head of dichotriaene. 
X 100. 


XO. 1 DICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA PL. 76 


210 


ALLAX HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONTS 


VOL, 11 


PLATE 77 

Fig. 153. Penan s cortius de Laubenfels, a small oxea. x 30. 
Fig. 154. Stellftta rstnila de Laubenfels. 


NO. 1 DICKIXSOX: SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 77 


/ 


f^^ 


212 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 


Fig. 155. Slelletta estrclla de Laubenfels, endosomal triaenes. x 100. 
Fig. 156. Stelletta estrclla de Laubenfels, tylospherasters. x 770. 


xo. 1 


DICKINSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 78 


214 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 79 

Fit;. 1^"- I-iylus discastira, new species. 

Fis. 158. Eryliis discastcra, new species, disk-shaped sterraster form- 
ing the surface arnnor. x 110. 


xo. 1 


DICK-IN'SOX : SPONGES OF GL LF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 79 


•iniMiiif 


TfTTiTtnTnniFlnninjfiiJii'" 


V ^ 


216 ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL 


PLATE 80 

Fig. 159. Erylus discastera, new species, characteristic sterraster. 

X 370. 
Fig. 160. Geodia mcsotriaena Lendenfeld. 


xo. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 80 


218 ALLAX HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 81 

Fig. 161. Geodia wfsoliiaena Lendenfeld, showing special pore area. 
Fig. 162. Geodia mcsotriafna Lendenfeld, cross-section showing 
cortex and gross cavities. 


NO. 1 


DICKIXSOX: SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA PL. 81 


i 


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illillllMIIIIIIIIIJINlJ 


220 ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 82 


Fig. 163. Geodia mesotriaena Lendenfeld, one ray of the triaene 
showing the dicho modification. Sterrasters in the back- 
ground. X 200. 

Fig. 164. Geodia mesotriaena Lendenfeld, typical spherasters. x 200. 


NO. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA 


PL. 82 


222 ALLAX HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 83 


Fig. 165. Geodia japonica (SoUas). 

Fig. 166. Geodia japonica (Sollas), same with cortex removed. 


XO. 1 DICKINSON: SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA PL. 83 


lillljj 


224 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.11 


PLATE 84 

Fis. 167. Gcndia japonica (Sollas), a mass of spherasters and ster- 

rasters. x 200. 
Fis- 168. Geodia japonica (Sollas), spherasters faintly tylote. x 770. 


xo. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 84 


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226 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 85 


Fig. 169. Geodinclla Isabella, new species. 
Fig. 170. Craniella arb (de Laubenfels). 


xo. 1 


DICKINSON' : SPONGES OF GLLF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 85 


^"^■0^:: 


.*« 


228 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PI. ATI', sr, 


Fifr 171. Cramrlla arh (dc- l.nulniilils) , loiiKitudiiKil section through 
llu' osculc slu.win.ii; llic r;i(li:il stnictuic and dtMiser central 
portion. 

Fin. 172. Cniiiirllu arh (de l.aubenleis), anatriaenes and protriaenes. 
X 100. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 86 


•*t»»r»6wl 


230 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 87 

Fig. 173. Craniella arb (de Laubenfels), characteristic spiny sigma- 

like microscleres. x 770. 
Fig. 174. Pachastrella dilifcra de Laubenfels. 


xo. 1 


DICKIXSON : SPONGES OF GULI- OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 87 


232 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 88 
Fig. 175. Pachastrclla dilifcra de Laubenfels, typical calthrop. x 140. 
Fig. 176. Pachastrclla mullipora, new species. 


XO. 1 DICKIXSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA I'l.. 8(S 


iniiniiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!!. 


234 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 89 

Fis. 177. Pachastrclla multipora, new species, with surface speciali- 
zation removed. 

Fig. 178. Pachastrclla mullipora, new species, cut edge showing 
specialization. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 89 


236 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 90 

Fis. 179. Pachastielia multipora, new species, calthrops. x 75. 
Fis. 180. Pachastielia multipora, new species, showinp; the netlike 
arrangements of the oxea tracts, x 200. 


NO. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 90 


238 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 91 


Fie 181. Pachastrella multipara, new species, and enlargement of 

Fig. 180, showing peculiar blunt-rayed spirasters. x 770. 
Fig. 182. Sphincterella oscidani(jera, new species. 


NO. 1 


DICKIXSOX : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORXIA 


PL. 91 


240 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 92 

Fig. 183. Sphincterella osculani{/rra, new species, enlarged to show 

the black sieve net over an oscule. 
Fig. 184. Sphincterella osculanujera, new species, calthrops— one a 

triradiate and one with a reduced fourth ray. x 50. 


xo. 1 


DICKINSON' : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 92 


1 i I 


242 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 93 


Fiff 185. Sphinderella oscidanu/era, new species, oxeas with peculiar 
ringlike roughening characteristic of this species, x 200. 

Fig. 186. Poecillastra tenuilaminans Sollas, showing typical cal- 
throp. X 100. 


xo. 1 


DICKINSOX : SPOXGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 93 


1 


244 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 94 


Fig. 187. Poecillastra tenuilaminaris Sollas, plesiasters. x 770. 
Fig. 188. Leucetta losangelensis de Laubenfels. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 94 


246 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 95 

Fig. 189. Leucetta losangelensis de Laubenfels, longitudinal section 
showing gross internal structure. 

Fig. 190. Leucetta losamjelensis de Laubenfels, mass of triaxons typi- 
cal of this species, x 100. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 95 


fTtiriTfMtmNmTtTiTl^^l^^ 


6 


TMTI 


«|0 


tl! 


248 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 96 


Fig. 191. leucetta losangelensis de Lauhenfels, another view of Fig. 190. 
Fig. 192. I.eucosolenia irri'tjularis Jenkin. 


NO. 1 


DICKINSON : SPONGES OF GULF OF CALIFORNIA 


PL. 96 


nrntTrnliTfTtiiirtfTTitiTirifiTilmiiiifi!^ 


250 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 1 1 


PLATE 97 


Fig. 193. Leucetta losangelensis de Laubenfels, showing tremendous 
variation in size of the triaxons in this sponge, x 110. 


KO. 1 DICKIXSOX: SPOXGESOFGULFOFCALIFORXIA 


PL. 97 


' "»-•■/_•' ' 


THE HOLOTHURIOIDEA COLLECTED BY THE 
VELERO HI AND IV DURING THE YEARS 

1932 TO 1954 

PART II. ASPIDOCHIROTA 

(Plates 1-9) 
Elisabeth Deichmann 

Introduction 

No other tropical coast has ever been so well explored for shallow 
water holothurians as the Panamic region of the west coast of America, 
where the Hancock expeditions have collected for more than a decade. 
The report on the dendrochirotes, 1941, included about 40 species, of 
which many were new, and in most cases it was possible to outline the 
distribution for each species with some accuracy. The collections of 
aspidochirote forms are not so rich in species — only about half as many 
as the dendrochirotes, and few are new — but the enormous amount of 
material (some thousand individuals) has helped to clarify our ideas 
about these widespread forms, their distribution, their ecological de- 
mands, and the relationships of the Panamic shore fauna to that of the 
West Indies and the outposts of the West Pacific. 

Like the dendrochirote forms, the aspidochirotes were almost un- 
known in that part of the world thirty years ago. Mortensen's few 
collecting trips in the Gulf of Panama, in 1916-1917, gave the first 
inkling of how much existed in that apparently barren region. One 
hesitated then to give names to these various species, as the few known 
forms were inadequately described and it seemed impossible that some 
of the more striking ones of those collected were not known from other 
parts of the world. Hence the publication of the report on his material 
was shelved for the time being. 

A large amount of the Hancock material was identified in 1933, 
shortly after it had been collected, and more was worked over during 
my various visits to California in the following years. During this time 
short reports were published on material received from other expeditions 
{Zaca, Arcturus, Stranger, etc.), slowly adding to the handful of species 
hitherto listed. A preliminary report on the Hancock collections was 

[253] 


254 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

compiled and deposited in the Foundation during the war*. Finally, in 
the winter of 1954-55, I was given an opportunity to spend three months 
at the Hancock Foundation going through the entire collection and 
finishing the report. 

I beg the authorities of the Hancock Foundation to accept my 
sincere thanks for the privilege of studying this unique collection, and 
for all the help and encouragement received during my most happy visit. 
In particular I wish to thank Captain Allan Hancock, whose unflagging 
interest in marine life has given an impetus to the study of the west 
coast invertebrates which can be compared only to that given by 
Alexander Agassiz through his Albatross expeditions in the latter part 
of the last century. 


Station List 

To eliminate duplication and the tedious work of co-ordinating wide- 
ly scattered locality records, the stations are here arranged geographical- 
ly instead of chronologically. 

First on the list are placed the outlying islands, those which most 
likely have served as steppings tones for the Indo-West Pacific forms 
which have been able to cross the eastern Pacific : the Galapagos Islands, 
Cocos Island, and the Revilla Gigedo islands. Clarion and Socorro. The 
Clipperton Islands are not included as no aspidochirote holothurians were 
collected there by the Hancock expeditions, but they are mentioned under 
the distribution of the individual species. In the Galapagos Islands it has 
been found most practical to arrange the large number of stations alpha- 
betically under each island, beginning with Albemarle and ending with 
Tower. 

Along the mainland, the stations are arranged from south to north, 
the units being Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Costa Rica, the exposed part 


*A preliminary list was compiled by Domantay and, unfortunately, rather 
hurriedly published by him in 1953 without having any of the supposedly new 
records checked with older material. Of the genus Holothuria he lists 43 species 
and varieties, which subsequent examination has reduced to 20, His seven new 
species and varieties are complete nomina nuda with not even a locality record 
given, and these names must therefore be rejected once and for all. Most of 
the supposedly new forms, as well as the 16 older species hitherto known only 
from other parts of the world, have proved to be juvenile or atypical individuals 
of species already known from the Panamic region. 

From the Atlantic cruises he lists 10 aspidochirotes, of which he considers 
seven common to both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. His Holothuria atra 
from Florida proved, however, to be a dark-skinned H. fioridana which had been 
preserved for a short time in formalin, causing the skin to be unusually smooth. 
His other species, except H. arenicola and H. impatiens, are considered distinct 
from those in the Panamic region. 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 255 

of the Mexican coast to Isabel Island, designated as Mexico; and the 
northern part divided into the Gulf of California and the West coast of 
Lower California, including Guadalupe Island. 

The species are arranged in the same order as they appear in this 
paper. 

The region explored is a fairly natural province with the fauna most 
richly developed in the sheltered Gulf of California and in the Archi- 
pelago of the Galapagos Islands, and dropping off sharply southwards 
toward Peru and northward on the exposed western shore of Lower 
California. 


256 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


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R 


R 


« 


« 


fc^ 


fc. 


to 


C'J c 

o rt 


Th 


•* 


rh 


to 


to 


to 


OS 


ON 


o\ 


1-H 


rH 


Y-i 


t^ 


t^ 


o\ 


tn 


tH 


ui 


i-H 


w-i 


tH 


to 


to 


to 


1 


1 
oo 


i 


1 


y 


to 


Q 


to 


Q 


so 
to 


Q 


Th 


oo 


to 


to 


o 


OS 


04 I—, oOi— > 


cn\ 


cn 


> c«^ co^ co^ c/i>- 


00>^ OtO t^OO VOIO 
t-Ht-I tocsj O*^ W-iO 


u-1 vo 
vrs o 


CSJ OS 
OJ to 


1-1 OS 
00 


fSJ OS 
CSJ to 


csi o 


CSJ OS tH O i-H O 

CSI to M Tl- M •>i- 


^ 


Si 


4i 


■^ 


•~ t-> 


• •* >• 


-..5 ^ 


ola 
iens 
ns 
stein 

allar 


<.» 


R "uss 


^5 


impat 
a kefer 
portov 


arentc 
impat 
I imita, 
a kefer 
theeli 
portov 


.2'5; « 


.2-2-s-c « «3 


Q a 

■S"!* 


« 


thur 
othu 
huri 


a a a^ ^ ^ 


2I 


a 


5> = 


S5 £.1^^ 


"Si-^ 


R S ^ 3 R R 


R **> 


■*: 
R 


«"«^ 


P ? s':^^^ 


P s 


•^ 


> a <4, 


v» w (ij a ^ ^ 


>* <tt 


<^ 


cqK^co 


a? 05 Co kJ Co Co 


05^ 


CO 


a 


-^ 

R 

•** 

Co 


1 


^ ., 


1 


0) 

rt 


a 


^ 

J 


M 

^ 


M 

\ 


c 


o_ 


<S 


w^ 


? 


oT 


9J 


b 


■r «s 


ki 


to 


u 


I-I 


cS i-i 


1 


1 


.a 


jO 


JO 


si? 


u-1 


jg 


,q 


CO 


M W 


<n 


0* J^ 


o> 


CSJ 


an 


10 


to 
0\ 


l«^ 


00 c 

so W 


to 
OS 

1-1 

^ • 


■* ^ 


cd 


(0 


-+H '-' 


- 


V 


"1 


V 


u 


u 


ni 


ja 


^3*3 


.£9 


(O 


CO 'M 


9> 


M 


to 


M 


o\ 


to 


1—1 


to 


OS 


to 


i^H 


1^ 


OS 


1— ( 


l^H 


m' 


1 


1-^ 


CSI 


r-. 


l-H 


to'" 


OS 


^S 


7.Q 

00 (3h 


c 
rt 


1-1 •-» 


1-c 1—1 


CO 


^ co^ 


co; 


00 00 DO 00 00 

i-HOs i-IOS 1— IO\ T-HO tHO 
00 00 00 OS OS 


-a- o> 


o o 

OS 


ii-1 o 


o o 

OS 


rt 


CSJ rH 


CM 00 


CSJ to 
to to 


to to 


1-1 in 


OS 


OS 


OS 


.§0 


8 


J2 


T3 


>s 


In 


C 


« 


HH 


« 


pq 


>s 


1) 

c 


1 


en 


>s 

pq 


Ut 

C 

-a 
t-i 


t-i 

c 

•13 

ii 


Ui 

<u 

C 


-a 


t; 


1 

■a 

e4 


1* 

■a 


« 


CS 


« 


fct! 


<-M 


z 


-a 
c 


-^ 


-^ 


>! 


>. 


« 


« 


m 


m 


>s 


>s 


rt 


es 


& 


^ 


C 


a 


U 


U 


■o >, 
a « 
^ M 

(n tfl 

I* 5 
I- 


260 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 11 


■a 

*-» 
o 

t/1 


I 

o 

x: 

-a 

c 


2 ^ s 
<-. >- i; 

do© 

•C ft "S" 
"^ "3 E 

S S s 


■a 

-a 
c 

C 
_o 

'-I- 

« 


o 

» <" 2 


« «-2^ 
s a 3 »» 


a 3 j: - 

•^ ^ •** 


a-^ 
a (Si 

a <b 


^-* 

•~ ft 5 

W « w E> 


^ 5 a r* *^ w 


-«■ 


'^ i a c ». 
3 3.^ a. 2 


' ^' ^^ -^^i ^** 5^ ••;; ^^ '■** 

2 S a^ =^~ ^ ? ^~ 5 


^ ^ a ^ 


;^ cq 03 kJ CO t*, 


•2 « 

2 a ■s 

<3 .^ 

cqco 


^ 


•1 ''- 


c 

^ 


2 1 S 


••* 


••^ 


-ft: 


<3 


As.s-§ « 


«3 


<3 


a 


-> is a a C 

a 2 J-« a 


"C 


"C 


-R 


a 


a 


5S> 


O 


o 


"1 


•~"^^i"S 


>«« 


►oe 


ft 


« 


■§ 


S « S^-Si 


-^ 


a 


S I- <;j a <u 


«o 


<V) 


"-J 


►i;Q3 Vj-^co 


Co 


Co 


i 


« 

a 

ft 

<3 


X 


Ja! 


u 


o 


u 


^ 


!fl 


1) 


(D 


u 


hr 


O 


T) 


J3 


U 


c«; 


-a 

c 


u 
o 


O 


^ 


^ 


J^ 


o 


o 


w 


o 


o 


o 


u 


u 


l-< 


11 


-a 


u T3 


o 


O 


c 


O C 


JS 


.G 


C3 


M n 


CO 


i/l 


tn 


tf3 cn 


CO 


o\ 


o\ 


y—l 


1-1 


o 


Q 


2 ^ 


to 

OS 


06 


« 


CD i 


o «o 


vo S 
On W 
t^l— > 


mi 


CO 

as 

f-H 

c 


■^ 00 

to to 

ON On 


, C^ 


0<5 2 
to '^ 


•^ C On C 
t-^ rt OO « 


cn 


> c«^ co^ 


.2 


NO 


to 


t~» wi 


r^ 


UN 


,-c to 


'+2 


O 


o 


o o 


'in 


o o 


O O 


O 


On 


ON 


Dh 


O to 

o ^ 


1-H 


to 


o o 

o o 

ON 


« 

c 

I5S 
> 

CO 


pq 
en 


T3 


T3 


T3 


C 


c 


C 


« 


rt 


« 


en 


t/3 


tfi 


HH 


t— ( 


HH 


tl 


Ih 


Ui 


3 


3 


3 


O 


O 


o 


e 


a 


a 


>N 


>. 


>, 


V 


<u 


u 


CO 


CO 


CO 


•s 


J3 


J3 


4^ 


+-< 


+-* 


o 


3 


3 


O 


O 


z 


CO 


CO 


t^ 


t 


^■o- 


o c 


O 


3 


43 « 

V3 t» 


«NJ 

to 


:;;s 


OO 


CJN 


'i- 


to 


to 


ON 


oo" 


ON 


1— ' 


f-H 


^H 


^s 


4 

1— < 


en 


tA d 


g 


vi ^ 


On rt 


M 


rt 


5;q 


t-l— ) 


1-H 


t— » 


CO 


^ co^ co^ 


vo UN 
fH CN^ 


O O 
CNl O 


OO 
CNJ O 


O O 
CNl O 


o o 

CNl O 


vo O 
CI V/-1 


to On 
CN4 ^ 


■^ O 

<M CNJ 


Vo 

<M CM 


CNl CNl 


■^ o 

CNJ CNJ 


CSJ M 


o o 
O O 

On 


o 

o o 

Ov 


o o 
O O 

ON 


O O 

o o 

ON 


O 

o o 

On 


o o 
o O 

On 


c 

C3 


3 
O 

S 

CO 


u 

3 
O 

e 

CO 


3 

E c 


OJ 


en 


3 
O 
CO 


I ^ 


3 

o 

CO 


COhIU 

If 

"^ ^ s 

1-1 t; '^ 

pq 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 261 


3 a 


■ft, 
^ a 


-•5 

■s-c.s 

>- s C 


R 

-Si 


R-se 


^^ 


5-« ~ 

S 5 R 


«^.2 

«"« a 

.■^ £ § « 

■-^i ^ i-^ to 


R 
■~ I 


e <3 "3 -^.^-w 
r r c <^^ s 


R %! 

•~ I. 
^ <3 <^ 


a a 

-S -R 

-*t -ft; 
R R 


a ^ -^ -ii 
5^ ■-* ^ 


■ft," 

■^ h «-S 
=>-~ V- a 


^ R 

■-* J^ 

^ a 

"^ "^ 

-R _^ 


5^) *^ «*> 

■~-2 R 
« <3 '3 

S ^ S 

<3 ^..'S 


■ft. 


■-~.« 


s--= 


■i: ^ 
«^ 

•~. «■?!■!: «3 
^^ a a-j; 
I 2-5:5 2 

o 


■ft, 
<3 


R 
"3 


- « s. - 

R ^)"S •*« 

2 ■ft, 5 R 

•^ ^ a 


• ii « 

^ 03 cq -4 to xJ Co 


.R !3 

• 2 « 

^ a 

>>* — -t 

S; "?* 


c 
o 
o 

ca 


u 


O 

»3 


O P3 cd o 


9) 


o 


m 


^ 


jKi 


g 


^ 


b. 


U 


(U 


V 


u 


u 


JS 


Ji 


tn 


m 


to 

OS 


I 
0\ 


o 


eo 


t1- 


»<■> rt to ,4) •^ i> 

•rt I— , On fe OS fct, 


00 
to 

OS 


to ^^ 

Csj C 

00 CQ 


Z^Z^Z^ z^ 


00 
to 


to "^ 

4- c 

00 n 


Z^ 


00 


to '^ 

00 s 
t-i— > 


Z^ 


« 
■♦^ ^ 

V. -ft, 
13 <i) 

--* %J 

o -ft, 

■ft,^ 

^■ft. 
.2 « 

2I 

ll 

H ■!- 
54J 51j 

-^ ^-* 

03 t*H 


."a R 
i^ ^ ■-- 

P <S <-! 

'-' <^ i^ 

R av^ 

•r* a *- 
^ -T' a 
a ^ ~ 

2 ^* -R 
-^ Cl ■<-• 

24; a 


^ <u 


^ c 


v 


p "^ 


bX) 


oT** 


en 


c 


S *" 


(U 


S 


bri 


JS 


vf? U 


(fi 


en 


0— " 


s 


.S" 


V 


vo re 


l_^ 


u, 


1 u 


CM 


s 


^ 


to 


to 


c 


tfj 


00 


«»> 


■«1- 


-i- 


o\ 


to 


to 


y* 


OS 


OS 


» 


1—1 


T-H 


to 


vo" 


^- 


OS c 


1 

vo 


B 


^ a 


t^ re 


to 


re 


Tj- re 


t^t^ 


•1 


•— > 


»- 1—1 


z^ z^ z^ 


w^ CJ 


00 xr\ 


00 tj- 


00 


-+ 


CS) fsj 


so 


00 


'-I ^ 


<N ■>*• 


1-H .— ( 


tH 


T-t 


Cs) 


VO 


tH 


^ 


OS so 


OS so 


OS t^ 


OS t^ 


OS f» 


d OS 


1-1 ^J~> 


i-s li-i 


.-1 vy^ 


i-H 


VO 


■•-c vo 


to 


w> 


OS 


OS 


OS 


OS 


o\ 


vo 


so 


00 


00 


00 


00 


oe 


00 


00 

CS) 


u-1 
■* 


Vos 
to vo 


8$ 


'S^^ 


w-1 so 
00 


06 tJ- 

1-1 i-l 


00 ■* 


>> 


>s 


>, 


>> 


ns 


re 


re 


re 


re 


c 
re 


CQ 


« 


M 


cq 


c 


B 


c 


c 


en 


1— 1 
1 


■? 


'% 


■? 


■? 


t. 


u, 


U 


Ut 


re 


re 


rt 


re 


Q 


Q 


Q 


Q 


H 


re 
cq 


re 
Q 


.a 

re 

o 
U 

-o" 

c 


>s 

re 


in ,B 

O -G 


w 


•s 


(U 


s 


re 

N 


•a 

c 
_re 


>> 

re 


re 


(U 


(n 


\^ 


I. 


3 


1— 1 


3 


3 


z 


C 


J3 

3 


ttl 


Ui 


3 


3 


re 


CO 


CO 


262 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 11 


■a 

<u 


O 


:«. g R 
^ w '^ 


•I: ju 

•^ "^ R 

« J" *» 

^** c ^ ? 

«u 5-«: is 

-*-* ^ "^ ? 

•►» r- ■•< o 

1^ 03>~q H H 


•5 


R 

<;) 

a C 

^ 2 


R 
■3 


•ii & 

R o 
«3 


R « 

«^ 

oqco 


<^ <3 „ 

■« R.S^ 


R 

^ Cs 
a <;u 


« R 

a a jj 

R R a 

W V* ;jj 


R 

^ a-R 
13-^ ■** 

"C « « 

a >^ V. 

■S a a 

5 R R 

a ^ <:u 


E 

o 

o 

-a 

c 
n 


a. 
D 


it 


bO 


^ 


c 


2s 


^ 


« 


C a 


<u 


M 


u 

O 

J3 


0) 

s 


I C 

oo a 


Ml O 

fo G 


O 

J3 


O •- 
O tl 
(u 

C 

-a 
c 

c 


oT hc 

^ c 
o.- 
J3 -a 

en v> 


O 


<J 

o 


o 


o 

43 


C 
a 

C 
o 

a 


o 


>> 


tH 


ON 


to 


On 


o\ 


tH 


fc 


vo 


'J-2 


ON '^ 


C*1 . 


1 l- 


oo C 


NO « 


a\ w 


ON 2 


M 1—, 


i^^ :^^ 


K1 

ON 

ON ^ 


to 

ON 

On t^ 


ON 


ON 


ON 


1 


s;-' 


'^ 


c^r 


S- 


•d- oC 


« I- 


o >- 


' li 


t^ w 


T^ W 


oo 


c 


o c 


t-~ c 


ON 2 


S^S 


CNI 


C3 


fo rt 


ON 3 


1— > 


^>— > 


Nt-, 


^ z^ z^ z^ z^ 


oo 


to 


«o 


to 


»t 


ON 


ON 


tri 


»H 


1-1 


On 


^ 


fH 


CO 


m 


'l-oo" 


t^^ 


^n 


c 


l^-?! 


'*-,'" 


ON 


re 


O-OJ 


Sfct. 


T— 1 


•— 1 


«M fa 


c« ; 


c«; 


c« i 


o o 


o o 


U-N O 


ITN O 


ITN O 


VTN O 


o o 


to vo 


"to "^ 


W-1 T-l 


W-1 -r-l 


O <^ 


Tl-xy-, 


1^" ^^ 


rj- lo 


c^ •^ 


u-1 o 


CNl O 


CNJ O 


'S^$ 


to id- 


C1"nO 


Vj'nO 


NO 

1-1 O 


O) o 
11 o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


O 


o o 


o 


oo ^ 


oo ■»!- 


oo t)- 


oo id- 


oo o 


oo o 


oo o 


to On 


(N 'H 


*^s 


1—1 1-H 


1-1 T-< 


1—1 1—1 


1—1 1— ( 


1—1 1— t 


1-1 1— < 


1—1 T-( 


t-« 


oO 


00 


c 


1 


>. 


>. 


•a 
1^ 


re 

c 
re 


'I 

re 


.2 


% 


re 


re 


en 
O 

4^ 


pq 


re 
U 


-a 

c 


1) 
're 


're 


re 
U 

O 


o 


•> re 


5 

re 

4-' 


t-i 

D 
43 


3 
J3 


3 
43 


M-( 
O 


c 
re 


en 

o 


^ 

:§ 


N 

Ml 
O 


O 


c 
re 


3 
W3 


o 
2 


O 
CO 


re 
P3 


'c3 

1-1 

w 


4^ 

re 
W 


3 


re 

3 


o 


a. 


W 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; part II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 263 


-ft 


o 


<3 


<3 

-ft 


a 

•*^ 
o 

-ft! 
R 

-^ 

Co 


<3 

<3 
N 

a 

a 
« 


S>^ R ■= 


<3 

• — • 

V. 
-ft 

a 

— ^ 

•2 

a 

-R 
■*^ 

-t« 

^ „ R 

>«. a >«. !4j <>j 

05 h^ ft5oo c/2 


^ 5? 

.«.2 

■2.S. -S o 
R^ K ? 


2 a 


^"5 2 


^ a 

1- 1- 

a a 


s 
• — » 

S 


a 


"a -2 


=1 =s -ii 

R-* -ra 

2 K R 

*^ ^ ^ 


R 
<3 


• — * 

-ft 

a 


1- 
a 


-ft; 
R 


a 


a 


-ft; 

R 

— -* 


2 R 


-« 

>- "-' !«. 

<^ O SJ 


"5 

a « S 


C a >^ »- 

Sk <o -^i -ft 


■2 S ~ ~ 

R 'S 


2 a 

>--R 

<= 2 'S 


R R 


K 

R '^ 


a 


T* <^ ^ *- C* ^ "^ 


CO 

u 


-o 


13 


o 


03 


^ 


B 


C 


,rn. 


^ 


w 


w 


-4-* ,_ 


V3 

u 


Mh 


3 

s 


43 


«3 


Ui 


en 
i-i 


^ 

8 
u 


CO 

C 


4«! 
W 

O 


c«-a 


<u 


^ <u 


OJ 


lr^ 


<u 


u 


<u 


o__ 


<u 


^^ 


(U 


<u 


o • 


o bXI 


u, 


•Y. 


t. 


Lh 


u. 


-r « 


u 


u 


u, 


CO "O 


O 


O 


1 


^ 


u 


o 


o 


o 


<A U 


o 


o c 


O 


O 


' 3 


JS 


1 « 


43 


w-i 


OJ 


Xi 


43 


43 


43 O 


43 


-G rt 


43 


43 


"^B 


en 


00 —; 


<n 


■* 


V3 


M 


<» 


<n W 


CO 


CO to 


(n 


vn ^ tn 

On d Os 

.-I ON i-C 


"-V 00 

m c<) 

0\ ON 


ON 


w-1 00 

en tn 

On On 


^ 0-, Th 

en m CO 

On On ON 


On 


oo _±. 

CO-- S' 

7 C c^^ 

O rt O ,^ 

,-( I— > CSI fe 


co«M 


S2 


i^s 


CO '^ 


22-3 
Jan. 


c^ d 
"i-i— , 


400- 
Jan. 


CO "-^ 

00 -P 

5tlH 


CO <^ 

o n 


I ^^ CO 


s^ 


thC co42 On-Q coC CNJJ3 
^ W u-i ,<U CM ,■" T^ (3 CO U 
Tj-I— joofa CNjtti rj-l— jOlCl, 


CO 


c 

2 


pq 


-o 

G 


s 

CO 


V 


a 

5 


c 


CO 

1—1 

s 


C3 


>> 


C 


73 

G 
W 

CO 


T3 

G 

CO 


G 


a, 


ctt 

c 


■4-t 

c 


13 


C 


G 
CO 


C3 


G 
O 


C 

o 


aBa 
rrien 

LJtria 


CO 


C/D 


Cl, 


l_l 


Mh 


c 

03 


OJ 


-3 


M 


bO 


bC 


•S 3 *j 


■^ 


tt 


w 


O 


E 

Q 


O 


O 


w ^ o 


CO 


o 


iJ 


O 


^ 


>i 


U 


O IIh 


u 


t: 

o 


oo 

CO 

C7N 


«N 


00 I^ 


^ co^ co^ co^ co^ co^ 2^ Z^ Z^Z^Z^Z^Z^ Z^ 


o ^^ 
O CN) 


O "1 

c» ^ 


o o 

o -^ 


o ^^ 
o ^ 


co"co 


ft t 

O oo 

CO y-t 


oo 

CO CO 


5 S 

o o 

O CO 


"bo 

O w-1 


O "^ 
CO tI- 


O tri 
CI CO 


ob 

r-l C< 


s s 

o o 

^ CJ 


ob 

■^ o 


CI o 

rt o 


oo o 

o o 


NO "-1 


'-I o 


^^^$ 


^t 


ON NO 
CO o 


oo ^H 


oo i-H 


o »^ 
o ^ 


ON C3N 

CJ CI 


C3N -H 

vo ca 


ON O 
vo CJ 


C3N ^ 

vo CJ 


o o 
CI ^ 

oo 


o o 

C< »H 

oo 


o o 

00 


o 

00 


o o 

o o 
oo 


o 

o o 

00 


o o 

o o 

oo 


o o 
CJ 00 


o o 
O oo 


O 

CO oo 


o o 


o o 


o o 
vo r^ 


o o 

vo t^ 


"C 


o 

Oh 


264 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 11 


E 


(U 


<u 


o 


^ 


rs 


o 
■a 


^ 


"S5 


T3 


c 


^ 


S3JS 


C 


i-i 


oT t- 


u tn 


en 


4-' 


ij" 


_o 


„ 


1 =■ 


iT 


D. 


u 


«— t 


CS 


U (U 


ta 


QJ 


O 


C3 


U 


^ .!<: 


O -w 


o 


Q 


^ 


^ 


O 


S <^ 


-« 2 


ji 


en 


(/3 


u 


CM o 


w o 


en 


>, 


<3 

-to 


3 


S 

Co 


e 


05 


-a 

R 
<3 

C3 


^ -CI 1^ 
** -S-T* 

<3 <3 53 

"^ -^ -"S; 

•*^ "*«4 -K* 

o cs c 

■♦-^ •*^ -K* 

-T3~«-t3 
R R R 
« <3 « 
K V W 

cqcqcq 


a 3 b 

r^ PX *^ 

R R « 
<3 <3^ 

W Vfc ^ 

03 03 CO 


53 

V. 
3 


3 


o 
R 

CO 


i3-~ 


« 

txk 

<3 


<3 ■;s 


§ 3 


a 


^ I 

g 53 « 
53 >- ^^ 


;: 3 3 

e o R R 
fc R <u <« 


<3 


a 

-R 


R 

W ^ <^ ^ ^ 


-0 


C 


« 


.a 


tn 


8 


r- 


0^ 


<i> 


<u bt) 


u 


fe.s 


JH 


-£3 ja 


a> 


en Vi 


M 


7^ 

00 in 


00 

ON 


OS -Q 
00 Ph 


CO 

ON 


00 -Q ON .^ 

M til CNJ fa 


ON 


N 


U-1 

On 


0\ 


00 G 


t-» c 


ro 


a 


T^ « 


CN> rj 


fo 


CB 


'i-i-. 


^•-> 


-^ 


1— I 


en 

On 


CO CB 
'J-i-i 


c2 


o 

Oh 


t; 

o 


t: 


!>> 


P5 


rt 


u 


> 


D, 


« 


D 


tj 


a 


a 


"fie 
R 

!>3 


<3- 
53 


R 

R 


'Si 


R-R 

■^ ^ w 
3 o 5* 
5Si~^ •«. 
R 3 ^ «3 

53 b;"S.^3 


^ 3-i: 


>v i^ ^ „ 

-R -R-R -R r 5 E? 

Q © o o a "^ 3 

■^3^3-^3 '^ •»»-«>! -^ 

R R R 'S" § ? § 

V. k. V, fe, J** ^ o 

Cq 03 03 Co -C; CO b, 


ll 


<u 


-w 


"t3 


ll 


& 


I-I 


>. 


L> 


— cS 


^ 


a u 


8 


M 


ja 


en u 


en 


CO 

On 


CX5 

CO 

ON 


CO "-^ CO 

NO J3 -^ 
rj- 4> NO > 


z^ z^ z^ z^ z^ z^ z^ z^ z^ z^ 


^ CM 


vn 
CM iri 


•5*- CO 


u-1 
in CO 


vn u-i 


»-l 


»n vn 
CM 'S- 


ON Vc 
l^ CNJ 


ON%H 

«^ CM 


On%h 
u^ CM 


ON%H 

>J-i CM 


OnO 
"-1 C^J 


OnO 
CO CO 


Ov"^ 


vn ri- 


■co"cM 

Ti- CO 


VcM 
n" CO 


NO t^ 


NO t~» 


00 


00 


rt 


nt 


>. 


"O 


■a 


c 


c 


w 


w 


ffi 


ffi 


l> 


P3 


rt 


C3 


a 


M 


-c 


rt 


n 


« 


C 


pq 


m 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 265 


Co 


s 

•ft. 


e 
w,*-^ 


5u a a 


a. 2 _ 


»> a '*^ •» K .r 


, a 
- ^ "^ >^"C a a h 

t; K "^ "" ** 


«5 ^«^ -.1-55^ 


O 


a ^"s <u 
~ a 2 "^^ ■'^ 


a 

^ ^ IN* 

a ? 2 

> a-«( 
•<^ 5 a 

^j a «u 


c 


O 


0\ 


oo 

to . 

I ti 


^ 

8 


u 

O 

.CI 


to 


Ih 

Si 

-2 — 
n u 


vn 

«o 
OS 


a 


u 


o 


^ 


u 


QO 


■k^ 


u 


a 


n 


tS 


4^ 


7S, 


& 


'■C 


& 


O 


D — 


u ea 


o C 


CS 


Xi p 


M 


in <J 


tn 


J^ 


^ 


^ 


tn 


X 


u 


u 


4) 


O, 


(U 


O 


4J 


O 

J3 


>A1 

«o 


o\ 


s t^ 


5(2 


to 


to 
On 

^— I 

to 

oo 2 


0\ 
to 

ON 


vo 

to 
0\ 


vo 


M 


0\ M 

I >^ 1 • 


Z^ Z^ 2^ Z^ Z^ 


a 
5 


w 
a 

-a 

^*» 

"a 
a 

a; 


e^ a 

•^ a S-«> a 

."o.g <o a .S 

• ~ ~ a « ~ 

^ a « 5 a 

■^-a C J -a 

i: li o a 


b e 2 r- e 


5 § a 


Co eq 


a-~ 

« ? 


•4^ 

ca 


-a 
a 
w 

en 


•§ 


& 


en 


i^ 


_o 


_ 


6.2 


<u 


a 


M-l '-~' 


I-l 


« 


u 


<u 


o 


.c 


O 


Ojs 


JS 


en 


o 


1-1 m 


</) 


to 


Ti- 
to 
o\ 


to 


*^^ ^N 3;^ 

00 -p" 
W-, .4J 


. 7 . 


to «i S 


C 

o 


9) 


en 
I— I 
en 

u 
u 
CO 


C 
en 
en 


tn 

c 

»— ( 
en 

V3 


a 
w 

V3 

bfl 
o 

h 


o 
s 

RJ 

c 
« 


® D j: 3 PL, 
5 "a *^ 

o^ ^^ rt.o 


O CO 


.i4 


tT 


<» 


o 


(LI 


u 


— 


iT 


^ 


s 

CD 


c 


& 


_o 


iT 


^-^ 


C 


ca 


Ui 


C3 


u. 


O 


<u 


.C 


O 


.c 


■^ 


en 


w 


en 


ta 


to 

ON 


to 

On 


i;-^' 


to .fi \o -Q 


z^z^ z^z^z^ z^z^ 


o o 


O v^ 


O u-1 


O vn 


O vn 


vn vn 


vn vn 


o o 


O vn 


O vn 


vn o 


o r-. 


o¥ 


O N 


T-l ^ 


-HTl- 


'-' Tf 


to .-H 


,-< rj- 


to vn 


O ^ 


to ,-1 


vn o 


O 'J- 


^ ^ 


.. ^ 


*^ ^ 


«^ r-l 


t^ ^ 


^- o 


t-^ o 


t^ O 


tv. to 


t^ T-H 


Th CJ 


vn vn 


vo n 


•<:^ Ov 


SO OO 


tJ- to 


vn o 


vn o 


vn o 


vn o 


rj- to 


vn to 


to Tl- 


to Th 


to t1- 


vn Tj- 


vn T^- 


o o 


o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


t^ •^ 


t-~ N 


t^ C4 


t^ N 


t^ N 


oo 0\ 


oo o\ 


O vn 


O vn 


O vn 


O w-i 


O v^ 


00 


oo 


oo 


oo 


Ob 


t^ 


t^ 


1-1 oo 


T-l OO 


■■-c oo 


r1 OO 


1-c 00 


u 

u 
ta 

Pl, 

t 

o 


ca 

O 


266 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 11 


-T3 
<u 

O 

u 

w 
en 

<u 

■§ 


2 

R 2 5^ 


<3 


■^ a w . 

■^ S a E 

w t a <= 


« S 

••* o 

'^ f 

^^ 
a a 

■*; •*« 

B e 


a 
-J 


C C a 

2 3-5 

■Si 


3 

a 


-S^ v.. ■*» 


R 

s 


a 


«^ 

R 

«^^■~ 

S ?s -ft 

•2.2 « 

a a 

-s; -s; 
•K» >.» _^ 

R « K 

« Q 4i 

eqcq to 


a 

-a 


^ R R 

2 R R C 

a^ .^ a 

■»; O ~ -• 

R «u 

O ■^^^ ■«, R 

^ *4j (^ ^ 


R 

•Si w 
a 


fcx a 

^ ^** "fc* 
-coo 

■^ ***» ■♦^ 

o-yT3 

h R R 

•ii « <3 


^ c* w 
— §-c 
«--: a 

"s: a V. 

.2 *I-R 
5 V. o 

■^ ■«. R 

^ S^ 

<03C0 


e 

o 
o 

XI 

B 


a, 
Q 


en 


O 
.£3 


C 

o 

■*-» 
en 

•a 

c 


o 

CO 


(.^ 


ti 


^ 


"« >^ 


(U 


c 

CO 
tn 


o « 


hi 
o 


ja "^ 


M 


O 


o 


oi -.H 


« 


u 


c 


O U 


T3 

C 

CS 

B 
rt 


to 

ON 

T-l 

to "" 
vy-i JS 


to 


4-Q 


to 

0\ 


to 

On 


Ov 


'*• •* "^ 

^ ON ''^ 

OS ^ -^ 


to to to "^ 

Ov ON «o VQ 

'^~ - VO "_•*_-■ vo fT tJ- C^" „- . _u- ^ ■* '^- 

^ .■ ^ ^ ^ • rl^ ' . L '^ to .. to .. 

, U I Ui OO -u CN) . t-H 

OW'-irt'*D.OvB\o 
^o "' 


to 


00*JCNJ.t-H4-iVO- lUi ibtO-*-^^ 

TO«ivi'4-D.O\B\oD.O\^0«'+«5toBO-a 
,< (SJ,^ 1-HCO N>— >r-<c/D MIX, cv),^ CJi< <M 


B 
O 


o 


z^ 


u^ o 

Tt" to 

soVi 

vr^ in 

o o 
O vr^ 
1-1 oo 


2^ Z^Z^ Z^ Z^Z^Z^Z^Z^ 


O u-1 
O Th 


to CO 


to C^J 


u-1 u-i 
* o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


■rH OO 


^ Ov 


lo so 

rt OS 


ON O 
1—1 to 


OS O 
'I- O 


NO OS 
1-1 ON 


rh'oo 


O "-1 

to 1-1 


o o 


uo o 
ITS to 


oo O 
to »-l 


1-1 t^ 

to CN) 


CM O 

1-1 u-i 


r~ ON 


t^ lO 

1-H tH 


o o 

NO 0\ 

1-1 ON 


o o 
t^ rt 

^ o 


o o 

ON ■+ 

1-1 o 


o o 

ONTh 

^ o 


O 
rt NO 
CNl O 


rt 
u 

B 
« 

5 

rt 
rt 


n 
pq 

en 
rt 

a 
•-^ 

"rt 
CO 


rt 
PQ 

rt 

B 
rt 

rt 
"o 

8 a 


W 

pq 

rt 

"o 


o 

B 

« 


13 "O 

o fe "3 !^ 

yi u <n u 

t— I rt •— ' rt 

c w " w 

rt w rt w 


rt 

pq t*, 

D rt o *^ O rt 

o g- "y ii "G ii pq 

2.* ^« 2-a S.^ " 


c-5 c< 2 


« p< 


rt 


ns 

rt • -2 

Z rt ^ 

o a pq 

<n ,'U _, 

■ah 5 

B . -S 

w 13 rt 

"^ rt y 

.-» 4) rt 

M-l W B 

Q l-H (o 


en 

ii 


^ 


-o 


-a 


B 


B 


rt 


rt 


en 


Irt 


HH 


en 


a 


rt 


M 


w 


(X <a 


o 
1) 


S 


u 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 267 


? *- ^ « 

vj <u a S 


vj ^ a 


it R^ 

2-2 


-ft 


a 3 a 3 a 

° O Ci P ^ 

vj -^ tj <u -*; 

2 « « S^ ~» 

Jf ^» w ^ ^ ^ 


•2 « 

^j ■£: <u 5 y 

.« « «.2 «3 
V. l> W ir-r* 

a a 3 ** i 

^^^ -^-s 

O O O =1 -g 

R R « "S" F 
? ? « S.^ 

K K. W ^u ^ 

ft5ft5Cqi>3Co 


a ~ 
a 


« -55 
^ w to 


^«^=^ 


a 


2 

a a ai-S 

^ *^ V. a^ 


a C 
•S 2 

"It 


laqajhjco >«jco 


^ ^j •» 
'-' a C S . C ^ 

■« <kj 2 -«e X: ^ ij« 
£• 'A, ^ R <s \i r; 

•. <>, a ^j o p- ^ 
05 to i-J Co fe, H Co 


<+h' 


t--o 


<u 


>^'C 


o 


11 


tf> 


U JS 


£ 


u 


h 


-a 


c 


en 


c 


"^ 


<4 


HH 


M 


en 


1 


to 


« 


Ui 


•a 


R 


to 


S 


1 

i 


•T3 


"O 


C 


c 


« 


« 


(O 


<n 


HH 


»-H 


^_ 


f^^ 


(U 


U 


^ 


XI 


rt 


n 


c 


O flj 

^ a. 


in -- >7 

o 


%. R 

R %> 

•43 ^ « C 

-.5 *^ c c tr 

^.«.« g-r 
•^ C C-c a 

:S2 5^.2> 


jm 


^-^ 


" o 


u 

•c 

c 

ll 
bO 


o 

en -w 03 


0\ 


ON 


0\ 


t-» 


* 


<J- 


OO 


'J- 


t^ 


'J- 


tn 


ro 


to 


to 


to 


o> 


to 


OS 


0\ 


0\ 


On 


ON 


Ov 


1-t 


0\ 


1-1 


»-l 


1-H 


t-t 


i-H 


rH 


M 


T-l 


« 


«t 


■+ v^ 


a. 


0\ '-' 


^ 


0\ '-' 


OS oC 


t^ to 


T^'^ 


7^ 

OO . 


OO OO 


rl- i-i 


h^-* 


^-H 


7 >, 


7 c 


7 c 


-^ i: 


to . 
1 <- 


1 • 
t^ 1- 


ra w 


5 o- 


OO CJ 


oo C 


O CIS 


M cS 


to a 


«sj «S 


<^S 


ns 


MH-, 


00 ^ 


ii^ 


2S 


^:s 


Z^ 


Z^ 


z^ 


z^ 


z^ 


z^ 


Z^ 


z^ 


2 ^ 


^ V 


oo 


Ou^ 


O lO 


o o 


O m 


'1- o 


o o 


to OS 


O Cv» 


««^ m 


to to 


CM ^ 


tH tH 


rt u-1 


M M 


M O 


VO CO 


1-1 to 


1-C to 


n to 


rj- OO 


to 7-< 


to O 


■+ o 


N N 


u^ to 


u-t w-i 


w^ vo 


w-1 UI 


wi \J-, 


vo u-1 


UI u-> 


o o 


O 


o o 


O 


o o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


•rt \o 


rH in 


T-l UO 


y-t m 


1-1 wi 


M 0\ 


N On 


C<l O 


MO 


ti o 


M O 


M O 


ev> o 


M O 


M O 


M O 


ct] 

a 
m 

N 
<U 

XI 

w 
O 


n 

a 


-a 

c 

cs 

o 


OS 

1—1 


t 


l-( 


o 

CO 


cs 


i:;S 


z^ 


O u^ 
to u^ 


O CSJ 

O Ti- 


to OS 
N o 


I 


cS 


cs 


N 


U 


— ^ 


X 


'S 


CS 


c 


O 


"« 


<4-l 


&> 


O 


M-l 


W 


o 


z 


Z 


268 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 11 


« R 

-> 5 ■*> 

**** -fS *r* 

■ i a 8 


3 


■a 
R 


V. 

« 
<o 

a 

R 

-R 


R 


<3 

•S 

<a 
R 


R 

-R 


R 


R 

•♦* 


R 

-R 


R 


■= R 

R-"S 

w 5 

<3-~ 


•3 

• »-* 

»^ 
R 


'^^ ^^ ■""--* "^ 


R a 

-R "^ 
o ? 

>} Co 


v. 

R 

o 
-«; 

R 


K 

^ *^ 

• ~ R 

• C s s 

"^ (3 « 

<u a 2 

^ ** "1^ 


" R 

(^ "^ It- 

- R-«i 

• S R 


«3 


^» ^ ^ 


i^ 
«• 


R 


<3 <3 


~.<3 
13'C 


^^ ^^ -.t* 

R R e 

13 <3 "*» 


R R'S 

Cj (a *^ '^ 

■♦** ■*^ R »«R 

5 S *~ "^ 

sS SS Vi 


S^ R "^ 

i^cqco Q5ft3co flq Qq ^ k, cqcqi^&oco 


R 5 i;-- 

<3-5:, 
« « c. 

R a^ 

•iS -is a *» '^ 
"^■^ ^ ^"2 

R R r ^ « 
« !3 t S^ 


■.St 

R *> 
J R 


cd 


rt 


g 


1 


3 


g 


^ 


CJ 


*-> 


^ 


T3"4> 


c 


8 


iS 


i-T 


tT 


c 

oT 


-a 
c 
w 

4-^ 


8 
0. 


-0 

an 


fms, sand 
alline, alg 


fms, sam 
1, corallin 


u 


1 


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c 

CO 


1 
1 


ii 

rt 
^ 

1 


1 


Cl« 


u, 


"3 


rt 


m ^M 


u, 


rt 


u 


« 


Ui 


Qj 


u 


Ul U 


-r^ (U 


Pi 


u 


n) 


k; 


rt 


CS 


Q 


JS 


w, 


> 


,' -JQ 


M 


M 


M 


43 


.a 


J5 


ja 


(A 


'■C 


^ y 


to 


vo w 


<n 


tn 


u 


(A 


ai 


(O 


<» 


to 


<^ 


ca 


CO 


T2 


5 


ts. 


<7\ 

1— < 


VO 


VO 


t^^ 


t^ 


•a 


as 


'J- 


tri 


■* 


o\ 


to 


to 


to 


to 


■>*• 


c 


T-l 


Os 


Os 


ON 


T-l 


0\ 


OS 


OS 


o\ 


rt 


tH 


y—t 


t-t 


^ 


^ 


tH 


1-t 


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tH 


1^ 


C 


I 


try 


t5: 


to 


to 


^' 


to 


§ 


to 


vo" 


to 


t-T 


f = 


tJ- 


1^ 


t^ • 


1 ^ 


i-H • 


1 


c 


r 


1 


t^ 


1 


l-< 


00 • 


a 


co 


rt 


m a 


o\ rt 


■^■9, 


M 


-^ 


rt 


jO 


1-^ 


-?> 


Th 


rt 


00 


« 


■=>•?, 


^ 


S 


rt 


SS 


S 


b 


1) 


to 


S 


to 


s 


Z^ Z^ 2;^ Z^ Z^ 2^ Z^ 2^ Z^ Z^ Z^ 


TJ- to 


CSJ 
M 


w-i 


w-i ,-1 


un 


CM vri 


CM "^ 


M e^i 


00 00 
to M 


"^ 00 


•.-h'u-i 

CI ^ 


MCs» 


CI CQ 


CM CI 


M CM 


tM CM 


to 0\ 

M 


to o\ 
M 


^ © 


'I- 


'J- 


•* 


't 
CJ ^ 


rj- 
CM ^ 


C^ ^ 


Ii 


u 


ii 


i-> 


Ix 


Ui 


• ^ 


l-M 


w—l 


-a 


Oi 


0. 


0. 


0. 


0- 


0. 


0^ 


<u 


c 


en 


(/3 


w 


en 


en 


en 


C 

c 


a 
a 


w 


w 


w 


pa 


w 


rt 


r3 


(n 


>; 


>; 


>; 


>; 


>; 


ts 


>-, 


*s 


JS 


M 


t-^ 


rt 


nj 


C(t 


w 


PS 


rt 


rt 


'C 


U 


4~' 


m 


W 


w 


pq 


pq 


m 


PQ 


h 


c 


,_ 


13 


,__ 


13 


,__ 


■a 


__ 


X) 


^M 


T3 


T.'O 


01 


N 


N 


rt 


D 


C 


lU 


C 


(U 


c 


a> 


c 


a; 


C 


,Ji 


^ 


c 


a 


CO 


•c 


-2 


'u 


J2 


'C 


_« 


'C 


_w 


■n 


w 


U rt 


'c3 


— 


(U 


t 
^ 


3 
4w 


J3 


en 


Xi 


en 


en 

h-4 


en 


C3 


)— 1 


IS 


TS 


'u 


2 


2 


2 


^2 


2 


8 


a 


c 


'E. 


s 


a 


a 


c 


c 


a 


a 


C 


C 


c 


c a 


^ 


w 


n 


(O 


rt 


n 


CS 


rt 


rt 


rt 


w 


« 


rt 


« 


w w 


m 


cr> 


CO 


p^ 


coco 


(Jicr> 


COCO 


coco 


coco 


coco 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 269 


2 

Vj V. 

•~ e 

•s: a 
■♦-» »^ 

■Si 3 

:§4 


- 5 5.;s 


^ ^ a C 

£ a ■^^ R 
sL, w 1^ <u 


<3.S 
« «3 


~ a 


a a 5 >, 
.25 £o 

? « S-Si 

V* w ^ ^ 


he 
« c 

> a< 


o 
w 

13 
o 


o 


o 


w-1 ly^ 


tn o 


o o 

S2 


o o 
«+ O 


o3 D. 


o 


u-i O 

o o 
•+ O 


c 


U 


ll 


• rK 


a, 


a 


c 


m 


en 


CO 


« 


w 


« 


>, 


>» 


>; 


« 


ea 


rt 


m 


PQ 


M 


— -a 


__ 


TS 


— TS 


•S"^ 


XI 


en 


•£^ 


«!_( 


C3 


t— 1 


cShh 


o 


o 


O 


o 


^^ 


•4-1 


4^ 


c c 


c 


C 


c c 


« 03 


cj 


CO 


(4 CQ 


C« W3 


vicn 


cocc 


a ^ 

t1 

.^"^ 

i~> R 


^ 
8 


^^ 


•2 s « 
a « b 

eg? 


►:;co t^ 


R-S « 

fc cv <V) 


*» 


>.> *» 


*» 


fc> 


•i) 


R ^ 


>s « 


R 


H ^ 


R 


%j 5 


o ^ 


%j 


<w r> 


%i 


SCUS 

merica 
arenici 
impati 
ubrica 


«3 


ll 


2-c 


•■c « 


pati 
\itan 
rica 


a 


§.§ 


Jt 


.1-1% 


• It 


a <3 M M~* 


"*.* 
« 


«.2 


.2« 


.2-2"^ 


.2"^ 


>-i « >^ wr* 


a 


iifi; "R 


a a 


a i: 


thur 
thur 
huri 


•^^5-J 


■w 


5^ 


52^ 


5^ 


■K-S a R R 


•«e 


^ ^ 


•^■^ 


■rs-^ 


"T3 %.-«i 


-<3-^ 


R 


« "S" 


R R 


K ? 


R •<=^ « 


R R 


g « S w"^ 


-^ 


« s 


? ? 


<3..2i 


« S-5i 


«^ 


Vi 


V ^ 


^ >» 


j^^ 


•» ii> <t> 


w~ 


<^ 


cqc<: 


egftq 


05 Co o; Co 00 


05 CO 


a 
til 


0; 

O 

43 


NO 


u-1 fe 


z^ 2;^ "z^ z^ 


CO O 


I 


to 


u-1 O 

^ o 


^ o 


^ 


o 


«i 


lU 


<u 


<u 


JQ 


ho 


hO 


>. 


_c 


_C 


c«ps5 


^ 

§ 


V 


^ 


^ 


<U 


oT-— « 


be 


« 


(n 


kH 


-0.2 


Ui 


<u 


iT 


aJ" 


oT 


••S w 


oT 


Ui 


b 


u 


u 


►^ !:: 


u 


O 


o 


O 


O 


& «« 


O 


-s 


tn 


01 


Is 


-s 


to 


1^ 


l^ 


\o 


to 


m 


to 


0\ 


0\ 


o\ 


▼H 


^^^ .^-. ~^ t^-i 

to ^^ to .to . to ^^ CO . 


I . 


z^ z^ z^ z^ z^ z^ 


tn o 


"bo 


o »^ 


VJ~, -.-1 


rj- to 


t:J- to 


rj- to 


o\ oo 


O ^ 
to O 


O O 

rh O 
«^1 ^ 


o o 
"J- O 


o o 

^ o 

CM ^ 


o o 
w-1 o 
(M ^ 


o o 
u-t O 


o o 
CO ^ 


-a 


■a 


tl 


l< 


c 


c 


■§- 


• 1.4 


o 
2 


"35 


,2 


>> 


>> 


>> 


W-, 


W-, 


"o 

c 

ll 


1— 1 


l-H 


rt 


rt 


ca 


73 


CT3 C5 


o 
.2 


O 

u 

en 


9J 


U-, WS 


wS 


"G 


'D 


■o 


"if 


rt o 


CS C 


c 
2 


c 


4) 


w 

> 


^ 


c« 


C3 


fe 


fe 


CS 


w 


PS 


13 «^ 


M-i 'en 


c 


c 


3 
bO 


a 


um 


pq 


W 


CO 


CO 


< 


< 


< 


270 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 11 


-a 

V 

O 

"o 


C/3 


a 

V) 

a 

a 
•«. 
o 
-s: 


a a 


« => O 

K « tt 

05 05 Co 


~ S w 
« « 2 

•ft. 2 w 


«.r:-~ a 


« a ^ w 

a a a 5 

•*** "*^ "tS t? 

O O ^ "S 

? « S^ 

>. w ^ ^ 


*1 

s . *^ 

•^ s: S « 

•ft. C-~ w 
•« ^--^ 

a a »* i; 

-s: ■« "'S 5 
o o o •g 

e a ^ ? 

w w ^ ^ 


ft505co&o ft505cocc 


-2 s 


•5 


^ 


Vj 


rent 
npa 
brie 


• •* 

e 


a-S a 


<3 


« 


••*-» 


* *<« 


« <3 « 


*» 


« 


5j 


a a 5 


a 


•*.* ^«* ^ 


o 


<: 


••* 


•*-* 


o o ^ 


«.> 


o 


■»* -k* * 


B 


•^ 


"«ts-*j 


<u 


^3 


e R a 


■.4 
^ 


a 


<3 «3^ 


« 


05 05 Co 


^ 


05 


.8 


•2 -5 


s _ <u 

^ "^ •♦-* 

•js a ? « 

S ^ a a C ^ C ^ 


a 

•ft. V. 

S"a 


a 
a 


a <3 
" ■ •♦>* 

w 
a 


' o -2 o 


e •«» 6> a - ~ 


a a f 

^a5c<5>^co 05=0 ^ 


<>< 
a 

o 

a 


a 


a 


6 

o 

c 
a 

•s 

u 

Q 


> 

O 

t 

o 

c 

aT 
^^ 


-s 


43 


Ct 


ci 


«+H 


60 -O 


^ 


JQ 


u 


J4 


5 fms, sand; 
nge, coral 


Shore, lagoon 
entrance, mud 

shore, shingle 


re, mouth o 
oon, rock 


O 
M 
m 

>> 


en 

e 


a c 


o 


o 


o 


,-1 o 


O be M 


a. _o. 


CO 


• o. 

00 M 


43 a 


1 


^ ^ 


■o 

a 


Oi 


l>. 


OS 


On 


o\ 


? 


r^ 


VO 


tn 


o 


•+ 


9 


* 


ro 


«*> 


On 


"*• 


On 


o\ 


OS 


OS 


0\ 


l-H 


.-I 


.-1 


■r^ 


y* 


o\ 


i-H 


tH 


o 


o ^r 


ON O 


o\ oo 


o\ oe 


?2" 


rf 


VO 


f^ '-< 


Tj-<N 


^tH 


'J-<N> 


t^ '^ 


VO^ 


7 c 


CQ l^ 


ON U 


rl- u 


1 ^^ 


"^ h 


'^ i 


o w 


0-? 


vri rt 


r*- rt 


t^ « 


tH fe 


O rt 


^ rt 


^s 


i-H tlH 


:::s 


^S 


^2 


^:s 


o\ i«r; 


VO 

2 2 '^ 

^ sT <'^ 

Os On ,-1 

1 I '^ to .• 

'I" X "^ ^ I h 

ov -iJ ON ^, 00 rt 

0,<U O " ON 15 


c 
o 


o 

PL, 


2^ Z^ Z^ 2^ Z^ Z^Z^Z^ 


z^ Z^ z^ 


IT) 

«n 


«*1 


5 ^ 

u^ 


'i- VO 


t ft 

VO VO 

CM to 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


t 6 

VO 


«n 


to 


00 06 


00 00 


00 oO 


ON 00 
•+ -^ 


ON 

VO y-* 


ON 
VO 1-H 


On 
VO 1—1 


OON 
VO T-l 


ON 
VO .^ 


V<-| T-( 


U-> i-H 


VO «-l 


VO -H 
«M ^ 


VO tH 
CNl ^ 


VO 1-, 
CNl ^ 


VO 1-1 


VO y-t 

CI ^ 


VO »-l 


l*N 


>> 


Bl 


n» 


m 


m 


<i) 


v 


-a 


TS 


l-l 


Ui 


lU 


<u 


> 


> 


rt 


rt 


3 


a 


M 


bC 


< 


< 


•a 


-a 


13 


•0 


rs 


"O 


rH 


-0 


IS 


•3 


-a 


^ 


t3 


^ 


13 


^ 


-0 


•S 


c 


c 


C 


s 


a 


a 


c 


c 


s 


Q 


(A 


i 


S 


^ 


en 


CO 


^ 


^ 


r% 


w 


w 


M 


u 


w 


w 


M 


u 


U 


t 


t 


t; 


t: 


t; 


t: 


t; 


V 


u 


v 


a> 


01 


<u 


u 


<u 


lU 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


CL, 


Ph 


Hi 


Cl, 


Ok 


CL, 


Cli 


CI. 


CL, 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 271 


-2 ? V, 


la 
typica 


^ 


1- 


-2 a 


-21 


>•> 
R 


o *" 2 


=> 1- "S 


2-^: « 


">i 


<3 


••4 « 5! <0 


•~ Vj loJ 


•~ "O 


•~ g Vj 


••4 y Vj 


Vj 


6? J? ^^ *** 


fcj W Q 


•c^ 


5 S^"c 


2 >^ 5-S 


•c 


vi s s-s 


W-*-^ 


^"S 


•5 2 


S"*""^ 


"«i 


«-J:-~ a 


«3 a-~ 


a a 


a « 


<^ Q-ii: a 


«*} 


<«3 Q ••Nt «3 


•J: a'~ 


a 


.2.2-2"5 


• <^ ^ r^ 


.2"^ 


•2 <3 

a a 


^ 


•^.2.2"^ 


.2 «3-c 


a a H a 

1-* ^Nk ^ ^ 


thur 
hurt 
iria t 


a"^ 


^ •♦»* -K* "^ 


a 


thur 
hurt 
iria 1 


a 


a » o t; 


a -" ^ 


"^ 


■^ ^ 


® "5! 


c> 


^ "^ 


** a 


^^ 


■S -S v^ o 


■S 0^ 


■S <5 


^:2 


-s: -S -S <s 


-« 


-« -2 -S 


•S o.^ 


-Q-T3 ^^ 


-^-6e^ 


■ts-** 


^ "^ "« •*! 


.^ 


.^j-Q~!3-*: 


-rj^^ 


•* 


« « "S" F 


» e 2 


R a 


? ^ 


■■2 R R a 


1^ 


•2 R R a 


R R S 


R 


W V. ^ ^ 
0503 CO CO 


Bra 

Sele 
Fosi 


3^ 


CO Si 


S k k ^ v- ^ 


Co 


t«- 


Wl 


o\ 


r-t 


rf 


t^ 


1-1 


f»1 


1 


b 


© 


rt 


S 


o 

rs 

-3 
c 
o 
w 

CO 

w 

O 

<u 

3 


8 


o 

JS 
en 


8 

u 

o 

JS 


I 

c 
w 

«r 

Wi 

O 


g 

o. 


o 


On 
0\ 


ON 3-; 


^§ 


On 


«N» C 


0\ 


00 >«-! 


0\ 
0\ 


z^ Z^ Z^ z^ z^ 


w-i 


00 OS 
•* 


t^ CO 

■r-i en 


?§ 


00 
tn 


OOn 


vn 


^^5; 


10 vn 


c 


c 

4)" 


o -o 
u c 


§ 

u 
a, 

V 

w 

c 
o 
U 

>^ 

w 

M 

<u K^ 
-tf "^ 

o w 


a, 
u 

I 


o 


am 


V 

u 

o 


\0 vn 


to 


^s :2s 


c 


o 


o 

On 

OnXi 


N 

Ul 


Z 


w g 

.2 3 


.S 


o 


o 

On 


O 


c 


g 

o 

c 
o 

CO 

m 
S 

3 

o 


a 


a 

-R 
>^ 

-a; 

R 

Co 


>> 

TS 


<3 

a 


a 

R 
Co 


■5 a 

** W ^-i 
•*4 •»*» N.J 

a a b 

-a -a J 


R R a 

K V. «u 

ejCQco 


«r 


JS 


■♦-* 


b 


a, 


G, 


-a 


3 

4-* 


in 


8 


3 


<u 


<u 


S 


CO 


(U 


<u 


kl 


4) 


u 


b 


NO 

On 


On 


NO 
On 


NO 
On 


NO NO^ NO NO^ 
"i- T-l 'i- i-H 


NO t^ 


vo 00 
■* 1-1 


Tt- >-, t/1 >-. NO 


u-i^ w-1^ vn^ *^^^? 


z^ Z^ z^ 


N^ 


00 00 


00 to 
Ti- 


10 


vo vn 


u-i 
vn >j-i 


t^ 


r^ 


Z^ 


00 o 
o ^^ 


10 o 
W-1 >n 


t^ o 


o 
o. 

B 

w 

-Q 

w 

o 

P5 
rt 

•a 

es 

c 

en 

C 

W 


o 
S 

IS 

w 

o 

eq 

-a 
w 

c 


G 2 C 2 

coO coO 


-a 

c 

w 


. 1) 

-O 

C 

a 
W 


'o 

c 
w 

l-c 


272 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOL. 11 


a . 


S 


Si 


S 


^ 


B 


•ft, 


a 


a 


•^ 


-2 « 


a 


ti "o 


"^ 


^ 


v> 


•*>» 


<»j 


<^ 


• -* 


Cl ^ 


%i 


•■2 5 « 


'■C 


* ** 


« 


•43 «3 


Mh 


M-< 


•C5 <3 


•■G « 


^•^^ 


2-43 « 


•■S « 


e« a <o 


« 

•C;, 


►ft 

<3 


<3 


<3 


■ft,;; 


a -ft, »^ 


<3 


••4 t* 'O 


.2-2 « 


S 


.8 


►Si <>i 

a-s; 

<3 <3 


2 s-*-^ 

a M "*> 


a 

<3 


_<3 


a "Si 

•2.« 


fusa 
ia im 
a lub 


-a 
a 

.2 


ia art 
ia im 
a lub 


a-si 

•--5 
•2 « 


thun 
thur 
huri 


a 


a 


a a 


pus 
thur 
huri 
ria 1 


a 


a 


3 


a^ 


a § a 


thur 
thur 
huri 


itoi 
ero 
kot 


<s 


o 


<= Q ■>-. a 


2^ 


^2^ 


1« --^ o 


-J 


-^ 


"S 


>*»: -«e 


^■^^^ 


?s 


?s 


■13-*: 


V)"W-<« 


w 

^ 


-w-r3-*s 


-q-aj 


Bran, 
Semp 
Selen 


« 


2 

cq 


a a 

60 Co 


Isosti 
Bran, 
Selen 
Fosso 


a 


a 


05 00 


Isosti 
Bran 

Selen 


<3 


Bran 
Bran 

Selen 


a ? 

W til 

ceico 


s 


o 


o 


XI 


XI 


>, 


-o 


^ 


c 


I 


43 


m. 


Cu 


n> 


o 


Q 


»3 


OS 


5 


t 


t^ 

^ 


t:::s 


c 

CO 
CO f 

to 
t =«" 

•c 13 
•GO 


4J 


10 


bfl 


M 


s 


C 


,13 


.jq 


en 


m 


(U 


<U 


u 


Lh 


b 


Ui 


Ui 


o 


O 


O 


CO 


1-H 


J3 


J3 


^ 


b 


Ui 


a 


■.— 1 


« CO 


^— ( 


o 5 


»— ( 


CO 


o\ 


vo u 


v 


-T3 — 


.S 


TS 


c — 


^ 


C 


na 


8 


cn 


c 


Ui 


tn a 


en 


6J^ 


O 


J 


o 


=> i; 


JS 


M 


u-i 


JS 


rt-M 


in 


ID 


"l- 


tn 


to 

c 

t- 

o 

M 
m 


0\ 


OS 


to 


■^r ^T^ ^'' 

0\ On Cn 

r-l -1— I 1-1 


•+ 

_ _ _ O 

Os 'i" On "+ O o '"' 

,J-C^ ri-OJ t^to -^ ' 

I . I . CO ■ ■ '^ 

\0 li u^ l-i ■'-''-'-; 

voW NOrt 0\rt On-^ 

r^>tr< t'.'^r; toirH ©-*' 


V) 


t^ 


v> 


O 


NO 


NO 


to 


o 


On 


o 


•+ 


to 


ON 


■* 


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NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 275 


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276 allan hancock pacific expeditions vol. 11 

Systematic Arrangement 

I had hoped to include a complete revision of all the tropical shallow 
water aspidochirotes, of which the Museum of Comparative Zoology 
possesses an unequalled series, but this was not found practical. Like 
every worker who studies these forms, I am greatly indebted to Tan- 
ning's revision of the genus Holothuria. But this magnificent work 
suffers from his dependence in too many cases on the accounts of earlier 
writers; hence many errors have been perpetuated and related forms 
have been placed far apart. I would have preferred to follow his ar- 
rangement, but this has not always been possible. Where his groups have 
been well defined, as in his concept of Brandt's Microthele, I have used 
them. In other cases, as in his use of the name Sporadipus, I have had to 
take another course, and the best solution seemed to be to split up the 
old genus Holothuria into a series of new genera. As far as possible I 
have used the old ending -othuria with a suitable prefix, resulting in 
names like Selenkothuria, Theelothuria, Mertensiothuria, etc., which 
should not be too difficult to apply. 

Many attempts have been made to arrange the numerous species in 
the old genus Holothuria in a reasonable systematic order, and the key 
which is given here for the genera known from the Panamic region 
should make it clear how the lines have been drawn. 

The members of this group are essentially adapted to live either 
free on the bottom of lagoons, or buried in sand or mud, or clinging to 
rocks, often exposed to the surf. Within each habitat are groups in 
different stages of development, which can be separated by means of 
their spicules. Most primitive are undoubtedly those with numerous 
regular tables and regular smooth buttons, somewhat reminiscent of 
certain synallactidlike members of the Stichopodidae. A more advanced 
stage is indicated by the presence of irregular buttons, or the develop- 
ment of rosettes, or the reduction of the inner layer of spicules, while 
the tables have become variously modified. In the surf-loving forms, one 
group has a well developed layer of tables, another section has them re- 
duced almost completely, and in some species there are only a few rods 
in the inner layer. Among the burrowing forms, some are more or less 
cylindrical in body form while others are flattened, and the spicules vary 
from regular tables and buttons, to hemispherical tables and regularly 
knobbed buttons, to reduced tables and irregularly knobbed, deformed 
buttons, etc. There is nothing essentially new in the present arrange- 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; PARTII, ASPIDOCHIROTA 277 

ment and much of what is presented here is more or less foreshadowed in 
the key which W. K. Fisher made for the Hawaiian holothurians in 
1907. 

Affinities to Other Regions 

The aspidochirote shallow water forms may be grouped roughly as 
follows : Two species are almost circumtropical, Brandtothuria arenicola 
and B. impatiens, while six appear to be offshoots from the west Pacific 
and from their sparse occurrence may be considered more or less casual 
visitors in the Panamic region: Ludwigothuria atra, Mertensiothuria 
fuscocinerea, Brandtothuria gyrifer, Semperothuria imitans, Mertensio- 
thuria leucospilota, and Lessonothuria pardalis. Four species are closely 
related to West Indian forms and apparently do not occur outside the 
Panamic region: Isostichopus fuscus, Ludwigothuria kefersteini^ Sem- 
perothuria languens, and Selenkothuria lubrica, with the corresponding 
forms in the West Indies: Isostichopus badionotus, Ludwigothuria 
grisea, Semperothuria surinamensis, and Selenkothuria glaberrima. 

Another group is widespread in the Indo-West Pacific region and 
has more or less closely related counterparts in the West Indies : Micro- 
thele difficilis, Jaegerothuria inhabilis, Theelothuria paraprinceps, 
Fossothuria rigida, and Vaneyothuria zacae, with the corresponding 
West Indian forms Microthele parvula, Jaegerothuria occidentalism 
Theelothuria princeps, Fossothuria cubana, and Vaneyothuria lentigi- 
nosa. Theelothuria paraprinceps in all probability will be found to be 
identical with some older species from the East Indies, while Vaney- 
othuria zacae may be withdrawn as a synonym of some such form as 
V. integra or V. neozelanica. 

Apparently endemic to the Panamic region are Labidodemas ameri- 
canum, Irenothuria maccullochi, Selenkothuria portovallartensis, and 
S. theeli, to which it seems proper to add Mertensiothuria platei, from 
Juan Fernandez, as it may possibly extend into the southernmost part 
of the Panamic region and is not known from outside the American 
waters. 

Aside from Isostichopus, the total absence of such large lagoon forms 
as the members of the genera Actinopyga, Bohadschia, Astichopus, etc., 
is noteworthy. 

Compared with Hawaii and the West Indies, using Fisher's and 
Deichmann's papers, the supposedly barren shores of the Panamic region 
have more aspidochirote forms than either. About one third of the fauna 


278 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

consists of species which have been able to cross Ekman's "barrier," 
another third is most closely related to the West Indian fauna, and the 
rest are either endemic or closely related to widespread Indo-Pacific 
forms. Future explorations may modify these statements somewhat. 
More species may be found in Hawaii, as well as in the Gulf of Mexico ; 
some of the species described as special to Hawaii may be withdrawn as 
synonyms, etc. ; but as a whole the present picture will not be altered 
much and there seems no great likelihood that many more species will 
be added to the Panamic fauna. 

ASPIDOGHIROTA 

(from shallow water) 

Key TO THE FAMILIES OF SHALLOW WATER ASPIDOCHIROTA 

Gonads in two tufts. Large forms, often with thickened flanks, 
cylindrical feet in crowded bands on the ventrum, and large 
warts on the dorsum. Spicules a crowded to reduced layer of 
tables and often delicate, C-shaped bodies, or as minute grains. 
Smooth buttons in some genera. I. Stichopodidae 

Gonads in single tuft. Small to large forms; flanks not thickened. 
Spicules variously developed, never as delicate, C-shaped 
bodies. H. Holothuriidae 

I. Stichopodidae 

Diagnosis: Large primitive aspidochirotes, with gonads in two 
tufts, tentacle ampillae, and well developed respiratory trees. Exterior 
more or less synallactidlike. Except for one doubtful genus (Asticho- 
pus), ventral feet large, in more or less crowded bands, dorsal side with 
papillae, simple or complex, few to many. Large ventral tentacles and 
terminal anus. Spicules in most genera tables, and in addition either 
smooth buttons, regular or deformed, delicate rosettes, or C-shaped 
bodies. In two genera the spicules reduced to minute grains or rods. 

Chiefly restricted to tropical shores, with three genera in colder 
waters or extending to a depth of several hundred fathoms. 

Type genus: Stichopus Brandt. 

Remarks: In 1922 H. L. Clark subdivided the old genus Sticho- 
pus, and the four genera he accepted have been more or less recognized. 
In 1948 a new genus was added by Deichmann, and the division is now 
completed by the addition of two more genera, of which one is char- 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 279 

acteristic of the Panamic and West Indian region. A key is given to the 
seven genera to explain the present arrangement. 

Key to the genera of the family Stichopodidae 

1. No tables in skin, only minute grains or rods 2 

1. Numerous to few tables in the skin 3 

2. Dorsal papillae united into complex leaflike structures. East 
Indian reefs Thelenota Brandt 

2. Dorsal side with numerous small feet or papillae. West Indies. 
(Position doubtful) .... Astichopus H. L. Clark 

3. Synallactidlike forms, cylindrical, with few large papillae on 
the dorsal side and comparatively few feet in bands on the 
ventrum. In colder waters or to a depth of several hundred 
fathoms 4 

3. Flanks more or less thickened 5 

4. Tables, gradually becoming reduced, and delicate buttons with 
two lateral and two terminal holes, often reduced to irregular 
bodies. South African waters. . Neostichopus Deichmann 

4. Tables well developed; buttons absent or with several holes 
along the sides and no terminal holes. North Atlantic, North 
Pacific, and New Zealand waters. Parastichopus H. L. Clark 

5. Numerous small papillae along side of ventral sole. Tables with 
large disk with several circles of holes. Atlantic Ocean, in 
deeper water Eostichopus n. gen. 

5. Comparatively few large papillae along the side of ventral sole. 6 

6. Tables with four clusters of few spines on spire; disk mostly 
with four central and four marginal holes. Often fragile ro- 
settes and C-shaped bodies. Indo-West Pacific tropical shore 
forms Stichopus Brandt 

6. Tables with wreath of small spines on spire; disk mostly with 
circle of many small holes. No delicate rosettes, but C-shaped 
bodies often present. Shores of the tropical region of the Ameri- 
can waters Isostichopus n. gen. 

Isostichopus n. gen. 

Stichopus auctores (partim). 

Diagnosis: Large form with thickened flanks and (in the full- 
grown animal, with a length of about 25 cm) up to 20 blunt lateral 


280 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

papillae, and a similar number in the dorsal rows. Sole well developed, 
with three hands of cylindrical feet. Spicules a dense layer of low, squat 
tables; in the adult, with a circular disk with 8 to 12 small holes, single 
crossbeam, and a wreath of small spines on the top; C-shaped bodies 
present in varying numbers and sizes. Feet with large end plate and 
large supporting plates with numerous holes; smaller curved rods or 
plates in the dorsal appendages. Dorsal appendages usually lacking end 
plate. Tropical shores of America. 

Type species: Stichopus badionotus Selenka. 

Key to the species of Isostichopus 

Tables taller than wide; profile of tables rectangular. Color vari- 
able, from black to orange, often spotted or striped. Common 

in the West Indies, including Bermuda 

badionotus (Selenka) 

Tables about as wide as tall ; profile roughly quadrate. Color uni- 
formly chocolate brown with paler ventral side; young more 
lightly colored, often with a faint reticulum of darker brown 
on the dorsum. Tropical west coast of Mexico, Central and 
South America fuscus (Ludwig) 

Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig) 
PI. 1, figs. 1-3 

Stichopus fuscus Ludwig, 1875, p. 97; 1898, p. 5, pi. 1, figs. 1-5. 
H. L. Clark, 1910, p. 350 (not examined) ; 1922, p. 45 (re- 
jected as unidentifiable). Deichmann, 1937. p. 163; 1938, p. 
363. Steinbeck & Ricketts, 1941, p. 410. 
Stichopus badionotus Selenka, 1867, p. 316 (partim). H. L. Clark, 

1922, p. 55 (partim). 
Non Stichopus fuscus Theel, 1886a, p. 5 (Parastichopus calif ornicus 
(Stimpson), from San Diego, California). 
Diagnosis: See diagnosis of genus and key. 
Type: Possibly in Germany. 

Type locality: "Patagonia," probably wrong. As a substitute one 
might use Machalilla, Ecuador, from which locality Ludwig reported 
it in 1898. 

Distribution: Common from Ecuador to the upper end of the 
Gulf of California; also in the Galapagos, Socorro, and Cocos Islands. 
Not known from the western coast of Lower California or from Cali- 
fornia. 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; PARTII, ASPIDOCHIROTA 281 

Depth : From shore to about 20 fathoms. 

Specimens examined: Several in various collections in the United 
States and Europe. A total of 35 collected by the Hancock expeditions 
from 29 stations. 

Remarks: The Velero III material has confirmed the correctness 
of the differences previously listed for the two members of the genus. 
More important than actual measurements are the proportions of the 
tables — narrovi^er in the Atlantic species, almost square in side view in 
the Pacific form. 

The Velero material, as w^ell as that v^^hich Dr. Mortensen brought 
back from Panama in 1916-1917, ranges in length from a few to about 
20 cm ; the animals shrink considerably when preserved and for practical 
reasons one avoids picking up the largest individuals, which are more 
difficult to preserve before they have time to dissolve into slime. In the 
young individuals, which are paler in color and have fewer appendages, 
one finds often larger, more delicate tables, with a tall fragile spire and 
four central holes surrounded by 4 to 10 smaller ones, similar to those 
found in Parastichopus and Stichopus of similar age. 

Steinbeck & Ricketts note that the species is extremely common in 
favorable sheltered localities and say that they could easily have col- 
lected fifty individuals in a short time in the lagoon at Puerto Escon- 
dido, in the Gulf of California. 

II. Holothuriidae 

Diagnosis: Aspidochirote holothurians with respiratory trees, rete 
mirabile, well developed tentacle ampillae, and the gonads in a single 
tuft to the left of the dorsal mesentery. Tentacles 20 to 30, in most 
species 20; mouth terminal or ventral in position. Shape of body vary- 
ing from cylindrical to flattened, with appendages in different arrange- 
ment and different development, as cylindrical tube feet or more 
papilliform, with sucking disk reduced or lacking. Spicules diversified, 
in most forms an outer layer of tables, absent or reduced in some groups ; 
in addition often an inner layer of buttons — regular or irregular, 
knobbed or smooth — ^rosettes, rods or plates. With the outer layer of 
tables lacking or reduced, the inner layer usually well developed (ex- 
cept in some of the surf-loving forms with very few spicules). Tube 
feet mostly with end plate and a varying number of supporting rods or 
plates; in the papillae, end plate reduced or lacking and rods, if present, 
mostly curved and short. 


282 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

Mostly shallow water forms living in the tropical region, either 
freely exposed in the lagoon, or concealed among rocks, hidden in sand 
or mud, or attached to rocks in the surf zone. A few species descending 
to a depth of 200 to 250 fathoms and some extending into colder waters. 

Type genus: "Holothuria" Linnaeus 1758. 

Remarks: The history of this family is rather exasperating. The 
original genus Holothuria of Linnaeus, listed in the 10th edition with 
four species, is based on some of the large siphonophores, such as Phy- 
salia, as was pointed out by T. Gill in Science, 1907, p. 185, in 
a critical attack on W. K. Fisher. The latter {ibid., p. 389) admitted 
the correctness of this fact, but posed the question of what to do with a 
name which has been as well established as the word "mammal," and 
how to get around the use of the word Holothurioidea, etc. Linnaeus' 
name was at first accepted as the name for all the common tropical 
aspidochirotes ; but in the course of time the most characteristic forms 
were segregated under new generic names, and various writers strove to 
arrange the remaining large number of species in a more or less natural 
order, using the distribution of the feet, the spicules, and other features. 
In these efforts they were greatly handicapped by the incompleteness of 
the earlier descriptions. 

In 1914 Pearson attempted to subdivide the large genus Holothuria 
on the basis of his knowledge of a very limited fauna, that of Ceylon. 
Unfortunately he selected the poorest, most artificial of all systems, that 
of Brandt, with its many useless generic names — useless because in many 
cases one cannot recognize the species he describes and in others his 
definitions are so broad that almost any species could be included in the 
genus. Pearson's system has more or less been adopted by Heding and 
Panning. To the latter we are indebted for a most careful revision of 
the genus Holothuria, as well as Bohadschia and Actinopyga; for some 
reason he did not include the small genus Labidodemas. 

Panning included about 120 species in Holothuria s. /., subdivided 
into smaller groups which unfortunately are not clearly defined. Of 
these species, about 40 can either be withdrawn as synonyms of 
well known forms or are so incompletely described that they must be 
rejected. About 80 species remain. Twenty are here reported from the 
Panamic region, plus Mertensiothuria platei, from Juan Fernandez, 
which possibly may be found to range into the region under discussion. 
Two of these species were not included in Panning's report, and one of 
them is new. 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 283 

The material discussed here is divided into 13 genera, which take in 
the majority of the known species. Whenever possible, all the species 
referred to a genus have been included in the key ; in other cases a tenta- 
tive list is given of the species which probably should be referred to the 
genus. As for the genus Holothuria L., which has no right to exist, one 
might abandon it completely, using the name as a colloquial term, like 
"amphioxus," which covers all lancelets; or one might select as its type 
one of the oldest and best known species from the Mediterranean, such 
as Holothuria poll delle Chiaje, which possibly may have been the form 
Aristotle had in mind when he gave the first description of these ani- 
mals. 

Key to the genera of the family Holothuriidae from the 

Panamic region 

1. Skin gelatinous, soft. Appendages restricted to the ambul- 
acra, not numerous. Calcareous ring unusually low and deli- 
cate with almost ribbonlike interradialia. Spicules tables, not 
numerous, and in some species a few buttons, usually twisted 
and incomplete, suggesting clumsy C-shaped bodies. Color 
white or golden brown, mostly with darker appendages. 
1. Labidodemas Selenka 

1. Skin not gelatinous, soft. If appendages restricted more or 
less to the ambulacra, the spicules numerous. Calcareous spi- 
cules variously developed, rarely with tables completely lack- 
ing; and in that case spicules of other forms — rods, buttons 

— present in the inner layer 2 

2. Skin with few to many spicules, never rigid from being 
packed with spicules 3 

2. Skin parchmentlike, stiff, packed with spicules. Burrowing 
forms 11 

3. Tables forming a close outer layer. Disk usually lacking; 
spire tall, ending in a few strong spines, forming a Maltese 
cross when seen from above. Inner layer lacking, or consisting 
of scattered huge, flat bars. Slender form, cylindrical or 
bottle-shaped, with small terminal tentacles. Under rocks. 
(languens group) .... 6. Semperothuria n. gen. 

3. Tables variously developed but not forming a crowded outer 
layer and not lacking the disk. If tables lacking or rare, a 
deeper layer of rods, buttons or rosettes is developed. . . 4 


284 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

4. Inner layer consisting of regular smooth buttons. Tables more 
or less well developed, with disk and small teeth, few to many 
on the tip of the spire 5 

4. Inner layer, if present, not as regular smooth buttons but as 
rosettes, rods or plates, or partly irregular, more or less 
twisted buttons. Tables variously developed, lacking in one 
genus 6 

5. Buttons large, thin, with 3 to 5 pairs of small holes. Animals 
flattened, with numerous ventral feet, large ventral tentacles, 
and few warts on dorsum. Under rocks, {difficilis group) 
2. Microthele Brandt, Panning emend. 

5. Buttons small, with three pairs of holes, large to small, even 
to the point of obliteration. Cylindrical to flask-shaped forms, 
with small terminal tentacles. Concealed among rocks or in 
sand, {arenicola group) . . 3. Brandtothuria n. gen. 

6. Tables lacking except as vestiges in young individuals. Spi- 
cules spinous to smooth rods, or small plates or curved bars 
with a varying number of holes. Soft-skinned, with numerous 
feet on the ventrum and small papillae on dorsum. Tentacles 
large, often bushy, almost dendritic. Living attached to rocks, 

often in surf zone, {lubrica group) 

10. Selenkothuria n. gen. 

6. Tables present, though in some forms rare 7 

7. Tables of moderate size or small, with small disk. Spicules in 
inner layer rosettes or small perforated plates or incomplete 
buttons. Free living, in lagoons 8 

7. Tables large, delicate or robust, either alone or with mostly 
irregular, twisted buttons 9 

8. Tables with small disk, moderate to high spire and 8 to 12 
sharp spines on top, eight forming a Maltese cross. Inner layer 
small rosettes or small perforated plates, {atra group) . . 
9. Ludwigothuria n. gen. 

8. Tables low, degenerate, often incomplete. Inner layer as 
smooth buttons, often incomplete, or as oblong rosettes. 
{leucospilota group) . . 5. Mertensiothuria n. gen. 

9. Tables alone, numerous, with large disk and four slender rods 
arising as parallel columns and turning outward at the top; 
one basal crossbar. Smaller tables with reduced spire in the 
feet. Slender, cylindrical to flask-shaped, with few feet in 

scattered rows, {maccullochi group) 

7. Irenothuria n. gen. 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 285 

9. Tables variously developed, but not with four slender col- 
umns curving outward at the top 10 

10. Clumsy tables with low spire and margin of disk often den- 
tate. Buttons regular to irregular, often twisted or incomplete. 
Small cylindrical forms with small terminal tentacles. Under 
rocks, {pardalis group) . . 4. Lessonothuria n. gen. 

10. More or less irregular tables, often with dentate margin and 
a cluster of irregular sharp spines on top of the spire. Buttons 
large, often irregular, becoming smaller and more regular 
with age ; buttons lacking in one form. Large cylindrical body 
with small ventral tentacles and a moderate number of ven- 
tral feet, and still fewer papillae on the dorsum and along the 
flanks. Usually with a pale area around the base of the mostly 
darker appendages. In deeper water, 50 to 250 fathoms. 
{lentiginosa group) ... 8. Vaneyothuria n. gen. 

11. Tables well developed, with knobby margin and spire often 
transformed into a reticulated mass. Buttons regular, strong- 
ly knobbed; longer on the ventrum and may here show a 
tendency to become less knobby with age. Flattened forms 
with small ventral tentacles and small feet and papillae. 
(rigida group) . . . . 11. Fossothuria n. gen. 

11. Tables with tendency to become reduced, spire never forming 
a large reticulated mass. Buttons irregular, often twisted or 
incomplete, with or without irregularly scattered knobs. 12 

12. Stout forms with ventral tentacles and large ventral sole of 
cylindrical feet, back covered by conical papillae. Calcareous 
ring stout, of normal shape, {inhabilis group) .... 
12. Jaegerothuria n. gen. 

12. Stout form with cylindrical body and small terminal tentacles. 
Conical appendages dorsally and ventrally, on the ventrum 
ending in a retractile cylindrical tube foot. Calcareous ring 
with short posterior prolongations on the radials. (princeps 
group) 13. Theelothuria n. gen. 

1. Labidodemas Selenka 1867 

Labidodemas Selenka, 1867, p. 309. 

Diagnosis: Medium-sized species, up to 15 cm long, with 20 small 
tentacles terminally placed, anus subterminal. Feet few, in single to 
double rows along the radii, rarely spreading out into the interambul- 


286 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

acra; ventrally cylindrical, dorsally more papilliform. Calcareous ring 
delicate with very elongate ribbonlike interradialia. Color white to 
golden brown, mostly with dark appendages and tentacles. Skin soft, 
thick, gelatinous. 

Spicules few, as scattered tables, stout or delicate ; in the type species 
a few buttons present, deformed or incomplete, suggesting clumsy C- 
shaped bodies. 

Type species: Labidodemas semperianum Selenka. 

Remarks: Three species previously described were united by 
Sluiter (1901) under one name. At the same time he established a 
rather doubtful new species without any spicules. Ludwig's Holothuria 
pertinax (see Panning, 1934, III, p. 75, text-fig. 57) is withdrawn as 
a synonym of Labidodemas semperianum. A new species of Labidodemas 
was described from the Panamic region in 1938. 

Labidodemas americanum Deichmann 1938 

PI. 1, fig. 5 

Labidodemas americanum Deichmann, 1938, p. 363, text-fig. 1. 

Diagnosis: As for the genus, but spicules delicate tables with four 
central holes, a circle of about ten marginal holes, of which some may 
be imperfect, and often a few blunt marginal teeth ; spire sometimes re- 
duced to four knobs. Large cylindrical feet on the ventrum with a large 
end plate and a few small plates with 4 or 5 holes, possibly representing 
reduced tables; the dorsal appendages papilliform and seemingly lack- 
ing the end plate completely, but with small plates in the walls, similar 
to those in the ventral feet. 

Color varying shades of golden brown, inclining toward greenish; 
usually dark brown appendages and tentacles, in some specimens faded. 

Type: Museum of Comparative Zoology. 

Type locality: Costa Rica, Jasper Island. 

Distribution : Known from Galapagos Islands, Cocos Island, Costa 
Rica, and Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California. 

Depth : Shore. 

Specimens examined: The types and the 13 specimens collected by 
the Hancock expeditions — Galapagos Islands, 8 specimens from 4 sta- 
tions; Cocos Island, 2 specimens; Espiritu Santo Island, 3 specimens. 

Remarks: The Hancock material ranges in length from 2 to 7 cm 
and varies somewhat in color ; in some specimens the ventral appendages 
are almost white. The species is well characterized and quite distinct 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 287 

from the widespread type species described from Hawaii, which has 
rather stout tables with long spines on the tip of the low spire, and in 
addition a few deformed buttons. Both the type species and the present 
form appear to be rather rare, and one has the impression that the genus 
is a survival of a primitive, synallactidlike type which has been able to 
hold its own in some parts of the tropical shore region. 

2. MIcrothele Brandt 1835 

Microthele Brandt, 1835, p. 54. Panning, 1929, I, p. 130 (partim). 
Miilleria auct. {partim). 
Actinopyga auct. {partim). 

Diagnosis: Medium-sized to large forms, with 20 large ventral 
tentacles and numerous cylindrical feet on the ventral side, the dorsal 
side with scattered low papillae, often placed on low warts. Anus ter- 
minal with calcified papillae; with the skin scraped off, these papillae 
simulate anal teeth. Cuvierian organs large. 

Spicules an external layer of crowded tables with well developed 
disk having a varying number of holes and round to squarish in outline; 
spire low, squat, with a single crossbeam and many short spines on the 
top. An inner layer of large thin buttons, oval or slightly S-shaped, with 
two rows of comparatively small holes. Ventral feet with large end 
plate and large plates, more or less symmetrically developed with nu- 
merous holes; dorsal appendages with reduced end plate or none, and 
more simple rods. 

Color varying shades of brown, in one form with the papillae sur- 
rounded by a pale area. A green fluorescent pigment present in one 
species {M. parvula), possibly in all. 

Type species: Holothuria sanctori delle Chiaje. 

Remarks: The name Microthele is accepted in the sense in which 
Panning used it in 1929, pp. 130-138, with some corrections, in order 
to avoid an endless reshuffling of names. Brandt's diagnosis, 1835, p. 54 
"Dorsi pedes parum evoluti, rarius ex eminentiis mamillosis parum 
distinctis prominentes," fits the members of the Holothuria difficilis 
group — as well as many others. 

Of the nine species which Panning lists, Holothuria {Microthele) 
nobilis (Selenka) (and Holothuria whitmaei Bell) must be transferred 
to another genus; Holothuria (Microthele) aegyptiana (Heifer) was 
based on a poorly developed individual of the rigida group. Holothuria 
(Microthele) lubrica (Sluiter), based on two specimens 4.2 cm long. 


288 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

from Thursday Island, appears to be young individuals of Mertensio- 
thuria leucospilota (Brandt). The remaining six species are reduced to 
three: Microthele difficilis (Semper), including Holothuria excellens 
(Ludwig), H. bedfordi (Deichmann), and H. altimensis H. L. Clark; 
Microthele sanctori (delle Chiaje), with its synonym Holothuria flavo- 
castanea (Theel) ; and Microthele parvula (Selenka). 

Key to the species of the genus Microthele 
Brandt, emend. Panning 

1. Large species, 20 cm, brown with paler area around the dorsal 
papillae. Mediterranean, Eastern Atlantic, as far south as St. 
Helena sanctori (delle Chiaje) 

1. Small to medium-sized species. Color uniformly brown or yel- 
low 2 

2. Specimens about 5 cm long, color light brown or yellow. But- 
tons comparatively narrow, often S-shaped. West Indies, in- 
cluding Bermuda parvula (Selenka) 

2. Specimens up to 10 to 12 cm long; color usually dark brown. 
Buttons broad oval. Indo-Pacific. . . . difficilis (Semper) 

Microthele difficilis (Semper) 
PL 1, figs. 6-9 

Holothuria difficilis Semper, 1868, p. 92, pi. 30, fig. 21. Panning, 1929, 

I, p. 136, text-fig. 20 (copied from various authors), complete 

list of references. Deichmann, 1937, p. 164. Steinbeck & 

Ricketts, 1941, p. 407. 
Miilleria excellens Ludwig, 1875, p. 98, pi. 7, fig. 32. 
Holothuria (Microthele) excellens, Panning, 1929, I, p. 132, text-fig. 

16 (copied from Ludwig). 
Actinopyga bedfordi Deichmann, 1922, p. 212. 
Holothuria (Microthele) bedfordi, Panning, 1929, I, p. 136, text-fig. 

19 (copied from Bedford). 
Holothuria frequentiamensis H. L. Clark, 1902, p. 530. Panning, 1934, 

III, p. 73. 
Holothuria altimensis, H. L. Clark, 1921, p. 172, pi. 37, figs. 20-29. 

Panning, 1935, IV, p. 94, text-fig. 82 (copied from H. L. 

Clark). 
Diagnosis: Medium-sized form, 10 to 12 cm long, usually dark 
brown, sometimes almost purplish black, rarely more yellow. Spicules a 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 289 

crowded layer of tables with about 8 holes in the disk, often with 
smaller holes intercalated between them; spire low with numerous 
spines on top. Buttons broad oval with three to five pairs of small holes. 
Ventral feet with large end plate and broad plate-like supporting rods, 
often with slitlike holes. 

Types: Semper's cotypes are in the Museum of Comparative Zoo- 
logy, as well as the types of H. L. Clark's Holothuria frequentiamensis 
and H. altimensis. 

Type localities: Semper's types came from Samoa, as did Holo- 
thuria excellens. Clark's types came respectively from Clipperton Island, 
eastern Pacific, and Torres Strait, Australia. 

Distribution: From the eastern coast of Africa westward to the 
tropical coasts of Central America and Mexico. 

Depth : Shore, mostly under flat rocks in pools. 

Specimens examined: The paratypes and types listed above, and a 
large series from various localities in different collections, including 
Bedford's material in the British Museum. One hundred and eight 
specimens from 22 stations, collected by the Velero III. Of these, 46 
came from the Galapagos Islands, one from Cocos Island, 8 from Clar- 
ion Island, 25 from Panama, 15 from Costa Rica, and 13 from the 
coast of Mexico, as far north into the Gulf of California as Espiritu 
Santo Island. The species was not taken at San Lucas or along the west 
coast of Lower California. Its absence in Socorro Island may be acci- 
dental, as the species is common both in Clarion Island and Clipperton 
Island. 

Remarks: The Velero material ranges in length from 2 to 8 cm; 
but as the largest individuals are somewhat contracted, they probably 
measured at least 10 cm when expanded. The color shows some varia- 
tion from light brown, almost yellow, to dark purplish brown or black. 
In many localities the individuals had undergone transverse division, so 
one finds the usual "stumpy" specimens with too large a tentacle crown 
and closed posterior end, or a posterior end with a regenerating, pale 
anterior end, as described by Deichmann in 1922. 

The spicules are distinctly different from those of the smaller Micro- 
thele parvula from the West Indies and Bermuda, as previous studies 
have shown. In addition, W. K. Fisher found that the Cuvierian organs 
were ejected as "long sticky threads" in M. parvula, while Mortensen 
found them to be discharged as minute vermicellilike fragments in M. 
difficilis (verbal communication). Whether the green pigment so char- 


290 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

acteristic of M. parvula also occurs in M. difflcilis is not known, as all 
the Pacific material has been so well cared for with fresh alcohol that 
no trace remains in the material I have seen. 

The species is common both in Hawaii and in Easter Island, and 
from the abundance with which it occurs in the Hancock collections one 
seems justified in considering it a permanent element in the Panamic 
region. 

Clark's Holothuria frequentiamensis, from Clipperton Island, was 
previously withdrawn as a synonym of Microthele difflcilis and the same 
fate must befall Deichmann's Actinopyga bedfordi, based on some young 
specimens from Funafuti and Rotuma, identified as Holothuria parvula 
by Bedford. Clark's Holothuria altimensis, from Thursday Island, has 
also proved to be a young Microthele difflcilis in which a few "synal- 
lactid" tables with cross-shaped disk were preserved — a feature which, 
as the Hancock material has shown, may exist also in other species. 

3. Brandtothuria n. gen. 
(Holothuria arenicola group) 

Diagnosis: Comparatively slender, spindle- or bottle-shaped forms, 
of moderate size, rarely 25 cm long, with 20 small terminal tentacles 
and terminal anus. Appendages not numerous, more papilliform on the 
dorsum, and often distinctly arranged in five bands. Inner anatomy not 
remarkable except in Brandtothuria arenicola (ring canal placed some 
distance behind the calcareous ring) ; usually one stone canal and one 
or two Polian vesicles; Cuvierian organs present, variously developed. 

Spicules an external layer of tables with smooth edged disk and, in 
the adult, a low spire with a varying number of teeth; in young indi- 
viduals, the spire sometimes tall with several crossbeams. Inner layer of 
smooth buttons of moderate size, usually with three pairs of holes. Ven- 
tral feet with large end plate and supporting rods or plates, dorsally 
small end plate or none, and supporting rods more narrow and often 
curved. Usually concealed among rocks or buried in sand or mud. 

Type species: Holothuria arenicola Semper. 

Remarks: At the present moment the genus is restricted to three 
species, all included by Panning in "Sporadipus" without making it clear 
what characterizes that group. It seems to be a large motley array of 
mostly unrelated forms. Brandt used the name for two species, S. 
ualanensis and S. maculatus, which cannot be identified, although many 
think that the last named, from Bonin Island, may be the same form 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 291 

that Semper later called Holothuria arenicola (see Fisher, 1907, p. 
662). 

All three species occur in the Panamic region, but while two of them 
are extremely common and also occur in the West Indies, the third, 
with only a few scattered locality records, appears to be a visitor from 
Hawaii or some other outlying West Pacific island group. 

Key to the species of the genus Brandtothuria 

1. Tables stout, with about 8 marginal holes in the almost squar- 
ish disk; spire low, squat, with numerous short spines on the 
top. Buttons regular with six large holes. Color mottled gray 
to reddish brown; skin rough to the touch, animals usually 

strongly warted. Almost circumtropical 

impatiens (Forskal) 

1. Tables not remarkably stout; disk circular or with four mar- 
ginal holes ; spire more or less tapering, with a varying number 

of spines 2 

2. Disk of tables normally circular with several small holes. But- 
tons delicate, elongate, with six large, narrow holes. Color 
golden brown with a circular pale area around the appendages, 
which may be dark brown. Ranges from East Africa to the 
west coast of tropical America. . . . gyrifer (Selenka) 

2. Disk of tables often reduced to the central four holes. Buttons 
small with six small holes, often partly obliterated ventrally. 
Color whitish gray to light brown, often with two rows of 
black spots on the back, or small black specks scattered all over 
the animal. Rusty red or black specimens may be found, stained 
by the mud in which they live. Almost circumtropical. 
arenicola (Semper) 

Brandtothuria arenicola (Semper) 
PI. 1, figs. 10-13 

Holothuria arenicola Semper, 1868, p. 81, pi. 20; pi. 30, fig. 13; pi. 
35, fig. 4. Panning, 1935, IV, p. 88-89, fig. 73, almost complete 
list of references. Deichmann, 1938, p. 364. Steinbeck & 
Ricketts, 1941, p. 407. 

Holothuria monsuni Heding, 1939, pp. 217-218, figs. 18-26. 

Diagnosis: Slender spindle-shaped form, up to 20 cm long, mostly 

about 10 to 16 cm in length. Feet scattered in indistinct bands, ventrallv 


292 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

cylindrical, dorsally partly papilliform or at least with smaller disk. 
Internally, ring canal placed exceptionally far behind the calcareous 
ring. Cuvierian organs present but apparently always small. 

Spicules an outer layer of tables with 4 to 8 marginal holes and 
low spire, often with pillars slightly converging and few small spines on 
the top. Buttons small, smooth, with six holes, usually smaller on the 
ventrum, here becoming completely obliterated with age. Ventral feet 
with end plate and almos't straight supporting rods with perforated ends, 
or with a series of holes along the sides making them into elongate but- 
tons. Dorsal feet with smaller end plate or none, and shorter rods, often 
curved. 

Color white to gray with a varying amount of dark pigment flecks 
or two rows of dark spots on the dorsum. Some individuals almost black 
or covered by a reddish pigment, possibly from the mud in which they 
live. 

Type: Possibly in Germany, 

Type locality: Bohol, Philippines. 

Distribution : Almost circumtropical, in shallow pools, usually con- 
cealed in mud or sand. Common in the West Indies, including Bermuda, 
as well as in Hawaii. In the Panamic region it has been found to range 
from Ecuador to the upper end of the Gulf of California (30° N). 
Extremely common in the Galapagos Islands, where 47 individuals were 
secured at 17 stations. Also taken at Cocos and Clarion Islands. 

Depth: Shallow water, mostly hidden in mud or sand, rarely 
among rocks. 

Specimens examined: A large number in various collections. In the 
Hancock collections more than 150 individuals were examined, ranging 
in size from 3 to 15 cm. 

Remarks: The material from the Panamic regions shows the same 
lawless variation as that exhibited by the material from the West Indies. 
Animals with two rows of dorsal spots occurred with others of the same 
size in which minute specks of black were scattered over the entire 
animal. As in material from other localities, one often finds no buttons 
in the youngest individuals (few cm long), and in these the layer of 
tables is better developed, with larger disk, complete circle of holes, and 
a taller, more delicate spire. 

Steinbeck & Ricketts report the species as fairly common in the Gulf 
of California and the Velero expeditions have proved that it is about the 
third most common species in the Panamic regions, with the Galapagos 
Islands being the place where it finds optimum conditions. From here it 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; PARTII, ASPIDOCHIROTA 293 

was reported by Theel as early as 1886, and later by the Zaca and the 
Arcturus, which also reported it from Costa Rica. Ludwig's Holothuria 
maculate, from 66 fathoms off Cocos Island, refers to Jaegerothuria 
inhabilis, while his Holothuria arenicola, from shallow water in Pan- 
ama, is correctly identified. 

Strongly contracted specimens have occasionally been mislabelled 
Holothuria impatiens, which occurs in similar localities, though prefer- 
ably among rocks. Superficially the species resembles Lessonothuria 
partialis, but the spicules are sufficiently different to prevent a misidenti- 
fication. 

Brandtothuria impatiens (Forskal) 
PI. 1, figs. 14-15 

Fistularia impatiens Forskal, 1775, p. 121, pi. 39, fig. B. 
Holothuria impatiens, Panning, 1935, IV, p. 86, complete list of refer- 
ences. Deichmann, 1938, p. 365. Steinbeck & Ricketts, 1941, p. 
407, pi. 10, fig. 2. Cherbonnier, 1951, p. 29, pi. 9, figs. 8-9. 

Diagnosis: Medium-sized form up to about 15 cm long, rarely 
longer. Often distinctly bottle-shaped with a long "neck." Feet in in- 
distinct rows, large ventrally, more papilliform on the dorsum, often 
placed on low round warts. Internal anatomy not remarkable; usually 
with enormous thick tubes of Cuvierian organs. 

Spicules a crowded layer of stout tables, with eight large holes, about 
as large as the central hole. Spire short, stout with one or two cross- 
beams and a wreath of numerous short teeth on the top. Buttons smooth, 
regular, usually with six large holes. Feet with end plate, smaller in the 
dorsal appendages; supporting rods curved, with terminal holes, oc- 
casionally with lateral holes, giving them the form of large buttons. 

Color mottled gray or brown, sometimes almost uniformly reddish 
brown. Skin unusually sandy to the touch. 

Type: Undoubtedly lost. 

Type locality: Red Sea. 

Distribution: Almost circumtropical, common in the West Indies, 
and ranging all over the tropical Indo-Pacific. In the Panamic region, 
ranging from Colombia to the upper end of the Gulf of California, also 
in the Galapagos Islands and Cocos Island. Most remarkable is that it 
occurs on the west coast of Lower California, at Magdalena Bay and 
Cedros Island. 


294 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

Depth: Shallow water to a few fathoms, usually well concealed 
among rocks, more rarely in sand. 

Specimens examined: Several in various collections in America 
and Europe. The Hancock collections contain about 328 individuals, 
collected at 85 stations. 

Remarks: Steinbeck & Ricketts report Brandtothuria impatiens as 
the second most common species in the Gulf, and the methodical col- 
lecting of the Hancock expeditions have confirmed this estimate and 
further shown that it is the most common form in the Galapagos Is- 
lands, where 72 individuals were collected at 22 stations. It is a species 
which usually is represented in all collections, but mostly by few indi- 
viduals in each. The large number found in the Panamic region may 
indicate that the conditions there are particularly favorable for this 
widespread form. 

Brandtothuria gyrifer (Selenka) 
PI. 1, figs. 16-18 

Stichopus gyrifer Selenka, 1867, p. 319. 

Holothuria gyrifer, Deichmann, 1938, p. 371 (discussion of synonymy). 
Holothuria monacaria, Panning, 1934, III, p. 69 (partim), list of 
references. 

Diagnosis: Slender, spindle-shaped or flask-shaped form, up to 20 
cm long, usually less than 15 cm. Resembling Brandtothuria impatiens 
but more delicate, with less rough surface, and skin invariably yellowish 
brown in color with large pale areas around the appendages, giving a 
distinct polka dot effect. Anatomy similar to B. impatiens, but Cuvierian 
organs small. 

Spicules an external layer of tables with circular disk having up to 
ten holes, and tapering spire with few spines on tip. Inner layer con- 
sisting of regular buttons with six large holes, rather narrow. Ventral 
feet with large end plate but no special supporting rods, except a few 
reticulated plates near the end plate or a few perforated rods or elon- 
gated buttons. Dorsal appendages usually without end plate, and curved 
rods with short transverse projections sometimes developing into a row 
of lateral holes. Synallactidlike tables in young. 

Type : Museum of Comparative Zoology. 

Type locality: Hawaii. 

Distribution : From east coast of Africa to the Panamic region, 
where it was first reported by H. L. Clark in 1923 and later taken by 
the Zaca expedition. 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 295 

Depth : Shallow water, concealed under rocks or in sand. 

Specimens exarjiined: The type and several specimens in the Mus- 
eum of Comparative Zoology, and in other collections. Fourteen speci- 
mens collected by the Hancock expeditions from seven stations, ranging 
from Colombia to Las Tres Marias, Magdalena Island, Mexico (about 
21° N). 

Remarks: That this well characterized and wide ranging species 
is not a permanent element in the Panamic region is indicated by the 
comparatively few records and by the small size of the material, 1 to 8 
cm. It probably does not reach maturity in this area. 

The coloring in this species is a most reliable character, except in 
cases of the youngest individuals, 1 to 3 cm long, which may be almost 
uniformly brown; but the spicules are characteristic enough to separate 
them from similar age groups of B. impatiens and B. arenicola. 

"Holothuria patagonicus" Perrier, well figured in his paper of 1905, 
lacks spicules completely and is undoubtedly a mislabelled specimen in 
which the spicules have been accidentally dissolved. It has never been 
taken since the type was described and must be withdrawn as a synonym 
of Brand to thuria gyrifer. 

4. Lessonothuria n. gen. 
(Holothuria pardalis group) 

Diagnosis: Small (10 to 12 cm) spindle-shaped forms resembling 
Brandtothuria arenicola, with small terminal tentacles and few feet or 
papilliform feet in indistinct rows. 

Spicules stout tables with disk round, edge smooth to dentate, often 
incomplete; spire low with 8 to 12 teeth, often reduced. Buttons in 
inner layer, numerous, often distinctly in heaps, varying from regular, 
with 6 to 8 holes, to incomplete, often twisted forms, occasionally with 
one or two knobs. Feet with end plate, smaller in the dorsal ones, and 
straight to curved supporting rods with few holes in the expanded ends 
or transformed into elongate buttons. 

Type species: Holothuria pardalis Selenka. 

Remarks: To this group has been referred only one species which 
is extremely variable but in which, as all authors seem to agree, the 
numerous variations cannot be separated. In Panning's revision, the 
species is placed, with a large number of others, in Group B, ser. 8 (V, 
p. 3 ) . However, some of the species in this group are synonymous, some 
belong in other groups, and the few remaining forms, incompletely 
known as they are, have no close affinities with Lessonothuria pardalis. 


296 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


Lessonothuria pardalis (Selenka) 
PI. 2, figs. 1-17 

Holothuria pardalis Selenka, 1867, p. 336, pi. 19, fig. 85. Fisher, 1907, 
p. 664, pi. 69, figs. 1, la-g. Panning, 1935, V, p. 3, fig. 106, 
complete list of references. Cherbonnier, 1951, p. 31, pi. 9, figs. 
17-18; pi. 10, figs. 13-19; pi. 11, figs. 1-11. 
Holothuria pardalis var. cebuensis Domantay, 1933, p. 70, pi. 3, fig. 4. 
Panning, 1935, V, p. 4. 

Diagnosis: As for the genus. Extremely variable in color, as well 
as in the shape of the spicules. In some individuals the inner layer of 
buttons almost entirely composed of regular six-holed buttons, in others 
almost all deformed, twisted, incomplete or with a few knobs on the 
surface. 

Type: Possibly in Germany. 

Type locality: Hawaii. 

Distribution: Almost circumtropical, though lacking in the Atlan- 
tic Ocean, including the West Indies. Common in Hawaii and extend- 
ing into the Panamic region, though, judging from the Hancock ma- 
terial, not well established there. 

Depth: From tidemark down to a few fathoms. In Hawaii, the 
Stranger collected it at 12 to 20 fathoms. 

Specimens examined: Several in various collections. The following 
specimens from the Hancock expeditions: four recorded from the Gala- 
pagos Islands; one from Gorgona, Colombia; one from Cocos Island; 
two from the Secas Islands, Panama; and one from Tenacatita, Mex- 
ico. So far it has not been taken in the sheltered waters of the Gulf of 
California, which may indicate that it is not a permanent element of 
the fauna. 

Remarks: Fisher observed that it usually occurs under rocks at 
low tide. 

5. Mertensiothuria n. gen. 
(Holothuria leucospilota group) 

Diagnosis: Large smooth-skinned forms with large tentacles, ter- 
minal or subventral, with cylindrical ventral feet and small papillae on 
the dorsum. Inner anatomy not remarkable; Cuvierian organs present. 

Outer layer of tables poorly developed, at least in the adult, with 
disk often reduced to plate with four large central holes and in addition 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 297 

often some smaller marginal ones; spire low, with few teeth on top, 
often partly resorbed. Inner layer either buttons, mostly irregular, in- 
complete, often twisted, or in one species reduced to rods with lateral 
lobes only rarely developing into complete buttons. 

Type species: Stichopus leucospilota Brandt. 

Remarks: In this genus have been placed a few of the members 
of Panning's Abt. B, Reihe 1-3, and some of those referred to his Abt. 
B, Reihe 8. One species from the latter division has turned out to be 
identical with the type species, placed in his first division. At the present 
moment, four species have been included in the genus, all exclusively 
Indo-Pacific ; one is known only from American waters, while the 
fourth, Mertensiothuria pervicax, extends as far eastward as Hawaii. 

Key to the species of the genus Mertensiothuria 

1. Spicules in inner layer small oblong rods with lateral projec- 
tions resembling narrow rosettes, only rarely developed into 
narrow buttons, mostly incomplete. Mottled. Indo-Pacific as 
far eastward as Hawaii pervicax (Selenka) 

1. Spicules in inner layer buttons, complete or incomplete, rarely 
regular 2 

2. Buttons mostly with two narrow holes and one to two smaller 
pairs in the ends, holes often incomplete. Mottled, gray to 
brown, paler below. Indo-Pacific, including Panamic region. 
fuscocinerea (Jaeger) 

2. Buttons variously developed, from almost regular to twisted 

or irregular or incomplete 3 

3. Tables usually present, with low spire, ending in a flat circle 
of 8 to 12 short, blunt teeth. Buttons delicate, mostly with 
large holes, often narrow. Color faded, reddish or brown. 
From the eastern coasts of Africa to the Panamic region. . . 
leucospilota (Brandt) 

3. Tables usually reduced to four-holed disks, often totally lack- 
ing. Buttons stout, mostly incomplete and with holes as a rule 
round, not narrow. Color bluish black to brown dorsum and 
pale, more grayish, ventrum. Juan Fernandez Island. 
platei (Ludwig) 

Mertensiothuria leucospilota (Brandt) 

PI. 3, figs. 1-9 
Stichopus leucospilota Brandt, 1835, p. 51. 


298 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

Holothuria leucospilota, H. L. Clark, 1920, p. 149. 
Holothuria vagabunda Selenka, 1867, p. 334, pi. 19, figs. 75-76. Pan- 
ning, 1934, III, p. 67, text-fig. 45 (copied from various 
workers ) , complete list of references. 
Holothuria lamperti Ludwig, 1887, p. 6. Panning, 1934, III, p. 72. 
Holothuria oxurropa Sluiter, 1887, p. 190, pi. 1, figs. 3-5. Panning, 

1934, III, p. 72, text-fig, 52 (copied from Sluiter). 
Holothuria infesta Sluiter, 1901, p. 20, pi. 6, fig. 4. Panning, 1934, 

III, p. 73, text-fig. 54 (copied from Sluiter). 
Holothuria fusco-rubra Theel, 1886, p. 182, pi. 7, fig. 2. 
Holothuria curiosa var. fusco-rubra, Panning, 1935, V, p. 5. 
Holothuria homoea H. L. Clark, 1938, p. 533, text-fig. 56; 1946, p. 

438. 
Holothuria gelatinosa Heding, 1939, pp. 213-216, figs. 1-17. 

Diagnosis: Large, baglike form, rarely contracted, the skin then 
appearing thick. Tentacles of moderate size, terminal to subterminal; 
ventrally large tube feet not too numerous, dorsally small papilliform 
appendages, rather scattered. 

An external layer of tables with complete to incomplete disk often 
reduced to four central holes and 1 to 4 marginal holes, edge smooth 
to spinous ; spire low, likewise often partly reduced, when complete end- 
ing in a flattened crown of 8 to 12 blunt teeth. Ventral feet with large 
end plate and a few broad supporting plates with oblong holes at right 
angle to the axis; dorsal papillae with reduced end plate or none, and 
curved rods with perforated ends, often spinous. 

Color faded reddish or brown, often paler on the ventrum. 

Type: Brandt's types are possibly lost. Selenka's type is in the 
Museum of Comparative Zoology, as is that of Clark's Holothuria 
homoea, while Theel's are in the British Museum. 

Type locality: Brandt's type came from Ualan, Marshall Islands, 
Clark's from Lord Howe Island, while Selenka's and Theel's material 
was collected in Hawaii. 

Distribution: While Brandt's name has been almost completely 
forgotten, Selenka's species appears in many reports, with a distribution 
from the eastern coast of Africa to the Panamic region ; an almost iden- 
tical distribution is indicated for Theel's species. 

Depth : Shallow water to a few fathoms. 

Specimens examined: Selenka's cotype of Holothuria vagabunda] 
Theel's Holothuria fusco-rubra and Clark's Holothuria homoea. A 
large number of specimens in various collections, indifferently identified 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 299 

as either H. vagabunda, H. leucospilota, or H. fusco-rubra. The Han- 
cock expeditions have brought back 32 specimens from five stations in 
the Galapagos, Clarion, and Socorro Islands, with the majority of the 
material coming from the Galapagos region. A number of particularly 
large, well developed, mature individuals were collected by an expedi- 
tion from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography to Clipperton Island, 
indicating that the species obviously is at home in that locality. 

Remarks: When one compares the original descriptions of Holo- 
thuria vagabunda and H. fusco-rubra, as well as various later, often 
extremely careful accounts, one is struck by the impossibility of finding 
any character which definitely separates these two forms. Theel seems 
to be one of the few workers who claims to have had both "species" be- 
fore him, and he emphasizes the strong affinities which his species has 
with H. vagabunda and "//. curiosa." All other writers have identified 
their material as one or the other of the two forms or have established 
a new species. Panning examined H. vagabunda but relied on the ac- 
counts of other authors for his description of H. fusco-rubra, which he 
placed in an entirely different group. Both "species" came from Hawaii, 
and as both were based on large individuals about 20 cm long in pre- 
served condition, one cannot accept one species as the juvenile and the 
other as the senescent stage of the same form. 

Although little attention has been paid to Brandt's name, Stichopus 
leucospilota, there is no doubt that it rightly supersedes both Selenka's 
and Theel's names. Lampert was fully aware of this fact but decided 
to retain Selenka's name. In 1920, H. L. Clark changed Holothuria 
vagabunda to Holothuria leucospilota; and since the change has been 
made and incorporated in his two large works on the Australian echino- 
derms, it is to be hoped that future writers will follow his decision and 
also drop Theel's name fusco-rubra. 

Mertensiothuria platei (Ludwig) 
PI. 3, figs. 10-12 

Holothuria platei Ludwig, 1898, p. 432, pi. 26, figs. 1-14. Deichmann, 
1924, p. 381, text-fig. 1. Panning, 1935, V, p. 11, text-fig. 118. 

Diagnosis: Large form, up to 23 cm long, stout, cylindrical, with 
20 large bushy tentacles, and a large number of cylindrical tube feet on 
the ventrum and somewhat fewer small papillae on the dorsum. Inner 
anatomy not remarkable. 

Spicules a scattered layer of tables, often overlooked, with disk re- 
duced to four central holes and a few marginal ones, and an often in- 


300 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

complete spire. Buttons clumsy, often slightly angulate and mostly in- 
complete; holes mostly circular or broad oblong, not slitlike. Ventral 
feet with end plate and elongate supporting rods with a complete or in- 
complete series of holes around the edges. Dorsal papillae with small end 
plate and shorter supporting rods. 

Color varying from light brown, with pale grayish white underside, 
to almost black dorsum; tentacles dark, ventral feet usually pale with 
darker end disk. 

Type : H ambu rg. 

Type locality : Juan Fernandez Island, Chile. 

Distribution : Known only from the type locality. 

Depth: Collected at tidemark. 

Specimens examined: Various individuals in the Museum of Com- 
parative Zoology, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, and Riksmuseet, 
Stockholm. 

Remarks: The species appears to occupy a rather isolated position, 
but with its reduced tables and large irregular buttons it seems to belong 
most naturally with the Mertensiothuria leucospilota group. From the 
size of the bushy tentacles and the numerous tube feet, one is inclined to 
think that its mode of life is similar to that of the members of the 
Selenkothuria lubrica group, attached to rocks in the surf zone, and 
possibly using its tentacles for collecting a certain amount of planktonic 
detritus ; as far as I know there are no observations on its biology. 

The species is included in this report, as it possibly may be found on 
the shores of the mainland and even extend its range into the Panamic 
region. 

Mertensiothuria fuscocinerea (Jaeger) 
PI. 3, figs. 13-23 

Holothuria fusco-cinerea Jaeger, 1833, p. 22. Semper, 1868, p. 88, pi. 

27 (in color) ; pi. 30, figs. 22a-b. H. L. Clark, 1946, p. 435. 
Holothuria curiosa Ludwig, 1875, p. 110, pi. 7, fig. 29. Panning, 1935, 

V, p. 4, text-fig. 107 (copied from Theel), complete list of 

references. 
Holothuria pluricuriosa Deichmann, 1937, p. 166, text-fig. 1, nos. 

11-20. 

Holothuria pseudo-zacae Cherbonnier, 1951, p. 23, pi. 6, figs. 1-19, 21. 

Diagnosis: Large form, up to 30 cm long, with 20 large ventral 

tentacles and not too crowded appendages; cylindrical feet on the ven- 

trum and papillae on the dorsum. Inner anatomy not remarkable. One 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; PARTII, ASPIDOCHIROTA 301 

or two Polian vesicles, one or more small free stone canals; large Cu- 
vierian organs present. 

Spicules an external layer of tables, usually scattered, with round 
to squarish disk, often reduced to 3 or 4 central holes and some mar- 
ginal holes ; spire low, often reduced to one rod ; if complete, the crown 
consists of 1 to 4 spines. Inner layer of small buttons, often incomplete, 
approaching the rosette form of M. pervicax (PL 3, figs. 24-29) ; the 
typical button has two narrow slitlike holes and one or two pairs of 
minute holes in the ends. Ventral feet with end plate and elongate per- 
forated rods or plates, more or less buttonlike ; dorsal papillae with rudi- 
mentary end plate and mostly narrow supporting rods. 

Color variable, dorsal side ash-gray or brownish, more or less mot- 
tled, papillae often with a black area around the base, with a narrow 
white ring inside it. Ventral side pale gray with a velvet black ring 
around the base of the retractile feet, which have a pale disk. 

Type: Probably not existing in any collection. Semper's specimen 
upon which he based his excellent description may possibly be in some 
collection in Germany, where Ludwig's Holothuria curiosa may also be 
kept; H. pluricuriosa is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 

Type locality: Celebes, where Semper's material also came from; 
Holothuria curiosa was collected at Bowen, Australia, and H. pluri- 
curiosa came from Santa Ines Bay, Gulf of California. 

Distribution: As far as can be ascertained, the species ranges from 
Ceylon (Pearson), Australia (H. L. Clark and others). Navigator 
Island (Theel), Samoa and the Philippine Islands (Semper), to the 
Panamic region. Apparently not reported from the Hawaiian Islands, 
where Mertensiothuria pervicax occurs. 

Depth: Shore down to a few fathoms. 

Specimens examined: Several in the Museum of Comparative 
Zoology, from Mer Island, Torres Strait, etc. The type of Holothuria 
pluricuriosa, and the 17 specimens collected at eight stations by the 
Hancock expeditions, all in the Gulf of California, about 24°-25° N, 
near Espiritu Santo Island and Escondido, from tide level to 12 fathoms. 

Remarks: Panning indicates a length of 10 cm for Holothuria 
curiosa, but Jaeger gives 5 or 6 inches (15 to 18 cm), and Theel, who 
had occasion to investigate both "species," mentions 18 and 22 cm. Al- 
though Jaeger's description is brief, I think it is justifiable to maintain 
his name, particularly as Semper has given an adequate description based 
on a series from Jaeger's type locality, Celebes, as well as from Samoa 
and Bolo. This view is also that held by H. L. Clark in 1946. 


302 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

That Mertensiothuria fuscocinerea is not the last growth stage of 
M. pervicax is certain, since small individuals have been found having 
the typical egg-shaped buttons with two narrow holes and sometimes one 
or two pairs of minute holes. Also the Museum of Comparative Zoology 
possesses huge individuals of typical M. pervicax. That the two species 
are closely related seems evident and they may possibly represent dif- 
ferent ecological forms. Judging from the literature and the available 
material, M. pervicax ranges from Zanzibar and the Red Sea to 
Hawaii. 

Re-examination of Holothuria pluricuriosa and comparison with 
other individuals of Mertensiothuria fuscocinerea have proved that 
several stone canals occur frequently in the latter species and that there 
is an end plate in the retracted feet of the former; therefore Holothuria 
pluricuriosa must be withdrawn as a synonym of Jaeger's old name. 

The Panamic material tends to be more dully colored, with larger 
brown patches on the dorsum, than the typical ash-gray form from the 
East Indies, and the black areas around the papillae are less clearly pro- 
nounced. Nevertheless I do not feel justified in establishing a separate 
form on the basis of the comparatively few specimens I have examined. 

6. Semperothuria n. gen. 
(Holothuria languens group) 

Diagnosis: Slender forms, cylindrical to flask-shaped, of moderate 
size, 10 to 15 cm, rarely 20 cm, with 20 small terminal tentacles and 
feet in five scattered bands, cylindrical on the ventrum, more papilli- 
form on the dorsum. Inner anatomy not remarkable; Cuvierian organs 
well developed. 

Spicules a crowded layer of tables normally lacking the disk com- 
pletely and with the tip of the spire ending in a few large teeth, form- 
ing a single or double Maltese cross. Rarely a few tables also present 
with four upward directed spines, or with a complete disk, with smooth 
or spinous margin. In some species an inner layer present in the form 
of scattered large, flat bars with dentate edge or a series of large lateral 
holes. Ventral feet with large end plates, often surrounded by a number 
of perforated oval plates ; numerous large supporting rods in the walls. 
Dorsal papillae with reduced end plate and usually curved supporting 
rods. 

Color varying shades of purplish gray or brown, paler around the 
appendages and on the ventrum. Sometimes black dots scattered on the 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 303 

back, occasionally fusing into larger black spots in two rows. Tentacles 
pale yellow, except in Semper othuria flavomaculata. 

Type species: Holothuria languens Selenka. 

Remarks: Panning's imitans group is accepted with the exclusion 
of H. edulis Jaeger, which is placed near the atra group for the present. 
H. languens is proposed as the type of the genus as it is older than H. 
imitans and the Hancock material has shown that it is well defined, 
although in the past it has often been confused with H. imitans, which 
likewise occurs in the Panamic waters. 

Key to the species of the genus Semper othuria 

1. Most tables with flattened base; pillars parallel and ending in 
eight spines forming a single flat Maltese cross. Supporting 
rods in feet and papillae mostly narrow, with perforated ends, 

occasionally with lateral holes. Indo-Pacific 

imitans (Ludwig) 

1. Most tables with base tapering to a cone, with or without a 
few spines; pillars rarely parallel, ending in a double Maltese 
cross on top of spire. Large bars scattered in the skin. ... 2 

2. Numerous spines or rough areas on the broad bars in the skin. 
Several stone canals. Tentacles dark. Samoa to Batavia. 
flavomaculata (Semper) 

2. Bars in skin smooth or rarely with a few spines. Single stone 
canal. Tentacles lightly colored 3 

3. Bars usually with dentate edge, rarely closing to form a series 
of lateral holes. Large form, up to 20 cm long. West Indies, 
possibly also West Africa. . . surinamensis (Ludwig) 

3. Bars usually with marginal row of holes, rarely with a few 
spines present. Small form, to 10 cm long. Panamic region. 
languens (Selenka) 

Semperothuria languens (Selenka) 
PI. 4, figs. 5-7 

Holothuria languens Selenka, 1867, p. 335, pi. 19, figs. 80-81. Panning, 

1934, II, p. 44, fig. 37 (copied from Selenka). 
Non Holothuria languens, Deichmann, 1930, p. 64, pi. 3, fig. 16; 1938, 

p. 367, text-fig. 3. (In both cases, H. imitans Ludwig) 


304 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

Diagnosis: Length up to about 10 cm. Tables fairly stout, basal 
part usually conical with a few spines and the top carrying two sets of 
spines, forming a double Maltese cross; often small spines intercalated 
between the typical eight pairs, especially in the few tables with the 
disk still preserved. A scattered deeper layer of flat rods or bars, with 
marginal holes or dentate edge. Ventral feet with large end plate and 
large supporting plates with lateral holes ; dorsal appendages with small 
end plate or none and shorter, usually curved, rods, often with dentate 
ends. 

Color usually dull grayish brown with slightly paler area around 
the appendages and a varying number of dark dots, sometimes fused to 
two rows of dark spots on the dorsum; ventral side usually paler. 

Type: In Germany; paratypes in the Museum of Comparative 
Zoology. 

Type locality: Panama. 

Distribution: Apparently restricted to the waters around Panama 
and a few localities along the coast of Mexico, including Cape San 
Lucas. 

Specirnens examined: Selenka's co-types and sixteen specimens 
secured by the Hancock expeditions in Panama, Bahia Honda, and Ta- 
boga Island; Mexico, Tenacatita Bay, Las Tres Marias, Los Frailes, 
and Cape San Lucas. All ranging from 4 to 10 cm in length and mostly 
dull grayish brown in color. 

Remarks: Selenka's description and figures, though far from per- 
fect, leave no doubt as to which species he had before him. He figured 
the characteristic spinous conical base of the table and attempted to 
figure the top with its two circles of spines. Among the large rods, he 
unfortunately selected one with lateral teeth not united into marginal 
holes. His types have been re-examined and it was discovered that two 
of his seven specimens were Semperothuria languens, one was a con- 
tracted specimen of Selenkothuria portovallartensis, and four were 
Semperothuria imitans. This explains why Deichmann in 1930 was mis- 
led into thinking that Selenka's species was characterized by tables with 
a single circle of spines (as in 5. imitans). 

The species is obviously closely related to Semperothuria surinamen- 
sis, the common species in the West Indies, and Semper's reference to 
"H. languens'^ in that region refers undoubtedly to that species. The 
rather restricted distribution of Semperothuria languens seems to indi- 
cate that it is derived from West Indian stock, while the more common 
form, S. imitans, has come from the West Pacific. 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 305 

Semperothuria imitans (Ludwig) 
PI. 4, figs. 8-12 

Holothuria imitans Ludwig, 1875, p. 109, pi. 7, fig. 41. Theel, 1886, p. 
208; 1886a, p. 7. Panning, 1934, II, p. 39, fig. 33, complete list 
of references. Cherbonnier, 1951, p. 18, pi. 4, figs. 1-15. 
Holothuria languens Deichmann, 1930, p. 64, pi, 3, fig. 16; 1938, p. 
367, text-fig. 3. 

Diagnosis: About 10 cm long, resembling Semperothuria languens 
but appearing more delicate, with a clearer purplish brown coloring, a 
more distinct pale area around the base of the appendages, and more 
distinct dark dots or spots. Tables predominately with flat base and 
parallel pillars in the spire ; spire topped by a flat Maltese cross formed 
by eight spines, rarely a few accessory ones. Complete tables with smooth 
to spinous disk edge occur, mostly near the appendages, and these often 
have more irregular clusters of spines on the top — projecting upward or 
approaching the double Maltese cross in shape. Feet with large end 
plate, with a few perforated plates around the edge and a number of 
curved rods or bars, with or without perforated ends and sometimes 
with lateral projections occasionally forming marginal holes. Similar 
rods in the dorsal appendages, with the end plate reduced or lacking. 

Type: Possibly in Germany. 

Type locality: Samoa. 

Distribution: In the Pacific Ocean, known with certainty from 
Samoa (Ludwig), Panama (Theel), and numerous localities along the 
west coast of the Panamic region, including the Galapagos and other 
outlying islands. 

Depth: Shallow water, usually under flat rocks in pools. 

Specimens examined: Several in the Museum of Comparative 
Zoology, hitherto mistakenly listed as Semperothuria languens. A series 
of 110 specimens, ranging in size from 2 to 10 cm, collected by the 
Hancock expeditions. The species is common in the Galapagos Islands, 
where a complete series (2 to 10 cm long) was secured from 16 different 
stations. It was also taken at Clarion and Cocos Islands, and the Secas 
Islands, Panama. The remaining records are from the coast of Mexico, 
from Isabel Island to off Guaymas, at about 27° N, in the Gulf of 
California. 

Remarks: A comparatively large number of small individuals were 
secured, with a few of the typical spicules but with a preponderance of 
juvenile tables with large, fragile disk and tapering spire, with several 
crossbeams and minute blunt teeth. There is of course the possibility 


306 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

that some of these individuals may represent the young of Semperothuria 
languens, which must have quite similar spicules. However, as far as the 
present material goes, none of these small individuals were taken where 
adult specimens of S. languens occurred. Both species were preserved 
in the bottle which contains Selenka's paratypes from Panama, but there 
is no way of knowing whether this actually represents the one case in 
which both were found in the same locality, or whether specimens from 
different localities were lumped together under the general label "Pan- 


ama." 


7. Irenothuria n. gen. 

Diagnosis: Large species, 20 cm or more, cylindrical to bottle- 
shaped, with 20 tentacles of moderate size and almost terminal in posi- 
tion. Ventral feet cylindrical, large, arranged in irregular double rows; 
dorsally the feet more papilliform and arranged in the same manner. 
Calcareous ring delicate, low; one Polian vesicle and one free stone 
canal with round head. Cuvierian organs present in some individuals. 

Spicules a crowded layer of tables. The largest tables with a disk 
about 0.2 mm in diameter, with numerous holes and a tall spire with a 
crossbeam near the base and four long smooth pillars turning outward 
near the tip, each tapering to a point. Smaller tables also present, especi- 
ally in the appendages — with shorter spire, often reduced to 1 to 4 knobs 
or completely lacking. Ventral feet with large end plate; dorsal papillae 
with no end plate but sometimes a few supporting rods with a few per- 
forations near the ends. 

Type species: Irenothuria maccullochi n. sp. 

Remarks: The genus is monotypic and has been established to ac- 
commodate one of the most striking shallow water forms brought home 
by the Velero expeditions. The species was first collected by T. Morten- 
sen in Panama in 1916 but no description was published, as it seemed 
impossible that so large and unusual a form could be undescribed. 

Irenothuria maccullochi sp. nov. 
PI. 4, figs. 1-4 

Diagnosis: As for the genus. 

Type: Allan Hancock Foundation. 

Type locality : Puerto Utria, Colombia, Velero III station 232-34. 

Distribution: According to our present knowledge, from Puerto 
Utria, and Octavia Bay, Colombia; Bahia Honda, Panama; Puerto 
Culebra, Costa Rica; to Ballenas Bay, Gulf of California. 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; PARTII, ASPIDOCHIROTA 307 

Depth: Intertidal. 

Specimens examined: One specimen from Panama, collected by 
Th. Mortensen (Copenhagen) ; five collected by the Hancock expedi- 
tions, from five stations. 

Remarks: The Hancock material ranges in length from 4 to 20 
cm. No striking differences were found between the spicules in these 
different age groups except that they become slightly larger with advanc- 
ing age. 

Although the species is fairly large and occurs at tide level, it must 
undoubtedly be rare. Superficially it resembles an unusually dark 
colored Brandtothuria impatiens, and it has probably a very similar mode 
of life. As far as I can judge from the literature, there is no other species 
which bears the remotest similarity to this form. 

It is a great pleasure to name this unusual form, which occupies a 
position all by itself, for Dr. Irene McCulloch of the University of 
Southern California. 

8. Vaneyothuria n. gen. 
(Holothuria lentiginosa group) 

Diagnosis: Large cylindrical forms with up to 20 ventral tentacles 
and terminal anus; ventral feet varying in number, not crowded and 
completely retractile; dorsally papillae and smaller feet, the former 
often on warts, sometimes forming a conspicuous edge along the sides. 
Inner anatomy not remarkable; one Polian vesicle, one or more stone 
canals with short cylindrical head, Cuvierian organs present in all forms. 

Spicules an outer layer of tables with large disk, with smooth to 
dentate margin; spire of moderate height, ending in a few sharp teeth, 
mostly with eight lateral ones forming a more or less irregular Maltese 
cross and also 4 to 6 vertically placed spines. An inner layer of large 
buttons, often irregular, slightly twisted, incomplete, or with a few 
warts; with age, smaller, more regular buttons dominate. Buttons ap- 
parently lacking completely in one local form {Vaneyothuria zacae 
forma azacae). Ventral feet with end plate and long supporting rods or 
plates, often as narrow buttons, more or less irregular; dorsal append- 
ages with small end plate or none, and rods or plates, often curved. 

Color variable, paler on the ventrum, darker dorsally, gray or 
brownish, rarely almost white, sometimes with two rows of darker spots 
dorsally; usually all the appendages, ventrally as well as dorsally, with 
dark tips and a paler area around the base, not very noticeable on a pale 
ground color. 


308 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

The species living normally at remarkably great depth, 50 to 250 
fathoms, rarely at 10 to 14 fathoms or less. 

Type species: Holothuria lentiginosa v. Marenzeller. 

Remarks: In this genus has been included a number of species that 
Panning, in his revision, scatters in different groups. The oldest is the 
type species, known from the eastern Atlantic and the West Indies; 
next come Holothuria Integra Koehler and Vaney, from the Gulf of 
Bengal, and H. neozelanica Mortensen, from New Zealand, (possibly 
a synonym of H. Integra) ; and finally H. zacae Deichmann, from the 
Panamic region. With some doubt, I have also included H, minax 
Theel, from 10 to 14 fathoms, in Japanese waters, a well characterized 
species and not a synonym of Stichopus gyrifer (Selenka) {= Holothuria 
monacaria of Panning and others). 

Key TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS Vaneyothuria 

1. Tables robust, rarely with marginal spines; spire ending in 
about 12 sharp teeth, fairly regularly developed. Buttons ro- 
bust, of great variability, ranging from small, almost regular to 
large, more contorted. Color golden brown, paler below with 
pale area around the appendages. Japanese waters, moderate 
depth, 10 to 14 fathoms minax (Theel) 

1. Tables delicate, mostly with some marginal spines. Buttons 
usually delicate, often twisted, sometimes with a few knobs. 
Normally from greater depths 2 

2. Color shades of light brown, paler ventrum. Tables mostly 

with smooth margin. Atlantic form 

lentiginosa (v. Marenzeller) 

2. Color shades of gray and brown. Tables usually with spinous 
edge. Indo-Pacific forms 3 

3. Dorsal side grayish brown 4 

3. Dorsal side with two rows of dark brown, almost black, spots, 
in one form reduced to a small area around some of the dorsal 
papillae 5 

4. Gulf of Bengal integra (Koehler & Vaney) 

4. New Zealand waters. . . . neozelanica (Mortensen) 

5. Pale form, except for the dark spots on the back and the dark 
tips of the appendages, with a varying amount of light brown 
on the dorsum, giving a light tortoise-shell effect. Inner layer 

of buttons lacking. Galapagos Islands 

zacae (Deichmann) forma azacae n.f. 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 309 

5. More or less dark grayish-brown forms 6 

6. Dorsal spots large, general impression a dark tortoise-shell pat- 
tern. Gulf of California. . zacae (Deichmann) forma typica 

6. Dorsal spots reduced to a narrow area around some of the 
dorsal papillae. Color gray-brown, with a faded area around 
the appendages, giving a general dull, mottled effect. Waters 
around Cedros and Guadalupe Islands, west coast of Lower 
California. . . . zacae (Deichmann) forma iota n.f. 

Vaneyothuria zacae (Deichmann) formae typica, azacae, 

n. f., and iota, n. f. 
PI. 5, figs. 1-12 

Holothuria zacae Deichmann, 1937, p. 168, text-fig. 1, nos. 21-28. 

Diagnosis: As for the genus, but with two rows of dark spots on 
the back, in forma iota reduced to a dark area around some of the dorsal 
papillae. Tables fragile, mostly with marginal teeth ; in the typical form, 
sometimes with larger tables near the appendages, with a partly reduced 
spire ending in four blunt rods. Inner layer narrow buttons, often 
twisted, incomplete, with a tendency to become smaller and more 
regular with advancing age — lacking in forma azacae, which in addi- 
tion is unusually pale except for the dark spots and the dark tipped 
appendages. 

Types: The typical form is in the Museum of Comparative Zoo- 
logy; forma azacae and forma iota are in the Allan Hancock Foundation. 

Type localities: The typical form was taken in Santa Ines Bay, 
Gulf of California; forma azacae came from the Galapagos Islands and 
forma iota from off Cedros Island, west coast of Lower California. 

Distribution: The typical form is common in the Gulf of Cali- 
fornia; one record from Ecuador (?) ; and none between these two 
localities; forma azacae appears to be restricted to the Galapagos Is- 
lands; while forma iota is known from off Cedros and Guadelupe 
Islands. 

Depth: Most records are from about 50 fathoms down to 120 
fathoms; the few specimens of the typical form, from 10 fathoms and 
"shore," look definitely beach worn. 

Specimens examined: The type and 20 specimens of the typical 
form ; 15 of forma azacae and four of forma iota. 

Remarks: All the material consists of large individuals, mostly 
about 20 cm in length, with a few measuring only 15 cm. As the ma- 
terial of forma iota is much stouter and strongly contracted, it probably 


310 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

measured 30 to 35 cm when fully expanded. From the large number of 
specimens taken in the Gulf of California, the species must be fairly 
common there ; and it is remarkable that not one single small individual 
has been captured. Possibly the younger individuals live at greater depth 
or are better concealed. 

Except for the presence of the rows of dark spots on the back, the 
species appears to be closely related to Vaneyothuria Integra and V» 
neozelanica. This is particularly true of V. z. forma iota, in which the 
black spots are reduced to small areas around some of the dorsal papil- 
lae — a character which may possibly have been overlooked in these two 
older species. In the larger individuals of the typical form, as well as in 
V. z. forma iota (of which only colossal individuals are known), there 
is an increase in the number of small regular buttons, making the inner 
layer of buttons similar to that of F. minax (Theel) from the Japanese 
waters. The latter seems to be a less specialized form from shallower 
water, and still retains the stouter tables of a shore form. 

The name azacae seems most appropriate for the Galapagos form in 
which the inner layer of buttons is completely lacking. The name iota 
was selected for the West coast form because some one working with 
the material had recognized that it differed from that secured in the 
Gulf of California, and had marked it with the letter "J." 

9. Ludwigothuria n. gen. 
(Holothuria atra group) 

Diagnosis: Large robust forms with large tentacles subventrally 
directed ; numerous feet on the ventrum, sometimes completely retracted, 
and a large number of smaller feet and papilliform appendages on the 
dorsum, in some forms tending to become distinct warts. Inner anatomy 
not remarkable. Some species with numerous stone canals. 

Spicules an external layer of tables, not crowded, with small disk, 
well developed spire, and one crossbeam; spire with 12 teeth, 4 erect 
and 8 horizontal, forming a Maltese cross. Inner layer consisting of a 
varying number of minute rosettes or plates derived from these, or 
slightly larger plates derived from small bifurcate rods. Ventral feet 
with large end plate and a differing number of narrow to broad sup- 
porting rods or plates, with few to many perforations. Dorsal append- 
ages with vestigial end plate or none, and curved to straight rods. 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 311 

Color ranging from coal black to mottled gray, or with a dark upper 
side, or reddish to dull gray. Shallow water forms, mostly lying freely 
exposed in the lagoons. 

Type species: Holothuria atra Jaeger. 

Remarks: Panning's group is accepted with minor changes. It 
consists of three West Indian species and two Indo-Pacific forms; the 
latter are the widespread type species, which reaches the Panamic region, 
and Ludwigothuria kefersteini (Selenka), which appears to be endemic 
there. 

As there seems to be some misunderstanding about Ludwigothuria 
atra and its occurrence in the West Indian waters, a key is given to all 
five species. 

Key to the species of the genus Ludwigothuria 

1. Spicules mostly as simple rosettes. Numerous stone canals. . 2 

1. Spicules mostly as small plates with large to small holes. . . 3 

2. Smooth-skinned, color uniformly dark brown or black. Rosettes 
scattered, chiefly derived from forked rods, often forming oval 
plates with four holes. Indo-Pacific. . . atra (Jaeger) 

2. Rarely completely brown or black, mostly grayish-yellow, mot- 
tled with large dark blotches. Area around base of appendages, 
if black, usually with white specks, due to the accumulated 
rosettes. The latter chiefly derived from 3-armed bodies. West 
Indian waters floridana (Pourtales) 

3. Stone canal single. Plates with relatively large holes and often 
with short blunt teeth along the edge. Speckled white, black, 
and gray*; dorsal side often strongly warted. West Indian 
waters, Brazil, West Africa. . . . grisea (Selenka) 

3. Numerous stone canals 4 

4. Smooth, thick-skinned form, rarely with indication of warts. 
Spicules mostly minute plates with small holes, derived from 3- 
armed rosettes. Usually dark brown dorsal side and pale under- 
side. West Indies mexicana (Ludwig) 

4. Not particularly smooth or thick-skinned form, usually with 
well pronounced warts on the dorsum. Spicules in inner layer 
a few plates with large holes and usually with blunt teeth along 
the margin. Color reddish to almost black or fading to a dull 
grayish, with tips of appendages dark. Panamic region. . . 
kefersteini (Selenka) 


*Fisher indicates that it is a harlequin of bits of color in life but fades to a 
"salt and pepper" effect in alcohol. (Deichmann, 1926) 


312 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

Ludwigothuria atra (Jaeger) 
PI. 2, figs. 18-23 

Holothuria atra Jaeger, 1833, p. 22. Panning, 1934, II, p. 30, fig. 22, 
complete list of references. 

Diagnosis: Large form, 20 cm or more, with cylindrical smooth 
body and large tentacles slightly ventrally directed. Numerous soft, 
retractile feet on the ventrum; dorsal side with more scattered papillae 
and small feet. Inner anatomy not remarkable, except for the presence 
of a large number of stone canals, and often with several Polian vesicles. 
Cuvierian organs apparently absent. 

Spicules tables with a small disk having four marginal holes and 
well developed spire with the pillars parallel in the upper half and end- 
ing in 12 sharp teeth. Inner layer consisting of scattered rosettes, often 
bifurcate and sometimes forming oval buttons. Feet with large end plate 
and few, perforated plates, sometimes H-shaped ; dorsal appendages with 
minute end plate or none, and apparently lacking all supporting rods or 
plates. Color uniformly black or dark brown. 

Type: Presumably lost. 

Type locality: Celebes. 

Distribution : From Mozambique to Hawaii ; also reported from 
the Galapagos Islands and Cocos Island in the Panamic region, and 
Clipperton Island (H. L. Clark, 1902). 

Depth: Shallow water, in lagoons. 

Speci?nens examined: Several in various collections. In the Han- 
cock material are 14 specimens, of which 13 came from the Galapagos 
and one from Cocos Island; all moderately large, 9.5 to 15 cm long. 

Ludwigothuria kefersteini (Selenka) 
PI. 2, figs. 24-26 

Stichopus kefersteinii Selenka, 1867, p. 318, pi. 18, figs. 37-40. H. L. 

Clark, 1922, p. 46 (referred to Holothuria). Boone, 1933, p. 

156, text-fig. 8. 
Holothuria inornata Semper, 1868, p. 252, pi. 40, fig. 1. Deichmann, 

1938, p. 365, text-fig. 2. Panning, 1934, II, p. 33, fig. 28. 
Diagnosis: Large species, 20 cm or more, with 20 large, almost 
terminal tentacles. Ventral feet cylindrical, not crowded ; dorsally usual- 
ly four to six rows of low warts, each carrying a small papilla and with 
smaller, more or less cylindrical feet scattered between them. Inner 
anatomy not remarkable except for the presence of numerous small 
stone canals and three or four Polian vesicles. 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 313 

Spicules an external layer of tables with small or completely re- 
duced disk, often with a few marginal spines ; spire well developed, with 
one cross-beam and four erect and eight laterally projecting teeth; the 
tables often partly reduced, with either disk or teeth resorbed. An inner 
layer of scattered small perforated plates, mostly with two to four large 
central holes and some smaller terminal ones, and a margin with blunt 
teeth — a deposit definitely derived from the forked rod. Ventral feet 
with large end plate and narrow to broad supporting plates, more or 
less symmetrically developed, with numerous holes in the expanded ends; 
dorsal papillae and feet with vestigial end plate or none, and curved to 
straight rods with perforated ends. 

Color of preserved individuals ranging from almost black with a 
reddish tinge to a dull putty gray with reddish warts, dark-tipped ap- 
pendages, and black tentacles. 

Type: Ludwigothuria kefersteini is in the Museum of Compara- 
tive Zoology; H olothuria inornata is in Hamburg. 

Type locality: Selenka's species came from Acapulco and Semper's 
from Mazatlan, both on the west coast of Mexico. 

Distribution: Common in the Galapagos Islands and also reported 
from Cocos, Clarion and Socorro Islands. On the mainland from Peru, 
Ecuador, Panama, and Costa Rica, to the coast of Mexico. 

Depth: Shallow water, in lagoons. 

Specimens examined: Selenka's type and, thanks to Dr. Panning in 
Hamburg, Semper's type; several individuals in various collections. 
From the Hancock expeditions, 75 specimens collected at 40 stations. 
Of these stations, 21 were in the Galapagos Islands, 2 at Socorro Island, 
3 at Clarion Island, and the remainder ranged from Peru to the coast 
of Mexico. 

Remarks: That H olothuria inornata was a synonym of Ludwig- 
othuria kefersteini was unfortunately not realized until some time after 
the Zaca report was published. H. L. Clark recognized that kefersteini 
was a true Holothuria and not a Stichopus, but Panning was unaware 
of this fact, hence the species was not included in his revision of the 
genus Holothuria. He did recognize that H. inornata was related to 
Ludwigothuria atra, and placed it in the same division. 

The types of Ludwigothuria kefersteini are small immature speci- 
mens, while Semper's type measures about 20 cm in length. The Han- 
cock material ranges in size from 2 to 20 cm and shows considerable 
variation both in the external appearance and color and in the develop- 
ment of the spicules. 


314 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

Panning's record of Ludwigothuria atra from the Galapagos refers 
undoubtedly to Clark's record from Clipperton Island, which Clark had 
mentioned in his Galapagos report. However, as L. atra is rather com- 
mon in the Galapagos Islands, his statement stands. The first record of 
L. atra in the Panamic region is Clark's 1902 listing of 9 specimens 
from Clipperton Island. 

10. Selenkothuria n, gen. 
(Holothuria lubrica group) 

For literature, see Panning, 1934, II, pp. 45-48, text-figs. 38-42. 

Diagnosis: Soft-skinned forms with numerous cylindrical feet, 
forming a more or less distinct ventral sole, sometimes arranged in three 
broad bands ; dorsally numerous minute papillae, not conspicuous, rarely 
forming low warts. Tentacles more or less terminal in position, often 
bushy, adapted for plankton catching (?). Inner anatomy not remark- 
able; certain species with numerous stone canals, others with a single 
large one; usually one Polian vesicle; gonads as divided threads in a 
tuft behind the low calcareous ring; Cuvierian organs present in all 
forms. 

An external layer of tables usually completely lacking, though 
vestiges of tables sometimes found in young individuals of certain species. 
The inner layer consisting of small rods or plates, smooth or spinous. 
Ventral feet with large end plate and walls supported by rods or plates 
of same size as those in the skin, rarely special supporting rods present. 
Dorsal appendages with reduced end plate or none, and often more 
curved, shorter rods. 

Color dull gray with or without two rows of dark spots and darker 
anterior end, or dark brown to black. 

Type species: Holothuria lubrica Selenka. 

Remarks: Although Panning's group is correctly interpreted, he 
has unfortunately been so loaded down with most of the errors made by 
earlier writers that many of his conclusions about distribution are com- 
pletely misleading. Thus his figures of Holothuria lubrica var. glaber- 
rima represent H. erinaceus Semper {=^H. marenzelleri Ludwig), 
entirely different from Selenka's H. glaberrima, from the West Indies; 
while the Indo-West Pacific material of H. lubrica var. lubrica de- 
finitely must be referred to H. moebi, Ludwig, and so forth. 

In order to clarify the situation a key is given to all the accepted 
species with their approximate geographic distribution. 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 315 

Key to the members of the genus Selenkothuria 

1. Spicules as rods, usually with finely spinulated surface; mostly 
simple with a small hole in each end, rarely with a series of 
lateral projections sometimes forming a series of holes. Stone 
canals numerous. From Mauritius to southern Japan. Type 
locality: Hong Kong, China. . . . moebi (Ludwig) 

1. Spicules as rods or plates, smooth to dentate; if finely dentate 
surface, then numerous holes along the edges. Stone canal 
single, or rarely two 2 

2. Spicules as rods 3 

2. Spicules as plates 5 

3. Rods short, straight, with few stout spines; rarely a few 
branching or curved. Cape of Good Hope to Gulf of Persia. 
Type locality: Natal, South Africa. . . parva Lampert 

3. Rods mostly curved 4 

4. Spicules delicate curved rods with indistinct spines and mostly 
a small hole in each end. Brown to almost black. West Indian 

waters. Type locality: Haiti, W. I 

glaberrima (Selenka) 

4. Spicules curved rods, rarely with perforated ends (in the tube 
feet), and strongly to moderately spinous surface. Color vary- 
ing from grayish, with or without two rows of black spots on 
the back, to black, with sulphur-colored disks on ventral feet. 
Panamic region, including the Galapagos Islands. Type local- 
ity: Acapulco, Mexico lubrica (Selenka) 

5. Spicules plates and broad bars, often curved, with numerous 
marginal or terminal holes; surface of the margin often spin- 
ous. Galapagos to west coast of Mexico. Type locality: Puerto 
Vallarte, Mexico portovallartensis (Caso) 

5. Spicules smooth, perforated plates or broad rods with a few 
holes along the margin of the deposits 6 

6. Spicules predominately plates or short rods with usually few 
holes and more or less dentate margin. Galapagos Islands and a 
few localities along the tropical shores of America. Type local- 
ity: Galapagos Islands theeli Deichmann 

6. Spicules predominately short flat rods, often with forked ends 
and few lateral or terminal holes. Nicobars, East Indies, in- 
cluding the Philippines. Type locality: Bohol, Philippines (and 

Nicobars) 

erinaceus (Semper) {=Holothuria marenzelleri Ludwig) 


316 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

Selenkothuria lubrica (Selenka) 
PI. 6, figs. 1-17 

Holothuria lubrica Selenka, 1867, p. 329, pi. 18, figs. 59-60. H. L. 
Clark, 1923, p. 162. Deichmann, 1937, p. 165; 1938, p. 368, 
text-fig. 4, nos. 1-5. Cherbonnier, 1951, p. 22, pi. 5, figs. 1-11, 
13. Caso, 1954, p. 418, pis. 1-3, 127 figs. 
Holothuria lubrica var. lubrica (partim) Panning, 1934, II, p. 45, list 
of references (fig. 38, copied from Lampert, refers to Selenko- 
thuria moebi (Ludwig), etc.) 
Holothuria kapiolaniae Bell, 1887, p. 533, pi. 45, fig. 5. Fisher, 1907, 

p. 653. 
Non Holothuria lubrica, Sluiter, Pearson, et al. (See Panning, 1934, 

II, p. 45 ; all refer to Selenkothuria moebi Ludwig.) 
Holothuria pseudo-lubrica Cherbonnier, 1951, p. 22, pi. 4, figs. 16-21; 
pi. 5, figs. 12, 14-20. 
Diagnosis: Medium-sized form usually about 10 cm long, some- 
times reaching a length of 15 or 16 cm. Outer and inner features as 
for the genus ; stone canal with a long, spirally furrowed head ; occasion- 
ally 2 or 3 stone canals present. 

Spicules curved rods, about 0.06 mm long, with few to many spines, 
varying from weakly to strongly developed. Feet with large end plate 
and a few curved rods in the walls ; sometimes these rods with terminal 
or marginal holes. 

Color varying from slate gray, often with two rows of black spots 
on the back, to mottled gray or brown, with the anterior end almost 
black; or completely black individuals with sulphur-yellow disks on the 
ventral feet. 

Type: Possibly in Germany; 19 paratypes in the Museum of Com- 
parative Zoology. 

Type locality : Acapulco, Mexico. 

Distribution: The enormous collections from the Hancock expedi- 
tions have shown that the species ranges from Ecuador, Colombia, Pan- 
ama, and Costa Rica, to the northern end of the Gulf of California. A 
few specimens have been taken in the Galapagos Islands and Clarion 
and Socorro Islands. There is a single record from Magdalena Bay, 
west coast of Lower California, not far from Santa Maria Bay, where 
H. L. Clark reported some specimens in 1923. 

Holothuria kapiolaniae Bell, from Hawaii, was examined in the 
British Museum. The specimen was dried up but there seems to be no 
doubt but that it is identical with Selenkothuria lubrica, as Cherbonnier 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART 11, ASPIDOCHIROTA 317 

also thinks (1951, p. 21). As the species has never been re-discovered in 
Hawaii, a fairly well explored region, one feels inclined to believe that 
the specimen came from the Panamic region and was given a wrong 
locality label through some error. 

Depth: The species appears to live exclusively in the tide zone, 
where it is usually taken attached to the underside of large, flat rocks. 

Specimens examined: The 19 paratypes of Selenkothuria lubrica, 
the type of Holothuria kapiolaniae, about 70 specimens in the Museum 
of Comparative Zoology, and about 500 specimens secured by the Han- 
cock expeditions. 

Remarks: The Panamic species is closely related to the West In- 
dian Selenkothuria glaberrima and the material collected by Steinbeck 
and Ricketts and the Velero III in the Gulf of California shows that it 
may reach the same large size and acquire the same dark color, though 
the West Indian species never has the striking sulphur-colored disks on 
the ventral feet. The distinguishing character between the two species is 
the stouter, more spinous rods in Selenkothuria lubrica, which rarely 
have the ends perforated, except in the rods of the tube feet. 

In contrast to the majority of the members of the genus, Selenko- 
thuria lubrica shows an amazing variability in its outer coloring as well 
as in its development of the spicules. With a smaller amount of material, 
I would definitely have split the old species up into two or three smaller 
groups. However, after having examined more than 500 individuals, 
from the whole range of the species, I must admit that this is not pos- 
sible. Generally speaking, the specimens from the Gulf of California 
have delicate, less spinous rods, and tend to be darker in color, possibly 
on account of the clearer water which permits the sun's rays to penetrate 
more deeply; while those from the southern part of the region have 
more strongly developed spines, and the color is dull gray or brown. 
The types from Acapulco are dull gray or putty, with two rows of black 
spots on the dorsum in some individuals. For the most part, they have 
rods with weakly developed spines, but some, from near by, have rods 
that are strongly spinous. 

I have therefore felt obliged to withdraw Holothuria pseudo-lubrica 
Cherbonnier, from Panama, and have refrained from g'iving a special 
name to the magnificent black form with sulphur-colored feet which Mr. 
Ricketts brought back years ago from the Gulf of California, and which 
the Velero III has also secured. 

The records of Holothuria lubrica from the Indo-West Pacific refer 
to other species, such as Selenkothuria parva, S. moebi, etc., as stated 


318 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

before (Deichmann, 1938, p. 368; Cherbonnier, 1951, p. 21). The 
Holothuria glaberrima s from the same region are identical with Selenk- 
othuria erinaceus (Semper), as Panning's fig. 42 distinctly shows. 

Selenkothuria theeli (Deichmann) 
PI. 7, figs. 1-9 

Holothuria marenzelleri var. ? Theel, 1886a, p. 8. 

Holothuria marenzelleri Ludwig, 1887, p. 2, pi. 2, fig. 12 A-E. 

Non Holothuria marenzelleri Ludwig, 1883, p. 167 {H. erinaceus 

Semper). 
Holothuria marenzelleri Ludwig, var. theeli Deichmann (partim), 
1938, p. 369, fig. 5. 

Diagnosis: Large robust form with up to 20 bushy tentacles, often 
of unequal size, numerous cylindrical feet on the ventrum and slightly 
fewer small papillae and tube feet on the dorsum. Single free stone canal 
with elongate head, and one or more Polian vesicles. 

Spicules short, forked rods often forming four-holed plates; larger 
irregular plates with a greater number of holes; margin of plates often 
with blunt teeth. Feet with large end plate and short curved rods with 
few holes in the ends; often one end better developed than the other; 
dorsal feet with or without a remnant of an end plate and also with 
short rods or plates. 

Color dull reddish-brown. 

Type: Museum of Comparative Zoology. 

Type locality : Charles Island, Galapagos Islands. 

Distribution: Common in the Galapagos Islands where Theel's 
material came from, as well as that from the Arcturus expeditions. The 
Velero HI reports it from 34 stations with a total of 157 specimens. In 
addition, the Hancock expeditions brought it back from Zorritos, Peru, 
La Libertad, Ecuador, Cocos Island, and Ensenada, San Francisco, in 
Sonora, in the upper part of the Gulf of California (27° N). There 
are no records from Socorro and Clarion Islands, nor from the west 
coast of Lower California. 

Depth: Shore. From Sta 778-38, the species is reported from 30 to 
50 fathoms (?). 

Remarks: Theel realized with his usual astuteness that the Gala- 
pagos material differed from Ludwig's type material of Holothuria 
marenzelleri from Nankauri, and his description of the spicules agrees 
completely with the figures Ludwig later drew of his material from the 
Galapagos Islands. Deichmann, in 1938, established H. m. var. theeli 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 319 

on the material examined by Theel and some received from the Arc- 
turus, but she also included and figured some material of a new species 
which later, in 1954, was described by Caso (see below). The variety is 
herewith given full specific rank, and the accompanying figures of 
Selenkothuria erinaceus (PI. 7, figs. 10-15) will justify the suppression 
of Holothuria marenzelleri. 

The species has its closest affinities with Selenkothuria erinaceus 
(Semper), which is known with certainty from as far eastward as Fiji 
(Theel's material in Stockholm and material examined by me in the 
British Museum). But judging by the available material, the latter 
species does not reach the colossal size of S. theeli. 

The Hancock material of Selenkothuria theeli ranges from 1 to 12 
cm in length, but the larger individuals are often so strongly contracted 
that one could expect them to reach a length of 20 cm when fully ex- 
panded. 

The time of the year during which the Hancock material was col- 
lected, the winter and early spring, may explain why the gonads all 
appear small. From Bindloe Island, in the Galapagos, a series of 9 well 
expanded specimens were collected, ranging in length from 1 to 8 cm. 
The smallest (1 cm in length) individual, which I would estimate to be 
about six to nine months old, lacks gonads completely, as does also the 
next stage, which is 2 or 3 cm long and probably a year older. In the 
individuals 6 or 7 cm long, the gonads measure 0.5 cm in length, while 
in the largest individual, 8 cm long, they measure 1 cm. Possibly this 
stage, which probably is about five years old, or the following stage, 
will develop ripe gonads during the summer months, but this is of course 
merely speculation. 

Selenkothuria portovallartensis (Caso) 
PI. 6, figs. 18-21 

Holothuria portovallartensis Caso, 1954, p. 423, pis. 4-10, 224 figs. 
Holothuria marenzelleri Ludwig, var. theeli Deichmann (partim), 1938, 
p. 370, fig. 6. 

Diagnosis: Resembling Selenkothuria theeli Deichmann, with 12- 
20 tentacles, bushy and in younger individuals often of different size. 
Stone canal usually single, with elongate head, usually one Polian vesicle 
and small Cuvierian organs. 

Spicules flattened rods or bars, often slightly curved, with few to 
many holes in the ends and with increasing age developing a lacelike 
festoon of holes along the edges. A low ridge often present along the 


320 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

middle of the bar, and the edges sometimes finely spinulated ; occasional- 
ly a third arm developed on the bars. Feet with end plate and a varying 
number of rods or plates, usually more delicate than those in the skin. 
Dorsal appendages M^ith small end plate or none, and a few rods or 
plates. The spicules varying in length, from 0.06 to 0.22 mm, and be- 
coming larger and more complex with age. 

Color varying shades of brown and gray, occasionally almost black. 

Type: Biol. Inst. U.N.A.M., Mexico. 

Type locality: Puerto Vallarte, Jalisco, Mexico (20° 30' N, 105° 
15' W) 

Distribution: The Velero III material has shown that this species 
is extremely common in the Galapagos Islands, where the material came 
from that Deichmann figured in 1938 as "possibly" being the aged stage 
of Holothuria marenzelleri var. theeli. Along the mainland it ranges 
from Zorritos, Peru, Manta Bay, Ecuador, Octavia Bay, Colombia, 
Salinas Bay, Costa Rica, Panama, to Tangola Tangola, Cape San Lucas 
and Puerto Vallarte. Except at the last locality, only a few specimens 
were collected in one place. 

Depth: All the material appears to have been collected at low tide 
level. 

Specimens examined: A few large individuals from the Galapagos 
(Arcturus) and 49 specimens from 17 Velero stations. In addition, one 
individual from Panama was found in Selenka's type material of Holo- 
thuria languens. 

Remarks: The Velero material proved definitely that this species 
could not be the aged stage of Selenkothuria theeli, as suggested in 1938. 
The material ranges in size from 2 to 15 cm and the largest specimens 
must measure at least 20 cm when expanded. 

In a recent paper (1954) Dr. Caso has devoted several pages and 
numerous illustrations to this species, of which she had 50 specimens 
from the type locality, ranging in size from 6.8 to 11.3 cm. Her measure- 
ments agree with those of the Velero material except that she has not 
found quite as large spicules in her comparatively small specimens. Very 
likely her locality and Cape San Lucas represent the northernmost limit 
for the species, and it may not reach the size there that it does in the 
Galapagos Islands. 

Judging from the literature, the species stands rather isolated, with- 
out any parallel form in the Indo-West Pacific. Small faded specimens 
may be mistaken for Selenkothuria lubrica, which usually occurs in the 
same localities, though rare in the Galapagos waters. 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 321 

In the dark-colored material from Peru, the smallest specimens, 7 or 
8 cm long, appear to lack all spicules except the end plates, but otherwise 
they agree closely with the larger individuals taken in the same spot. 

11. Fossothuria n. gen. 
(Holothuria rigida group) 

Diagnosis: Medium-sized forms, 6 to 15 cm long, with flattened 
body with blunt ends and ventral mouth, surrounded by 20 small ten- 
tacles, often completely withdrawn behind the sphincter; anus terminal. 
Skin rigid from spicules. Ventrally small pedicels, completely retractile, 
dorsally small papillae. Internal anatomy not remarkable. 

Spicules an external layer of tables with knobbed edge and low squat 
spire with numerous blunt teeth gradually becoming connected with 
projections from the margin of the disk, resulting in a reticulated hemi- 
spherical mass. A crowded layer of regular knobbed buttons, dorsally 
short with three pairs of holes, ventrally longer with 6 to 12 pairs of 
holes; in older individuals some of the buttons becoming gradually almost 
smooth. Ventral feet with end plate and flat supporting rods or plates 
with few holes in the ends and along the sides of the central part. Dorsal 
papillae without end plate or only a vestige, and similar rods or plates. 

Color white to gray or olive brown; outer pigment often partly 
destroyed. 

Type species: Stichopus rigidus Selenka. 

Remarks: In this group belong the type species, which ranges from 
the east coast of Africa to the Panamic region, and Holothuria cubana 
Ludwig from the West Indies (including Selenka's West Indian ma- 
terial of H. rigida and Deichmann's H. fossor). 

Fossothuria rigida (Selenka) formae typica, atypica 

PI. 8, figs. *-«• I - // 

Stichopus rigidus Selenka (partim), 1867, p. 317, pi. 18, figs. 30-31. 

Holothuria rigida, Deichmann, 1930, p. 56 (passim). Steinbeck & 
Ricketts, 1941, p. 410. 

Holothuria fossor, Panning (partim), 1935, IV, p. 106, complete list of 
references. 

Non Holothuria fossor Deichmann, 1926, p. 18, pi. 2, fig. 1 a-j (Fosso- 
thuria cubana Ludwig) 

Cystipus pleuripus Haacke, 1880, p. 47. 

Holothuria pleuripus, Ludwig, 1883, p. 174. 


322 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

Miilleria aegyptiana Heifer, 1912, p. 330, figs. 9-16. 

Holothuria (Microthele) aegyptiana, Panning, 1928, I, p. 137, fig. 21. 

Diagnosis: As for the genus, but tables consistently smaller than in 
the Atlantic form (largest with diameter of 0.1 mm as compared with 
0.2 mm). Color white or gray, sometimes with indistinct dark spots in 
two rows on the dorsum. Atypical buttons in a few specimens. 

Type: Museum of Comparative Zoology. 

Type locality: Zanzibar; also described by Selenka from Hawaii. 

Distribution: From the east coast of Africa, including Mauritius 
and the Red Sea, to the Panamic region. In the latter part of the world 
reported from the Galapagos Islands, 2 stations, and from 25° to 28° 
N in the Gulf of California, so it is probably present along most of the 
west coast of the mainland. Taken by Ricketts & Steinbeck at Mogote 
and Puerto Escondido, and NE of La Paz. 

Depth : Found hidden in sand in shallow water. 

Specimens examined: Selenka's types; three specimens collected 
by Steinbeck & Ricketts; the Hancock expeditions material, consisting 
of nine typical specimens from six stations and four atypical ones, which 
possibly in the course of time may develop into a separate local form. 

Remarks: The differences between the West Indian and the Indo- 
Pacific species are slight, and one might in the end either re-unite them 
all under the oldest name or split the material up into a number of 
smaller species. The Panamic material seems to be intermediate between 
the typical form and the West Indian. The tables in the Panamic 
material so far collected are not as large as those of the West Indian 
form, but the long buttons tend to develop the same slender form. Also 
there is a tendency to greater obliteration of the knobs in the ventral 
buttons in the Panamic material. 

Panning did not realize that Deichmann's Holothuria fossor was a 
synonym of Ludwig's Fossothuria cubana, hence the same species appears 
twice in his account, and unfortunately H. fossor is given as ranging 
from the West Indies to Amboina and Mauritius. Panning's Indo- 
Pacific H. fossor should be re-named Fossothuria rigida, while his West 
Indian Holothuria fossor should be withdrawn as a synonym of Fos- 
sothuria cubana, as should also H. L. Clark's West Indian Holothuria 
hypamma and H. rigida. 

12. Jaegerothuria n. gen. 
(Holothuria inhabilis group) 

Diagnosis: Burrowing forms with small ventral tentacles and small 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 323 

ventral feet, with more or less well pronounced dorsal papillae, usually 
quite distinct along the flanks. Skin packed with spicules consisting of an 
outer layer of clumsy tables with knobbed to spinous disk and a low 
spire, with few teeth on the top and an inner layer of irregular knobbed 
buttons with from 3 to 7 pairs of holes, often forming an irregular mesh. 
Ventral feet with end plate and broad supporting plates with a varying 
number of holes ; in the papillae often a trace of an end plate and usually 
curved supporting rods. Color varying shades of light brown. 

Type species: Holothuria inhabilis Selenka. 

Remarks: The large type species is widespread in the Indo-Pacific, 
including Hawaii and the Panamic region, at a depth of from 10 to 
about 100 fathoms. In the West Indies a presumably smaller species 
occurs at a depth of about 200 fathoms, Jaegerothuria occidentalis 
(Ludwig). Possibly there are other incompletely known species in the 
Indo-Pacific which should be referred to this group, either as independent 
species or as synonyms of the type species. 

Jaegerothuria inhabilis (Selenka) 
PI. 8, figs. M-4* IZ. - ip 

Holothuria inhabilis Selenka, 1867, p. 333, pi. 19, figs. 73-74. Panning, 
1934, III, p. 79, text-fig. 62 (after Selenka). Deichmann, 1937, 
p. 164. H. L. Clark, 1946, p. 433. 
Holothuria hypamma H. L. Clark, (partim), 1921, p. 177, pi. 38, figs. 
20-24; 1932, p. 232. Panning, 1935, IV, p. 102, fig. 95 (after 
H. L. Clark). Not his West Indies hypamma=cubana Ludwig, 
see above. 
Holothuria parinhabilis Cherbonnier, 1951, p. 27, pi. 8, figs. 1-13; pi. 
9, figs. 1-7, 10. 
Diagnosis: Large form, 20 cm or more, stout, with 20 small ven- 
tral tentacles, terminal anus. Dorsal side with numerous small conical 
papillae, in younger individuals often forming a distinct margin along 
the sides; ventrally small feet. Skin packed with spicules consisting of 
an outer layer of tables with knobby to spinous margin of disk and low 
spire with numerous short spines on the top; in older individuals the 
tables often reduced and scarce. The inner layer consisting of knobbed, 
more or less irregular buttons, ranging from large (in young individ- 
uals) to short ones. The number of holes varying from 6 or 7 pairs to 
3 pairs. Ventral feet with small end plate and numerous supporting 
plates with a varying number of lateral holes. Dorsal papillae often with 
a trace of an end plate and smaller, mostly curved supporting rods. 


324 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

Type: Both Holothuria inhabilis and H. hypamma are in the 
Museum of Comparative Zoology. 

Type locality: Hawaii (small individuals). The large individuals 
of Holothuria hypamma came from Mer Island, Murray Islands, Torres 
Strait. Clark also had small individuals from Green Island, Queensland 
(approximately 16° 80' S, 146° E), and Port Galera, Philippines. 

Distribution: Ranges from Hawaii to the Australian waters in the 
west and to the Panamic region in the east. The species was reported 
from various localities in the latter region in 1937, including Clarion 
Island, and the Hancock expeditions have further extended the range by 
bringing back 19 specimens from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, Cocos 
Island, and four localities in the Gulf of California, between 27° and 
29° N. 

Depth: Nothing is known about the depth at which the types of 
Selenka and Clark were taken, but probably it was rather shallow water. 
The Hancock material came from 8 to 111 fathoms, with the majority 
of the specimens taken at 20 to 50 fathoms. 

Specimens examined: The types and paratypes of Holothuria in- 
habilis and H. hypamma] three specimens from the Zaca expeditions; 
Ludwig's H. maculata from Cocos Island, 66 fathoms (U.S.N.M.) ; 
and the 19 specimens collected by the Velero HI. 

Remarks: The material on hand ranges in length from 7 to 20 cm, 
the larger specimens so strongly contracted that they undoubtedly would 
measure 25 to 30 cm when expanded. The color varies from almost white 
to pale brown, darker above, sometimes with indistinct large spots or 
sprinkled with dark dots. The smaller individuals may be reminiscent of 
Fossothuria rigida, but the skin is less rough to the touch and the papil- 
lae, particularly the lateral ones, are usually distinct. The buttons are 
so different in the small and the large individuals that one at first is in- 
clined to refer them to different species. In the young individuals there 
is a preponderance of elongate buttons with 5 to 7 pairs of holes and the 
middle bar often projects at one or both ends. In the large individuals 
a smaller, more regular knobbed button with six holes becomes dominant 
while the tables are more or less resorbed. 

H. L. Clark in 1946 withdrew the name Holothuria hypamma as a 
synonym of Selenka's H. inhabilis. Most likely Jaeger's H. fuscopunc- 
tata, from Celebes, is identical with Jaegerothuria inhabilis] Semper's 
figure of a large complex button is rather suggestive of one of the large 
buttons in the /. inhabilis material. Fortunately, as Clark has pointed 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 325 

out, Jaeger's name is invalidated by Quoy and Gaimard's older name, 
which again is a synonym of Lesson's Holothuria monacaria — so Selen- 
ka's name must stand. 

13. Theelothuria n. gen. 

Diagnosis: Large spindle-shaped forms, up to 20 cm or more, with 
20 small terminal tentacles. Conical appendages fairly uniformly dis- 
tributed in the adult specimens; ventrally the appendages ending in a 
cylindrical soft retractile tube foot, dorsally in a papilla. Calcareous ring 
with remarkably tall radials, slightly excavated posteriorly, forming short 
"tails" ; interradials of the usual type. Color varying in the same species 
from almost black to pale yellow, with or without large dorsal spots. 
Appendages surrounded by a narrow white ring, rather inconspicuous 
in the pale individuals. 

Spicules an outer layer of tables with a circle of marginal holes and 
blunt, upward-bent spines ; spire low with few teeth ; in older individuals 
these tables reduced to irregular four-holed plates. An inner layer of 
irregular buttons with or without a few knobs; in one species the but- 
tons become gradually smooth with small holes which tend to become 
obliterated. The ventral feet with end plate and straight to curved sup- 
porting plates with a row of holes along the sides and often a few knobs. 
In the papillae the end plate reduced or lacking and the curved rods with 
fewer holes along the sides. Most individuals have a few huge tacklike 
tables in the appendages, visible to the naked eye, consisting of a larger 
or smaller disk with numerous holes and tapering into a tall conical spire 
sometimes showing traces of being composed of four pillars. In one 
species the young individuals (3 cm long) lacking the inner layer of 
buttons but with juvenile tables of the synallactid-type, with cross-shaped 
disk. 

Burrowing forms rarely taken at low tide, mostly from 10 to 50 
fathoms. Not common in most collections. 

Type species: Holothuria princeps Selenka. 

Remarks: The group is rather incompletely known and the five or 
more species known from the Indo-Pacific which appear to belong in this 
genus may possibly be reduced to two or three. The type species is well 
known from the West Indies (including its synonym, Holothuria im- 
perator Deichmann) and we are fortunate in that there is only one 
species in that region. From Panama one species is described which is 
clearly separated from the type species, but it is quite possible that it 


326 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

will be found to be identical with one of the older forms and thus repre- 
sent a migrant from the Indo-Pacific. 

No attempt has been made to compose a key, as I feel I have not 
enough material from the Indo-West Pacific to justify it. The other 
species which in my opinion should be referred to the genus are: Theel- 
othuria squamata (Semper), T. spinulosa (Theel), and T. maculosa 
(Pearson), all placed in the same group as T. princeps in Panning's re- 
vision; Ludwig's T. notabilis (and Deichmann's Holothuria imperator), 
referred to another group; and Semper's Theelothuria aculeata, which 
Panning places in a third group — an indication of how difficult it is to 
interpret the older descriptions without any material. But even where 
material is available, it is not too easy to draw the line between these 
forms. 

Theelothuria paraprinceps (Deichmann) 
PI. 9, figs. 1-18 

Holothuria paraprinceps Deichmann, 1937, p. 166, text-fig. 1, nos. 1-10. 
Steinbeck & Ricketts, 1945, p. 409, pi. 19, fig. 1. 

Diagnosis: As for the genus, with the buttons in older individuals 
becoming smooth, fairly regular with minute holes or none, particularly 
in the ventrum. Color varying from almost black with a narrow light 
ring around the base of the appendages to light brown with two rows of 
darker spots on the dorsum and also in some cases a darker area along the 
middle of the ventrum. The general impression of the light-colored indi- 
viduals is of mixed salt and pepper. Young individuals, few cm long, 
almost colorless, the slightly larger ones reddish brown, often with the 
appendages pale except for a ring of dark pigment near the base, setting 
off the light area around it. 

Type: Museum of Comparative Zoology. 

Type locality: Arena Bank, Gulf of California, 35 fathoms. 

Distribution: As far as known ranging from the lower end of the 
Gulf of California to Panama (material in Copenhagen) and southward 
to Cocos Island, also taken at Clarion Island. 

Depth: From tidemark down to about 35 fathoms. 

Specimens examined: The type, several specimens collected by 
Steinbeck & Ricketts (all dark) from El Mogote, Lower California, one 
collected in Panama by Dr. Mortensen, and eight specimens collected by 
the Hancock expeditions, from Cocos Island, 30-50 fathoms. Clarion 
Island, shore and 28-35 fathoms, and from Cape San Lucas and Concep- 
cion Bay (26° N). 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA 327 

Remarks: The Hancock material has demonstrated how variable 
the color is in this species. The larger of the two specimens from San 
Lucas is sufficiently well expanded to permit a description of the color 
pattern. The dorsal side is light brown with darker papillae of varying 
size and with a white area around the base ; in addition there are seven 
dark spots in two rows on the back. Ventrally the animal is almost white 
with dark brown appendages and a white line stretching down along the 
midline. 

From the same locality and depth the expedition was fortunate 
enough to secure a well expanded specimen, about 3 cm long, with very 
interesting spicules. The inner layer of buttons appears to be totally lack- 
ing, as is so often the case in the younger stages, but the characteristic 
tacklike tables are present in numbers, though scaled down to the size 
of the animals. In addition one finds numerous juvenile tables with a 
delicate disk, complete and with slightly spinous edge, and a more per- 
fectly developed spire than is usually found in older individuals; and 
most important, a number of large tables with cross-shaped disk and tall 
spire, with or without crossbars and teeth ; in a few cases a narrow band 
extends from the edge of the arms so that a complete circle is formed 
(synallactid-type). 

In the 5 cm specimen from Clarion Island, 32 fathoms, the buttons 
have begun to appear and are large with few knobs. The tables are 
usually reduced as in the adult, although a few of the primitive synal- 
lactellid tables are still present. In the remaining specimens, which range 
in size from 8 to 14 cm, strongly contracted, the spicules are of the 
typical form with a preponderance in the ventrum of almost flat buttons 
with small holes. 

The species is probably more common than the few records indicate 
but it escapes detection due to its burrowing habits. Where the conditions 
are suitable in shallow water, it is usually taken in large numbers, as 
Steinbeck & Ricketts records indicate. 

That it apparently does not extend far up into the Gulf of Cali- 
fornia may indicate that it is a comparatively recent migrant from the 
West Pacific, if the assumption is correct that it also occurs in the Indo- 
West Pacific, concealed under an older name. It is noteworthy that no 
representative of the genus has been taken in the Hawaiian Islands, al- 
though this may be because the burrowing types have not been studied 
intensively in that region, which abounds in free-living forms. 


328 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


LTTERATURE CITED 

Bedford, F. B. 

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Bell, F. J. 

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Caso, Maria Elena 

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1920. Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Tropical 
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1921. The Echinoderm Fauna of Torres Strait: its Composition and its 
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1923. Echinoderms from Lower California, with Descriptions of New 
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NO. 2 deichmann: holothurioidea; part ii, aspidochirota 329 

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1946. The Echinoderm Fauna of Australia, its Composition and its Origin. 
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Deichmann, Elisabeth 

1922. On some cases of multiplication by fission and of coalescence in Holo- 
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1924. Holothurioidea. In Skottsberg, C, ed. The Natural History of Juan 
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1926. Report on the Holothurians collected by the Barbados-Antigua Ex- 
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1930. The Holothurians of the Western Part of the Atlantic Oce'an. Bui. 
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1937. The Templeton Crocker Expedition. IX. Holothurians from the Gulf 
of California, the West coast of Lower California and Clarion Island. 
Zoologica [N.Y.] 22:161-176, text-figs. 1-3. 

1938. Eastern Pacific Expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XVI. 
Holothurians from the Western Coasts of Lower California and 
Central America, and from the Galapagos Islands. Zoologica [N.Y.] 
23:361-387, text-figs. 1-15. 

1941. The Holothurioidea collected by the Velero III during the years 1932 
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DOMANTAY, J. S. 

1933. Littoral Holothurioidea of Port Galera Bay and Adjacent Waters. 
Univ. of the Philippines, Nat. and Appl. Sci. Bui. 3(1):41-101, pis. 
1-4. 

1953. A Brief Summary of the Pacific and Atlantic Holothurioidea of the 
Allan Hancock Foundation Collections. Philippine Jour. Sci. 82:133- 
140. 

Edwards, C. L. 

1908. Variation, Development and Growth in Holothuria floridana Pourtales 
and in Holothuria atra Jaeger. Biometrica. 6:236-301, pis. 1-5, 38 
tables (1 fold.), text-figs. A-K. 

Fisher, W. K. 

1907. The Holothurians of the Hawaiian Islands. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 
32:637-744, pis. 66-82. 

FoRSKaL, p. 

1775. Descriptiones Animalium Avium, Amphibiorum, Piscium, Insectorum, 
Vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit P. Forskal . . . post 
mortem auctoris edidit C. Niebuhr. Hauniae, 1775. 164 pp., 1 map. 

1776. Icones rerum naturalium quas in itinere Orientali depingi curavit P. 
Forskal . . . edidit C. Niebuhr. Hauniae, 1776. 15 pp., 43 pis. 

Haacke, W. 

1880. Holothuriden. In Mobius, K. et al. Beitrage zur Meeresfaune der 
Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen. Berlin, pp. 46-48. 


330 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 

Heding, S. G. 

1939. The Holothurians collected during the Cruises of the M/S "Mon- 
sunen" in the tropical Pacific in 1934. Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk 
Naturhist. Foren. 102: 213-222, 34 text-figs. 

Helper, H. 

1912. tJber einige von Dr. R. Hartmeyer im Golf von Suez gesanamelte 
Holothurien. Berlin Zool. Mus. Mitt. 6:325-334. 

Herouard, E. 

1923. Holothuries provenant des Campagnes des yachts Pr'tncesse-Alice et 
Hirondelle II (1&98-1915). In Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques 
. . . par Albert ler . . . de Monaco. Fasc. 66, 161 pp., 10 pis. 

1929. Holothuries de la cote Atlantique du Maroc et de Mauritanie. Bui. 
Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc. 9:36-70, pi. 1. 

Jaeger, G. F. 

1833. De Holothuriis. Diss. Inaug. Turici. 40 pp., 3 pis. 

Koehler, R. et C. Vaney 

1908. Holothuries recueillies par I'Investigator dans I'Ocean Indien. Les 
Holothuries littorales. Calcutta. 54 pp., 3 pis. (Indian Museum. Echi- 
noderma of the Indian Museum. Holothurioidea. v. 2) 

Lesson, R. P. 

1830. Centurie zoologique, ou choix d'animaux rares, nouveaux ou impar- 
faitement connus. Paris, x, 244 pp., 80 pis. 

LUDWIG, H. 

1875. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Holothurien. und Nachtrag; Thyonidium 

occidentale n. sp. Arbeit. Zool.-Zoot. Inst. Wiirzburg. 2:77-118, 119- 

120, pis. 6-7. 
1883. Verzeichniss der Holothurien des Kieler Museums. Ber. Oberhess. 

Gesell. f. Natur- u. Heilkunde. 22:155-176. 
1887. Die von G. Chierchia auf der Fahrt der Kgl. Ital. Corvette "Vettor 

Pisani" gesammelten Holothurien. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. f. System., Geog. 

u. Biol. Tiere. 2:1-36, 2 pis. 
1898. Holothurien. In Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sara- 

melreise, 1892/93. Hamburg. 98 pp., 3 pis. 
1898a. Die Holothurien der Sammlung Plate. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl.-Bd. 4: 

Fauna Chilensis. 1:431-454, pi. 26. 

Marenzeller, E. v. 

1893. Contributions a I'etude des Holothuries de I'Atlantique Nord (Golfe 
de Gascogne, lies d'Agores). In Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques 
. . . par Albert ler . . . de Monaco. Fasc. 6:1-22, pis. 1-2. 

MiTSUKURI, K. 

1912. Studies on Actinopodous Holothurioidea. Jour. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. 
Tokyo. 29(2) :l-284, pis. 1-8, 55 text-figs. 

Mortensen, Th. 

1927. Handbook of the Echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford, Eng. 471 
pp., 269 text-figs. 

Panning, A. 

1929- Die Gattung Holothuria. 1. Teil. Mitt. Zool. Staatsinst. u. Zool. Mus. 
1935. Hamburg. 44:91-138, 21 text-figs., 1 chart. 2. Teil. Ibid. 45:24-50, 

26 text-figs., 3 maps. 3. Teil. Ibid. 45 :65-84, 27 text-figs. 4. Teil. Ibid. 

45:85-107, 32 text-figs. 5. Teil. Ibid. 46:1-18, 19 text-figs. 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; PARTII, ASPIDOCHIROTA 331 

Pearson, J. 

1914. Proposed re-classification of the genera Miilleria and Holothuria. 

Spolia Zeylanica, Colombo Mus., Ceylon. 9:163-172, pi. 26. 
1914a. Notes on the Holothurioidea of the Indian Ocean. II. The Sub-genera 

Argiodia and Actinopyga. Ibid. 9:173-190, pis. 27-29. 

QuoY, J. R. C. ET J. P. Gaimard 

1833. Voyage de decouvertes de I'Astrolabe . . . pendant les annees 1826- 
1827-1828-1829. Zool. vol. 4 and Atlas, vol. 3. 390 pp., 26 pis. 

Selenka, E. 

1867. Beitrage zur Anatomic und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeit. Wiss. 
Zool. 17:291-374, pis. 17-20. 

1868. Nachtrage zu den Beitragen zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holo- 
thurien. Ibid. 18:109-119, pi. 8. 

Semper, C. 

1868. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. II. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. 
vol. I, Holothurien, 288 pp., 40 pis. 

18.69. Die Holothurien Ostafrika's. In Baron C. C. von der Decken's Reisen 
in Ost Afrika in die Jahren 1859-1861. Wiss. Theil. 3(1) :119-122, 
pi. 1. 

Sluiter, C. I*h. 

1887. Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des koniglichen naturwissen- 
schaftlichen Vereins in Niederlandisch Indien in Batavia. Natuurk. 
Tijdschr. v. Nederland. Indie. 47:181-220, 2 pis. 

1901. Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. In Siboga-Expeditie. Leiden. 
Mon. 44: 1-142, pis. 1-10. 

Steinbeck, J. and E. F. Ricketts 

1941. Sea of Cortez; A leisurely Journal of Travel and Research, with a 
Scientific Appendix comprising Materials for a Source Book on the 
Marine Animals of the Panamic Faunal Province. N.Y. x, 598 pp., 40 
pis. (Class Holothurioidea, pp. 404-414; pi. 15 fig. 3; pi. 19 fig. 1. 
Lists 10 aspidochirote forms.) 

Theel, H. 

1886. Report on the Holothurioidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during 
the years 1873-76. Part II. In Report on the Scientific Results of the 
Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-76. Zool. 14:1- 
290, pis. 1-16. 

18S6a. Reports on the Results of Dredging ... in the Gulf of Mexico (1877- 
78), in the Caribbean Sea (1879-80), and along the Eastern Coast of 
the United States during the Summer of 1880, by the U.S. Coast Survey 
Steamer "Blake" . . . xxx. Report on the Holothurioidea. Bui. Mus. 
Compar. Zool. Harvard. 13:1-21, pi. 1. 


332 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 1 

Figs. 1-3. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig). Tables and C-shaped 
body. 

Fig. 4. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka). Table. 

Fig. 5. Lahidodemas americanum Deichmann. Table from type 

specimen. 

Figs. 6-9. Microthele difficilis (Semper). Table, disk of table, 
plate from wall of tube foot, and button. 

Figs. 10-13. Brandtothuria arenicola (Semper). Buttons with rela- 
tively large holes, table, and supporting rod. 

Figs. 14-15. Brandtothuria impatiens (Forskal). Table and button. 

Figs. 16-17. Brandtothuria gyrifer (Selenka). Disk of table and but- 
ton from adult specimen. 

Fig. 18. Brandtothuria gyrifer (Selenka). Synallactidlike disk of 

table from 3 cm long specimen. 

(Magnification: Each division is l/lOO mm) 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; PARTII, ASPIDOCHIROTA PL. 1 


^rJ^'T'"^^ 


334 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 2 

Figs. 1-16. Lessonothuria fardalis (Selenka). Tables and table 

disks, and different types of buttons. 
Fig. 17. Lessonothuria pardalis (Selenka). An unusually delicate 

table from a young individual. 
Figs. 18-23. Ludiuigothuria atra (Jaeger). Tables and rosettes. 
Figs. 24-26. Ludiuigothuria kefersteini (Selenka). Table, plate, and 

supporting rod from tube foot. 

(Magnification: Each division is l/lOO mm) 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; PARTII, ASPIDOCHIROTA PL. 2 


I I I I I I 


336 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 3 

Figs. 1-9. Mertensiothuria leucospilota (Brandt). Supporting plate 
from tube foot, buttons, table, and crown of spines on 
table. 

Figs. 10-12. Mertensiothuria platei (Ludwig), from Juan Fernandez. 
Buttons or plates from pafatypes. 

Figs. 13-23. Mertensiothuria fuscocinerea (Jaeger), Buttons from 
skin. 

Figs. 24-29. Mertensiothuria pervicax (Selenka), from Hawaii. But- 
tonlike rosettes and table with reduced spire. Similar 
tables are also present in the skin of M. fuscocinerea, 
but rare in both forms. 

(Magnification: Each division is l/lOO mm) 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; PARTII, ASPIDOCHIROTA PL. 3 


26 ^27 ^£8 ^29 21 ES 


338 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 4 

Figs. 1-2. Irenothuria maccullochi Deichmann. Disk of large table 

and profile of table. 
Figs. 3-4. Irenothuria maccullochi Deichmann. Small tables, seen 

from above. 
Figs. 5-7. Semperothuria languens (Selenka). Typical tables, side 

view. 
Figs. 8-10. Semperothuria imitans (Ludwig). Typical tables, side 

view. 
Figs. 11-12. Semperothuria imitans (Ludwig). Top of spire seen 

from above. 

(Magnification: Each division is l/lOO mm) 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA PL. 4 


oOo^Oq 

oQoQ 


11 


340 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 5 

Pigs. 1-5. Vaneyothuria zacae (Deichmann), forma typica, from 
the Gulf of California. Tables and buttons. 

Figs. 6-12. Vaneyothuria zacae (Deichmann), forma azacae, from 
the Galapagos Islands. Fragile tables and a rare button 
and supporting rods. 

(Magnification: Each division is l/lOO mm) 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; PARTII, ASPIDOCHIROTA PL. 5 


342 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 6 

Figs. 1-17. Selenkothuria lubrica (Selenka). Variation of rods in 
different individuals. Figs. 8-12, from the type specimens. 

Figs. 18-21. Selenkothuria portovallartensis (Caso). Plates and rods 
from specimens from the Galapagos. 

(Magnification: Each division is l/lOO mm) 


I 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; PARTII, ASPIDOCHIROTA PL. 6 


344 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 7 

Figs. 1-9. Selenkothuria theeli (Deichmann). Plates and rods from 
skin of type, from Galapagos. 

Pigs. 10-15. Selenkothuria erinaceus (Semper) =Holothuria maren- 
zelleri Ludwig, from the Indian Ocean. Rods and plates 
from the skin. 

(Magnification: Each division is 1/100 mm) 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: H0L0THURI0IDEA;PARTII, ASPIDOCHIROTA PL. 7 


I I I I I I I 


346 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 8 

Figs. 1-7. Fossothuria rigida (Selenka). Large and small buttons 
and comparatively simple table from a typical indi- 
vidual, Panamic region. 

Figs. 8-11. Fossothuria rigida (Selenka), forma atypica. Abnormal 
buttons from a specimen from Panama, 5 cm long. 

Figa. 1 3 13 ? — -FrfTf othu r ia -f4g*d a ( 8 dcn lca)", fuuna utypiia. ■ GoMtuiTe d 
bodies, very unlike the regutar btitton'of '^e-typlcal 

Figs. 1J"19. Jaegerothuria inhabilis (Selenka). Buttons and tables 
^ from specimens from the Panamic region. Fig. 16 is a 

table from a young individual. 

(Magnification: Each division is l/lOO mm) 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN : HOLOTHURIOIDEA ; PART II, ASPIDOCHIROTA PL. 8 


348 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 


PLATE 9 

Theelothuria paraprinceps (Deichmann) 

Figs. 1-3. Reduced tables from skin. 

Figs. 4-14. Various stages of buttons; the small smooth ones are 

from the ventrum. 
Fig. IS. Large tack-shaped table from adult. 

Figs. 16-17. Smaller tack-shaped tables from specimen a few cm 

long, with traces of fusion of separate pillars. 
Fig. 18. Synallactidlike type of table from young individual 

from off San Lucas. 

(Magnification: Each division is l/lOO mm) 


NO. 2 DEICHMANN: HOLOTHURIOIDEA; PARTII, ASPIDOCHIROTA PL. 9 


INDEX 

Plate illustrations are in bold face. 


Acanthella stipitata, 30 
Acarnus, 19 

erithacus, 19, 111, 113 
Actinopyga, 277, 282, 287 

bedfordi, 288, 290 
aculeata, Theelothuria, 326 
Adocia, 10 

ambrosia, 10, 79, 81 

gellindra, 10, 11,77 

neens, 11 
Adociidae, 10 
Adreissa, 30, 31, 32 

letra, 30, 163, 165 
adreissiformies, Hymeniacidon, 31, 

167, 169 
aegyptiana, Holothuria (Microthele), 

287, 322 

Miilleria, 322 
agennes, Myxilla, 18 
Alcyonium aurantium, 40 
Alcyospongia india, 35 
alleni, Erylus, 42 

altimensis, Holothuria, 288, 289, 290 
amblia, Duseideia, 5 

Dysidea, 5, 65 
ambrosia, Adocia, 10, 79, 81 
americanum, Labidodemas, 277, 286, 

333 
Amphilectidae, 26 
Ancorinidae, 40 
angulosa, Mycale, 23, 131, 133 

Pandaros, 23 
angulospiculata, Epipolasis, 40 
annandalei, Oxeostilon, 33 
arb, Craniella, 'H, 227, 229, 231 

Tetilla, 44 
arenicola, Brandtothuria, 277, 290, 291, 

295, 333 

Holothuria, 254, 290, 291, 293 
argon, C3amon, 15, 95 
Asconosa, 48 
Aspidochirota, 278 
Astichopus, 277, 278, 279 
Atergia, 36 

corona, 36, 189, 191 
atra, Holothuria, 254, 303, 310, 311, 312 

Ludwigothuria, 277, 311, 312, 313, 
314,335 
aurantia, Tethya, 40, 207 
aurantium, Alcyonium, 40 
Axinella, 27 

mexicana, 27, 147, 149 
Axinellidae, 27 
azacae, Vaneyothuria zacae forma, 307, 


308, 309, 341 
badionotus, Isostichopus, 277, 280, 333 

Stichopus, 280 
bedfordi, Actinopyga, 288, 290 

Holothuria, 288 

(Microthele), 288 
bellabellensis, Mycale, 24 
Biemna, 26 

rhadia, 26, 145, 147 
Bohadschia, 277, 282 
Brandtothuria, 284, 290 

arenicola, 277, 290, 291, 295, 333 

gyrifer, 277, 291, 294, 333 

impatiens, 277, 291, 293, 294, 295, 
307, 333 
burtoni, Oxeostilon, 33, 175 
Calcarea, 3, 49 

californica, Callyspongia, 8, 73, 75 
californicus, Parastichopus, 280 
Callyspongia, 8, 9, 11 

californica, 8, 73, 75 

rid ley, 9 

vaginalis, 9 
Callyspongiidae, 8 
Carmia, 24 

contarenii, 24 

contax, 24, 135, 137, 139 

fascifibula, 25, 139, 141 
Carnosa, 3, 45 

cebuensis, Holothuria pardalis var., 296 
cerebella, Heterectya, 22, 125 
chelifer, lophon, 17 
Choanites, 33, 34 

mineri, 33, 35, 175, 177, 179 
Choanitidae, 33 
Choristida, 40 
cinerea, Halichondria, 6 

Haliclona, 6, 7, 67 

Isodictya, 6 

Reniera, 6 

Spongia, 6 
clarella, Stelletta, 41 
coccinea, Spirastrella, 36, 185, 187 

Thalysias, 36 
Coelosphaeridae, 12 
contarenii, Carmia, 24 
contax, Carmia, 24, 135, 137, 139 
corona, Atergia, 36, 189, 191 
cortius, Penares, 40, 209, 211 
Craniella, 44 

arb, 44, 227, 229, 231 
Craniellidae, 44 
cribium, Pachastrella, 46 
Cribrochalina, 9 


(SS3J 


>- 


354 


INDEX 


VOL. 11 


infundibulum, 9 
cubana, Fossothuria, 277, 321, 322 

Holothuria, 321, 323 
curiosa, Holothuria, 299, 300, 301 

var. fusco-rubra, Holothuria, 298 
Cyamon, 15, 16 

argon, 15, 95 

neon, 15, 16 
Cyamonidae, 15 
Cydonium japonica, 43 

mulleri, 42 
Cystipus pleuripus, 321 
Delaubenfelsia, 34 

raromicrosclera, 34, 179, 181, 
183 
Demospongia, 2, 3, 48, 49 
difficilis, Holothuria, 287, 288 

Microthele, 277, 288, 333 
dilifera, Pachastrella, 45, 46, 231, 233 
discastera, Erylus, 41, 215, 217 
Dragmacidon, 27 

opisclera, 27, 151, 153 
Duseideia amblia, 5 
Dysidea, 5 

amblia, 5, 65 

fragilis, 6 
Dysideidae, 5 
Echinaxia, 22 
edaphus, Gellius, 12 

Sigmadocia, 12, 85, 87 
edulis, Holothuria, 303 
Eostichopus, 279 
Epipolasida, 39 
Epipolasis, 39 

angulospiculata, 40 

oxyspicula, 39, 203, 205 
erinaceus, Holothuria, 314, 318 

Selenkothuria, 315, 318, 319, 345 
erithacus, Acarnus, 19, 111, 113 
Erylus, 41 

alleni, 42 

discastera, 41, 215, 217 

proximus, 42 
Esperella fascifibula, 25 
estrella, Stelletta, 41, 211, 213 
excellens, Holothuria, 288, 289 
(Microthele), 288 

Miilleria, 288 
fascifibula, Carmia, 25, 139, 141 

Esperella, 25 

Mycale, 25 
Fistularia impatiens, 293 
flabelliformis, Trikentrion, 16 
flavo-castanea, Holothuria, 288 
flavomaculata, Semperothuria, 303 
floridana, Holothuria, 254 

Ludwigothuria, 311 
fossor, Holothuria, 321, 322 
Fossothuria, 285, 321 

cubana, 277, 321, 322 

rigida, 277, 321, 324,347 
fragilis, Dysidea, 6 


frequentiamensis, Holothuria, 288, 289, 

290 
fusca, Hircinia, 4, 63 
fusco-cinerea, Holothuria, 300 
fuscocinerea, Mertensiothuria, 277, 297, 

300, 337 
fuscopunctata, Holothuria, 324 
fusco-rubra, Holothuria, 298, 299 

Holothuria curiosa var., 298 
fuscus, Isostichopus, 277, 280, 333 

Stichopus, 280 
gelatinosa, Holothuria, 298 
gellindra, Adocia, 10, 11, 77 

Halichoclona, 10 
Gellius edaphus, 12 
Geodia, 42 

japonica, 43, 223, 225 

mesotriaena, 34, 42, 44, 217, 219, 
221 
Geodiidae, 41 
Geodinella, 44 

isabella, 44, 227 

robusta, 44 
glaberrima, Holothuria, 314, 318 

Selenkothuria, 277, 315, 317 

Holothuria lubrica var., 314 
grisea, Ludwigothuria, 277, 311 
gyrifer, Brandtothuria, 277, 291, 294, 

333 

Holothuria, 294 

Stichopus, 294, 308 
Hadromerina, 33 
Halichoclona gellindra, 10 
Halichondria, 29 

cinerea, 6 

isodictyalis, 20 

panicea, 29, 159, 161 

semitubulose, 11 
Halichondriidae, 29 
Halichondrina, 27 
Haliclona, 6, 7 

cinerea, 6, 7, 67 

lunisimilis, 7 

palmata, 7, 69, 71 

permolis, 7, 71, 73 
Haliclonidae, 6, 9 
Halinidae, 45 
Halme, 3 

hancocki, 3, 59, 61 
hancocki, Halme, 3, 59, 61 
Haplosclerina, 6 
helium, Trikentrion, 15, 97 
Hemectyon, 21 

hyle, 21,22, 119, 121 

hymani, 21, 123 
Heterectya, 22 

cerebella, 22, 125 
higginissima, Higginsia, 28, 155, 157, 

159 
Higginsia, 28 

higginissima, 28, 155, 157, 159 

papillosa, 29 


VOL. 11 


INDEX 


355 


Hircinia, 4 

f usca, 4, 63 
purpurea, 23 
Holopsamma laminae-favorsa, 4 
Holothuria, 276, 282 

altimensis, 288, 289, 290 
arenicola, 254, 290, 291, 293 
atra, 254, 303, 310, 311,312 
bedfordi, 288 
cubana, 321, 323 
curiosa, 299, 300, 301 

var. fusco-rubra, 298 
difficilis, 287, 288 
edulis, 303 
erinaceus, 314, 318 
excellens, 288, 289 
flavo-castanea, 288 
floridana, 254 
fossor, 321, 322 

frequentiamensis, 288, 289, 290 
fusco-cinerea, 300 
fuscopunctata, 324 
fusco-rubra, 298, 299 
gelatinosa, 298 
glaberrima, 314, 318 
gyrifer, 294 
homoea, 298 
hypamma, 322, 323, 324 
imitans, 303, 305 
impatiens, 254, 293 
imperator, 325, 326 
infesta, 298 

inhabilis, 322, 323, 324 
inornata, 312, 313 
Integra, 308 
kapiolaniae, 316, 317 
kefersteini, 312 
lamperti, 298 

languens, 302, 303, 304, 305, 320 
lentiginosa, 307, 308 
leucospilota, 296, 298, 299 
lubrica, 314, 316,317 

var. glaberrima, 314 
lubrica, 314, 316 
maculata, 293, 324 
marenzelleri, 314, 315, 318, 319 

var. theeli, 318, 319, 320 
(Microthele) aegyptiana, 287, 322 

bedfordi, 288 

excellens, 288 

lubrica, 287 

nobilis, 287 
minax, 508 
raoebi, 314 

monacaria, 294, 308, 325 
monsuni, 291 
neozelanica, 308 
oxurropa, 298 
paraprinceps, 326 
pardalis, 295,296 

var. cebuensis, 296 
parinhabilis, 323 


parvula, 290 

patagonicus, 295 

pertinax, 286 

platei, 299 

pleuripus, 321 

pluricuriosa, 300, 301, 302 

poll, 283 

portovallartensis, 319 

princeps, 325 

pseudo-lubrica, 316, 317 

pseudo-zacae, 300 

rigida, 287, 321,322 

sanctori, 287 

vagabunda, 298, 299 

whitmaei, 287 

zacae, 308, 309 
Holothuriidae, 278,281 
Holothurioidea, 282 
homoea, Holothuria, 298 
hoplotoxa, Lepthoclathria, 18 
hyalina, Hymeniacidon, 39 

Pseudosuberites, 39, 201, 203 
hyle, Hemectyon, 21, 22, 119, 121 
hymani, Hemectyon, 21, 123 
Hymeniacidon, 31 

adreissiformies, 31, 167, 169 

hyalina, 39 

rubiginosa, 28 

sinapium, 32, 169 
Hymeniacidonidae, 30 
hypamma, Holothuria, 322, 323, 324 
igzo, Plocamia, 14 

Plocamionida, 14, 93 
imitans, Holothuria, 303, 305 

Semperothuria, 277, 303, 304, 305, 
339 
impatiens, Brandtothuria, 277, 291, 293, 

294, 295, 307, 333 

Fistularia, 293 

Holothuria, 254, 293 
imperator, Holothuria, 325, 326 
inaequalis, Raspailia, 22 
indentatus, lophon, 16, 99, 101 
India, Alcyospongia, 35 
infesta, Holothuria, 298 
infundibulum, Cribrochalina, 9 

Spinosella, 9 
inhabilis, Holothuria, 322, 323, 324 

Jaegerothuria, 277, 293, 323, 347 
inornata, Holothuria, 312, 313 
integra, Holothuria, 308 

Vaneyothuria, 277, 308, 310 
lophon, 16 

chelifer, 17 

indentatus, 16, 99, 101 

lamella, 16, 17 
iota, Vaneyothuria zacae forma, 309 
Irenothuria, 284, 306 

maccullochi, 277, 306, 339 
irregularis.Leucosolenia, 48, 249 
isabella, Geodinella, 44, 227 
Isociona, 23 


356 


INDEX 


VOL. 11 


lithophenix, 23, 127, 129 
Isodictya cinerea, 6 

permolis, 7 

ramuscuia, 7 
isodictyalis, Halichondria, 20 

LIssodendoryx, 20, 113, 115, 117 
Isostichopus, 277, 279 

badionotus, 277, 280, 333 

fuscus, 277, 280, 333 
Jaegerothuria, 285, 322 

inhabilis, 277, 293, 323, 347 

occidentalis, 277, 323 
japonica, Cydonium, 43 

Geodia, 43, 223, 225 
kapiolaniae, Holothuria, 316, 317 
karykina, Plocamia, 14 
karyoka, Plocamia, 13, 91, 93 
kefersteini, Holothuria, 312 

Ludwigothuria, 277, 311, 312, 335 
kefersteinii, Stichopus, 312 
Keratosa, 3 
Labidodemas, 282, 283, 285 

americanum, 277, 286, 333 

semperianum, 286 
lamella, lophon, 16, 17 
laminae-f avorsa, Holopsamma, 4 
lamperti, Holothuria, 298 
languens, Holothuria, 302, 303, 304, 

305,320 

Semperothuria, 277, 303, 305, 306, 
339 
laubenfelsi, Rhaphoxya, 29, 161 
Laxosuberites, 37 

rugosus, 37, 191, 193 

zeteki, 37, 195, 197 
lentiginosa, Holothuria, 307, 308 

Vaneyothuria, 277, 308 
Lepthoclathria hoplotoxa, 18 
leptoderma, Tedania, 20 
Lessonothuria, 285, 295 

pardalis, 277, 293, 295, 296, 335 
letra,Adreissa, 30, 163, 165 
Leucetta, 48 

losangelensis, 48, 245, 247, 249, 251 
Leucettidae, 48 
Leuconia losangelensis, 48 
Leucosolenia, 48 

irregularis, 48, 249 
Leucosoleniidae, 48 
leucospilota, Holothuria, 296, 298, 299 

Mertensiothuria, 277, 288, 297, 300, 
337 

Stichopus, 297, 299 
Lissodendoryx, 20 

isodictyalis, 20, 113, 115, 117 
lithophenix, Isociona, 23, 127, 129 

Plocamia, 23 
losangelensis, Leucetta, 48, 245, 247, 

249, 251 

Leuconia, 48 
lubrica, Holothuria, 314, 316, 317 
(Microthele),287 


var. glaberrima, Holothuria, 314 

var. lubrica, Holothuria, 314, 316 

Selenkothuria, 277, 300, 315, 316, 
320, 343 

Holothuria lubrica van, 314, 316 
Ludwigothuria, 284, 310 

atra, 277, 311, 312, 313, 314, 335 

floridana, 311 

grisea, 277, 311 

kefersteini, 277, 311, 312, 335 

mexicana, 311 
lunisimilis, Haliclona, 7 
maccullochi, Irenothuria, 277, 306, 339 
maculata, Holothuria, 293, 324 
maculatus, Sporadipus, 290 
maculosa, Theelothuria, 326 
marenzelleri, Holothuria, 314, 315, 318, 

319 

var. theeli, Holothuria, 318, 319, 320 
melanos, Pseudosuberites, 38 
Mertensiothuria, 284, 296 

fuscocinerea, 277, 297, 300, 337 

leucospilota, 277, 288, 297, 300, 337 

pervicax, 297, 301, 302,337 

platei, 277, 282, 297, 299, 337 
mesotriaena, Geodia, 34, 42, 44, 217, 

219, 221 
mexicana, Axinella, 27, 147, 149 
mexicana, Ludwigothuria, 311 
mexicensis, Myxilla, 18, 105, 107 
Microcionidae, 22 
Microthele, 276, 284, 287 

difficilis, 277, 288, 333 

parvula, 277, 287, 288, 289, 290 

sanctori, 288 
(Microthele) aegyptiana, Holothuria, 

287, 322 

bedfordi, Holothuria, 288 

excellens, Holothuria, 288 

lubrica, Holothuria, 287 

nobilis, Holothuria, 287 
microtoxa, Myxichela, 17, 101, 103 
Microtylostylifer, 25 

partida, 25, 143, 145 
minax, Holothuria, 308 

Vaneyothuria, 308, 310 
mineri, Choanites, 33, 35, 175, 177, 179 
moebi, Holothuria, 314 

Selenkothuria, 315, 316, 317 
mollis, Rhaphoxya, 30 
monacaria, Holothuria, 294, 308, 325 
monilifera, Pachastrella, 46 
monsuni, Holothuria, 291 
mulleri, Cydonium, 42 
Mulleria, 287 

aegyptiana, 322 

excellens, 288 
multipora, Pachastrella, 46, 233, 235, 

237, 239 
Mycale, 23, 24 

angulosa, 23, 131, 133 

bellabellensis, 24 


VOL. 11 


INDEX 


357 


fascifibula, 25 
Myxichela, 17 

microtoxa, 17, 101, 103 

tawiensis, 18 
M>-xilla, 18 

agennes, 18 

mexicensis, 18, 105, 107 

rosacea, 18 
M>-xillidae, 16, 17, 18 
neens, Adocia, 11 
neon, Cyamon, IS, 16 
Neostichopus, 279 
neozelanica, Holothuria, 308 

Vaneyothuria, 277, 308, 310 
nigrescens, Reniera, 19 

Tedania, 19, 109 
nobilis, Holothuria (Microthele), 287 
Normia tenuilaminaris, 47 
notabilis, Theelothuria, 326 
occidentalis, Jaegerothuria, 277, 323 
oleracea, Rhizochalina, 13 
Ophlitospongiidae, 23 
opisclera, Dragmacidon, 27, 151, 153 
osculanigera, Sphincterella, 46, 239, 241, 

243 
oxeon, Oxeostilon, 32, 171, 173 
Oxeostilon, 32 

annandalei, 33 

burtoni, 33, 175 

oxeon, 32, 171, 173 
oxurropa, Holothuria, 298 
oxyspicula, Epipolasis, 39, 203, 205 
Pachastrella, 45 

cribium, 46 

dilifera, 45, 46, 231, 233 

monilifera, 46 

multipora, 46, 233, 235, 237, 239 
pacifica, Rhizochalina, 12, 87, 89 
pallida, Rhaphoxya, 30 
palmata, Haliclona, 7, 69, 71 

Spongia, 7 
Pandaros angulosa, 23 
panicea, Halichondria, 29, 159, 161 

Spongia, 29 
papillosa, Higginsia, 29 
paraprinceps, Holothuria, 326 

Theelothuria, 277, 326, 349 
Parastichopus, 279, 281 

californicus, 280 
pardalis, Holothuria, 295, 296 

Lessonothuria, 277, 293, 295, 
296, 335 

var. cebuensis, Holothuria, 296 
parinhabilis, Holothuria, 323 
partida, Microtylostylifer, 25, 143, 145 
parva, Selenkothuria, 315, 317 
parvula, Holothuria, 290 

Microthele, 277, 287, 288, 289, 290 
patagonicus, Holothuria, 295 
Pellina, 11 

semitubulose, 11, 83 


Penares, 40 

cortius, 40, 209, 211 
tyloaster, 41 
permolis, Haliclona, 7, 71, 73 

Isodictya, 7 
pertinax, Holothuria, 286 
pervicax, Mertensiothuria, 297, 301, 

302, 337 
Physalia, 282 
Plakinastrellidae, 47 
platei, Holothuria, 299 

Mertensiothuria, 277, 282, 297, 
299, 337 
pleuripus, Cystipus, 321 

Holothuria, 321 
Plocamia, 13, 14 

igzo, 14 

karj^kina, 14 

karyoka, 13,91,93 

lithophenix, 23 
Plocamiidae, 13 
Plocamionida, 14 

igzo, 14, 93 
pluricuriosa, Holothuria, 300, 301, 302 
Poecillastra, 47 

tenuilaminaris, 47, 243, 245 
Poecilosclerina, 10 
poli, Holothuria, 283 
portovallartensis, Holothuria, 319 

Selenkothuria, 277, 304, 315, 
319,343 
princeps, Holothuria, 325 

Theelothuria, 277, 326 
proximus, Erylus, 42 
pseudo-lubrica, Holothuria, 316,317 
pseudos, Pseudosuberites, 38, 197, 199, 

201 
Pseudosuberites, 38 

hyalina, 39, 201, 203 

melanos, 38 

pseudos, 38, 197, 199,201 
pseudo-zacae, Holothuria, 300 
purpurea, Hircinia, 23 
ramuscula, Isodictya, 7 
raromicrosclera, Delaubenfelsia, 34, 

179, 181, 183 
Raspailia inaequalis, 22 
Raspailiidae, 21 
Reniera cinerea, 6 

nigrescens, 19 
rhadia, Biemna, 26, 145, 147 
Rhaphoxya, 29, 30 

laubenfelsi, 29, 161 

mollis, 30 

pallida, 30 

tj'pica, 30 
Rhizochalina, 12, 13 

oleracea, 13 

pacifica, 12, 87, 89 

sessilis, 13 


358 


INDEX 


VOL. 11 


ridley, Callyspongia, 9 

rigida, Fossothuria, 277, 321, 324, 347 

Holothuria, 287, 321, 322 
rigidus, Stichopus, 321 
robusta, Geodinella, 44 
rosacea, Myxilla, 18 
rubiginosa, Hymeniacidon, 28 

Thieleia, 28, 153, 155 
rugosus, Laxosuberites, 37, 191, 193 

Suberites, 37 
sanctori, Holothuria, 287 

Microthele, 288 
Selenkothuria, 284, 314 

erinaceus, 315, 318, 319,345 

glaberrima, 277, 315, 317 

lubrica, 277, 300, 315, 316, 320, 343 

moebi, 315, 316, 317 

parva, 315, 317 

portovallartensis, 277, 304, 315, 319, 
343 

theeli, 277, 315, 318, 319, 320, 345 
Semisuberitidae, 29 
semitubulose, Halichondria, 11 

Pellina, 11,83 
semperianum, Labidodemas, 286 
Semperothuria, 283, 302 

flavomaculata, 303 

imitans, 277, 303, 304, 305, 339 

languens, 277, 303, 305, 306, 339 

surinamensis, 277, 303, 304 
sessilis, Rhizochalina, 13 
Sigmadocia, 12 

edaphus, 12, 85, 87 
sinapium, Hymeniacidon, 32, 169 
Sollasellidae, 39 
Spheciospongia, 35 
Sphincterella, 46 

osculanigera, 46, 239, 241, 243 

tricornis, 47 
Spinosella, 9 

infundibulum, 9 
spinulosa, Theelothuria, 326 
Spiiasti'ella, 36 

coccinea, 36, 185, 187 
Spongia cinerea, 6 

palmata, 7 

panicea, 29 
Spongiidae, 3 
Sporadipus, 276, 290 

maculatus, 290 

ualanensis, 290 
squamata, Theelothuria, 326 
Stelletta, 41 

clarella, 41 

estrella, 41,211,213 
Stichopodidae, 276, 278 
Stichopus, 278, 279, 281 

badionotus, 280 

fuscus, 280 

gyrifer, 294, 308 

kefersteinii, 312 

leucospilota, 297, 299 

rigidus, 321 
stipitata, Acanthella, 30 


Suberites rugosus, 37 

Suberitidae, 36 

surinamensis, Semperothuria, 277, 303, 

304 
tawiensis, Myxichela, 18 
Tedania, 19 

leptoderma, 20 

nigrescens, 19, 109 
Tedaniidae, 19 
tenuilaminaris, Normia, 47 

Poecillastra, 47, 243, 245 
Tethya, 40 

aurantia, 40, 207 
Tethyidae, 40 
Tetilla arb, 44 
Thalysias coccinea, 36 
theeli, Holothuria marenzelleri var., 

318, 319, 320 

Selenkothuria, 277, 315, 318, 319, 
320, 345 
Theelothuria, 285, 325 

aculeata, 326 

maculosa, 326 

notabilis, 326 

paraprinceps, 277, 326, 349 

princeps, 277, 326 

spinulosa, 326 

squamata, 326 
Thelenota, 279 
Thieleia, 28 

rubiginosa, 28, 153, 155 
thiona, Verongia, 5, 63 
tricornis, Sphincterella, 47 
Trikentrion, 15, 16 

flabelliformis, 16 

helium, 15,97 
tyloaster, Penares, 41 
typica, Rhaphoxya, 30 
typica, Vaneyothuria zacae forma, 309, 

341 
ualanensis, Sporadipus, 290 
vagabunda, Holothuria, 298, 299 
vaginalis, Callyspongia, 9 
Vaneyothuria, 285, 307 

integra, 277, 308, 310 

lentiginosa, 277, 308 

minax, 308, 310 

neozelanica, 277, 308, 310 

zacae, 277 

forma azacae, 307, 308, 309, 
341 

iota, 309 
typica, 309, 341 
Verongia, 5 

thiona, 5, 63 
whitmaei, Holothuria, 287 
zacae, Holothuria, 308, 309 

Vaneyothuria, 277 

forma azacae, Vaneyothuria, 307, 
308,309,341 
iota, Vaneyothuria, 309 
typica, Vaneyothuria, 309, 341 
zeteki, Laxosuberites, 37, 195, 197 


ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS 


VOLUME 11 


NUMBER 1 


SPONGES OF THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA 

(Plates 1-97) 


by 
MALCOLM GIBSON DICKINSON 

ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION 


THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PRESS 

LOS ANGF-LES, CALIFORNIA 

1945 


J 


100% 


"I 


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